Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Credit hrs: 3Cr
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Course outline
• Introduction to Epidemiology
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Course References
1. Hennekens CH & Buring JE. Epidemiology in Medicine. Little,
Brown and Company. Boston/Toronto. 1987.
2. Madeleine Fletcher. Principles and practice of epidemiology
Current definition
The study of the
frequency, distribution and determinants
of Disease and other health related events
in specific populations, and
the application of it to prevention and
control of health problems.
Ephrem M, BSc, MPH 5
Terms taken from the definition
1. Frequency:
It is a quantitative science
(it measures frequency of occurrence)
Example
Cases
Person Time
25
1200
1000
800
600
Place 20
15
10
400
200 5
0 0
0-4 '5-14 '15- '45- '64+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
44 64
Age Group
Non infectious
Ephrem M, BSc, MPH
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Cont…
• Evaluation of intervention
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2. Infectious Disease
Epidemiology
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Natural History of Diseases
It refers to the progression of a disease process in an
individual over time, in the absence of intervention.
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Cont…
• Begins by exposure to a causative agent capable of
causing disease.
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Time Course of a Disease in Relation to Its
Clinical Expression and Communicability
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Generation period
Cont…
The natural history of infectiousness includes:
Host
Agent Environment
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Cont…
An example of three sufficient causes of a disease
I II III
U U U
A B A E B E
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1. Infectiousness
(1) is the characteristics of the disease agent that embodies capabilities
to enter, survive, and multiply (produce infection) in the host.
(2) The proportion of exposures, in defined circumstance, that results
in infection
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Case 1
• One hundred people attended a wedding feast and eighty of
them ate apiece of the wedding cake. Ten of the participant
were later hospitalized with sever gastroenteritis but
fortunately none of them are died. When the incident was
later investigated it was found that the wedding cake was
harbored the infectious agent\IGM\ indicative of recent
infection were found in 60 out of 80 participant who had
eaten cake including the 10 hospitalized ones. Another 20 of
the 60 had reported having experienced with diarrhea but
not serious enough to report to health services.
• .
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question
• how many peoples are infected by infective agent
Ro = 1
Ro < 1
Time
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Transmission Rate (Ro) SARS-CoV-2
Indicate how rapidly the disease spreads
• R = Rox
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How dangerous is the Agent?
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