Structure of Predication

• The basic structure of structure of

predication is:
Subject + Predicate

But is it always like this?

What do you think?
• The subject and predicate can be either of
the following:
- a single word
- a word with accompanying function
words
- a phrase, or
- one of the syntactic structures:
modification, complementation, or
coordination
• Specifically the subject can be a structure
of predication also which is defined as
included clause
• The predicate consists of a verb and a
verb phrase in key position
Examples:
- Money talks
- Courtesy always pays
- The sun sets in the west
• A predicate can be filled by a structure of
complementation, such as:
- the snow was cold
- The clerk sold me the shirt
- My neighbour painted his house green
• A predicate can also consist of a structure of
coordination, such as:
- We walked and talked
- People either like this place or hate it
• So we can temporarily conclude that:
predicate has verb component in it either
as a single verb though seldom or a more
or less complex structure with the verb at
its core or the heart of the matter.
• Thus it needs to be clearly known that VERB is
classified into seven heads:
- person
- tense
- phase
- aspect
- mode
- voice, and
- status
• In terms of person, verb can be classified
in common and third singular. Examples:
the man walks, he feels, this looks good,
the tall man in the car drives, eating candy
causes tooth decay, what I want costs
money, either his mistakes or his bad luck
keeps him poor.
• In terms of Tense, there are two tenses:
common (present) and past (preterit).
They are shown by the inflexion attached
to the verbs: Common: base / base + (-s),
while Past: (base + (-ed).
• The be has its exceptional forms (is, am,
are: present and was, were: past)
• In terms of Phase, there are two phases:
simple and perfect (have + past participle
verb). Examples:
- I speak vs I have spoken
- We work vs We have worked
• In terms of Aspect, there are three:
- simple: the verb is unmarked
- durative: be + base+ing
- inchoative: get+ present participle
• In terms of Mode, it can be seen from:
- the modal auxiliaries + base form: must
go, may come, should see,etc., and
- certain other auxiliaries + infinitive
(to+base form): used to study, ought to
come, have to go, etc.
• In terms of Voice, there are two voices: Active
and passive voices. Passive is formed by the
aux. be + past participle verb or get+ past
participle verb.
Examples:
- He kills he is killed/He gets killed
- They built a house A house was built
- We have done the work The work has been
done
• In terms of status, verbs has four statues:
affirmative, interrogative, negative, and
negative interrogative. Examples:
- He is working He works
- He is not working He does not work
- Is he working? Does he work?
- Isn’t he working? Doesn’t he
work?
Structure of Complementation
• Complement means "to complete," and complementation has to do with
"completing the meaning" of a verb. Many times, verbs in English
sentences are completed by constructions that are not just modifiers.
• Complementation is indicated in diagramming by labeling the grammatical
tie between the verb and its complement with a C. But the situation with
verbs is a little complicated.
Structural grammar distinguishes five types of complementation, as follows.
1.Direct Object. Example: The dog ate bones, where bones is said to be the
direct object of ate.
•The direct object is perhaps the most familiar complement. Here, the object of
the verb--a noun, a pronoun, or a construction that functions like a
noun--"receives the action" of the verb.

2. Direct Object and Indirect Object. Example: He gave her flowers, where
flowers is said to be the direct object of gave, and her is said to be the indirect
object of gave.
•In the kind of complementation called direct object + indirect object, the verb
has two complements--nouns, pronouns, or constructions that function like
nouns. Both objects "receive the action" of the verb, though in different
senses.
3. Objective Complement, Example: It made him angry, where angry is said to
be the objective complement of made.
•As with the direct object and indirect object, in the case of the objective
complement the verb has two complements. One of the complements
functions like a direct object--it is a noun, a pronoun, or a construction
functioning like a noun. The objective complement itself might be either
another noun or pronoun, or it might be an adjective or a construction
functioning like an adjective. The notion is that the objective complement of
the verb functions to provide information about the object of the verb.
4. Retained Object. Example: She was given flowers, where flowers is said to
be the retained object of was given.
•Historically, the construction called the retained object comes from archaic
constructions such as Him was given a gift, in which gift is the subject of the
verb was given, and Him is its object. Since the usual order of English
sentences, however, is subject-verb-object, speakers tended to "correct" the
object form of the pronoun (him) to the subject form (he): He was given a gift.
The gift, then, is retained as the apparent object of the verb.
5. Subjective Complement, Example: He was angry, where angry is said to be
the subjective complement of was.
•In the case of the subjective complement, the idea is that the complement of
the verb functions to provide information about the subject of the verb. The
verb is then thought of as functioning to "link" its subject with its complement.
We talk about the "copula" to be and all of its forms (am, is, was, were, have
been, being, and so on), where copula is a Latin word meaning "link," and we
talk about the "linking verbs" such as to become, to feel, and so on, that in
some sense function to link the complement to the subject.
Structure of Coordination
 •Structure of Coordination several of two or more unit which
equivalent in syntax of manner is related by word of connects
(coordination) and form of one of structure unit. Unit can be attributable to
part of speech, function, word or structure. Coordination in contact with
structure unit of coordination is;
•And rather than not (only)… but (also)
…
•But as well as either… or …
•Nor together with neither … nor …
•Or along with both … and
 •More other problems appear in structure of coordination is that a unit be
disappeared, because have been called by before unit. This form is called Elliptical
structure of coordination.
•Example:
a.I like fresh fish no salted.
b.He told John to come at ten and Bill at noon.
•In example (a) word of fish must be appear after salted is not visible. In
example (b) word of to come must be appear after Bill and before at noon is not
visible. To analysis with Chinese boxes, form of this elliptic is with word appearing
back is not visible.
•The variation from connector is correlative form, which is several of more
from a word and separated.
•Example;
•Not (only) … but (also)
•Either … or
•Neither … nor
 • Sometimes connector either… or neither … nor be repeated until to produce structure of
long coordination.
• Example;
• Neither joy, nor love, nor light,
• Nor certitude, nor peace,
• Nor help, nor pain
• The structure of long coordination is called correlative series.
• *Summary:
• 1. Structure of coordination several of two or more parallel unit of form the syntax and
be related by word of connector.
• 2. Coordination can be several from two or more and is called correlatives.
• 3. In correlatives coordinator, the first section appear in beginning and the second in
the central or in the finally structure.
• 4. If be find section from structure which is disappeared because avoid of repeating.
So, this structure is called elliptical structure of coordination.
• 5. Correlative can be repeated to one series structure of long coordination.