EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

1
 EVOLUTION
• Evolution is an ongoing process with populations adapting
to their environment and accumulating gene changes.

• Charles Darwin's theory that all species descend

from a common ancestor is supported by fossil records,
embryology, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

2
 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
• Evidence for evolution falls into two categories:
- direct (observable) and indirect (inferred ). Direct
evidence includes fossils, while indirect evidence includes
homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures,
embryology, and biogeography.

2
 GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE AND
EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS AND
PLANTS

• The Earth, approximately 4600 million years

old, has its history divided into eras and
epochs.
• Giovanni Avduina developed the first
geological time scale.
• Life began in water around 3600 million years
ago.
• The Earth's history is divided into eras and epochs.

2
 EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS
• Vertebrate evolution began with ostracoderms in
the Ordovician period, followed by acanthodians
and placoderms in the Silurian period. Amphibians
evolved in the Devonian period, reptiles in the
Carboniferous period, and dinosaurs and mammals
in the Triassic period. Birds first appeared in the
Jurassic Period.

2
 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
• Plant evolution started with various algae in
the Cambrian period, followed by marine algae
in the Ordovician period. Bryophytes appeared
before vascular plants (pteridophytes,
gymnosperms, and angiosperms). The first
gymnosperms appeared in the Devonian
period, seed plants in the Carboniferous
period, and angiosperms in the Cretaceous
period. Angiosperms diversified in the
Miocene and underwent adaptive radiation in
6
the Pliocene.
 FOSSILS

• Fossils, remnants of ancient organisms, are

typically formed when an organism is covered by
hardening sediments or entombed in volcanic ash,
tar, or tree sap.
• They provide direct evidence of evolution by
showing changes over time.

2
 EXAMPLE OF FOSSIL

8
 EVIDENCE OF FOSSILS
• By studying fossils in different rock strata,
geologists can reconstruct the course of evolutionary
change. However, interpreting fossil evidence is
challenging due to the incomplete fossil record and
the specific conditions required for fossil
preservation.

2
 KEY POINTS
> Evolution is a continuous process of populations
adapting to environmental changes, influenced by
changes in their gene pool.
> Charles Darwin proposed all species descend from a
common ancestor, with evidence from the fossil
record, embryology, comparative anatomy, and
molecular biology.
> Evolutionary evidence is categorized into direct (like
fossils) and indirect (like homologous structures,
embryology, and biogeography).
> Vertebrate and plant evolution began in different
geological periods, with various species appearing
2 sequentially over time.
 KEY POINTS
> The Earth's history, around 4600 million years, is
divided into eras and epochs, with life starting in
water around 3600 million years ago.
> Fossils, remnants of ancient organisms, provide direct
evidence for evolution, but interpreting them is challenging
due to the incomplete fossil record and specific preservation
conditions.

11
 WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED
FROM THIS TOPIC?

12
 FOSSIL RECORDS
•Fossil Record are traces of organism that live
in the past and were preserved by natural
processes or catastrophic events.
• Fossils document the existence of now-extinct
past species that are related to present-day
species.

13
 FOSSIL RECORDS
• IMPRINTS
* Imprints are shallow
external molds left by
animal or plant tissues
with little or no organic
materials present

14
 FOSSIL RECORDS
• Compression
* Compression
fossils are animal
or plant tissues
preserved in
sedimentary rock
and is formed with
more organic
15 material.
 FOSSIL RECORDS
HOW ARE THE AGES OF FOSSILS DETERMINE?

1. Relative Dating
- the age of
rock is compared
to the other rock
layers.

16
 FOSSIL RECORDS
HOW ARE THE AGES OF FOSSILS DETERMINE?

1. Radiometric
Dating
- the age of
rock is compared
to the other rock
layers.
17