DEFINING INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
 Digitizing information
 Transistors
 Personal computers
 The Internet
 World Wide Web
 Layered software
 DIGITIZATION
INFORMATION
DEFINATION
DIGITIZATION IS THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING INFORMATION INTO
A DIGITAL FORMAT. ANY TIME YOU TRANSLATE SOMETHING INTO BITS AND
BYTES.
FOR EXAMPLE ;
 SCANNING A PHOTOGRAPH OR CONVERTING A PAPER REPORT TO A PDF.
 DATA, SUCH AS NUMERIC DATA FROM SENSORS, FINANCIAL DATA AND
WEATHER DATA.
 AUDIO, SUCH AS MUSIC, SPEECHES AND INTERVIEWS.
 Advantages of digitization
information
These are various advantages to digitation including:
 Faster access to information.
 Improved customer.
 Increased productivity.
 Lower operational cost.
 Improved decision making.
 Improved information security.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITIZATION
INFORMATION
The disadvantages of digital technology includes:
 Spread of disinformation.
 Addiction of social media.
 Compromised personal privacy.
 Increase in the crime rate.
 Loss of jobs and information overload.
 Transistors
DEFINATION:
A transistor is a type of a semiconductor
device that can be used to both conduct and insulate electric
current or voltage. A transistor basically acts as a switch and
an amplifier. In simple words, we can say that a transistor is a
miniature device that is used to control or regulate the flow of
electronic signals.
It Developed in the year 1947 by three American
physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley, the transistor is considered as one of the most
important inventions in the history of science.
 How transistors works???
 Transistors are typically made of semiconductor materials like silicon.
 Transistors work based on the principle of amplification and control of electrical
current, and they serve as basic building blocks in electronic circuits. The operation
of a transistor depends on its type; there are two primary types: bipolar junction
transistors (BJT) and field-effect transistors (FET).
 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
 A BJT has three layers or regions: emitter, base, and collector, and it operates using the movement of charge
carriers (electrons and holes) within a semiconductor material, typically silicon. BJTs come in two types: NPN
and PNP, based on the arrangement of these layers.
 NPN BJT:
 When a small current (base current) is applied to the base-emitter junction, it allows a larger current to flow from the
collector to the emitter. This forms a basic current-amplification function.
 PNP BJT:
 In a PNP BJT, the direction of current flow is reversed compared to an NPN transistor. A small current applied to the
base-emitter junction restricts the flow of current from the collector to the emitter.
 BJTs are commonly used in amplification circuits where a small input signal controls a larger output signal. The amount
of current flowing between the collector and emitter (or vice versa, in the case of a PNP transistor) is controlled by the
current applied to the base terminal.
2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET):
 Field-Effect Transistor (FET):
 A FET, unlike a BJT, operates by controlling the flow of current with an electric field. It has three
terminals: source, gate, and drain, and is often made of a semiconductor material.
 N-Channel FET:
 When a voltage is applied to the gate terminal, it creates an electric field that allows current to flow from the
source to the drain. Increasing the gate voltage increases the current.
 P-Channel FET:
 In a P-Channel FET, the direction of current flow is reversed compared to an N-Channel FET. Applying a
voltage to the gate terminal restricts the flow of current from the source to the drain.
 FETs are commonly used in electronic switches and amplifiers. They have high input impedance and
consume very little input power, making them suitable for various applications, including modern
integrated circuits and digital logic gates.
BJTs and FETs
 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTOR
Following are the advantages are given below:
 Lower in cost and smaller in size
 Smaller mechanical sensitivity.
 Low operating voltage.
 Extremely long life.
 Fast switching.
 DISADVANTAGES
Following disadvantages are given below:
OF TRANSISTOR
 It has reverse blocking capacity is very low.
 It can be damaged due to the thermal runaway and second breakdown.
 Due to its small size,it is difficult to trace out faulty once due to failure.
 PERSONAL COMPUTERS
DEFINATION:
A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time.
USES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Following uses of personal computer are given below :
1. World processing :
You can use word processing on your personal computer. Word
processing means creating a document file.
2. Internet Browsing:
You can also do internet browsing using a personal computer. Internet
browsing means searching about something on a search engine and getting information about it.
3. Internet Communications:
You can also do Internet communications using a personal
computer. Internet communications mean talking to someone through the Internet.
4. Education:
You can also use a personal computer for education. Through the personal
computer, you can also read and teach anyone.
5. Gaming:
Using a personal computer, you can also play games on a personal computer. You
can play a variety of games on a personal computer.
6. Business:
You can also use a personal computer in your business. Using a personal
computer, you can maintain the details and records of your customers.
7. Entertainment:
You can also use a personal computer for entertainment. A personal
computer is a good medium for entertainment.
8. Sending & Receiving Emails:
You can also use the email service on a personal
computer. Through a personal computer, you can send emails to any of your friends or partner.
9. Form fill up:
You can fill any type of online form using a personal computer.
10. Edit Photos & Videos:
You can edit your picture using a personal computer. There are
many applications available to edit photos today, but the Photoshop application is very popular.
 INTERNET

DEFINATION:
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a
worldwide system of computer networks.
OR
Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with
each other and to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to connect billions of computer users worldwide.
 USES OF INTERNET

1. Online Booking and Orders

2. Education
3. Research
4. Cashless Transactions
5. ONLINE JOBS
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

Folowing advsantages are given below:

1. Flawless Communication:
The internet has made communication between
long distances faster, thus helping people communicate with friends and families
worldwide.
2. ABUNDANT INFORMATION:
People worldwide can find ample information with the internet and
the invention of many search engines. Information regarding anything and everything
can be found on the internet without going through books and libraries to find
information.
DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERNET
1. Addictive in Nature :
Internet Addiction is widespread, especially among
children of the 12- 18 age group, because it is an easy form of entertainment for all,
affecting students’ mental growth.
2. Access to Wrong Information :
People can easily be misguided with wrong
or false data easily found on the internet.
3. Theft of Personal Information:
Personal information can easily be
leaked through the internet, leading to bank accounts and other users’ information
hacking.
 WORLD WIDE WEB

DEFINATION:
World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 --
refers to all the public websites or pages that users can access on their local
computers and other devices through the internet. These pages and
documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that users click on for
information. This information can be in different formats, including text,
images, audio and video.

Shameer
warai na
USES OF WORLD WIDE WEB(WWW)

WWW is just an abbreviation of the World Wide Web. WWW

or World Wide Web is also known by its name “Web”. As it is a type of
virtual online space where all information was kept in form of documents,
images, videos, and files in a systematic manner which is identified by
Uniform Resource Locators.
Some possible top10 uses of the World Wide Web or WWW are :

1. For Communication
2. Online conference call or live meetings
3. Students may also use for online classes or learning
4. Get News worldwide instantly (24X7)
5. Watching videos for entertainment
6. Use of WWW sites for professional work
7. Uses of WWW internet for Publicity and Advertising
8. Researching something on the internet.
9. Selling products online
10. Can grow business via online
 EXAMPLE OF WORLD WIDE WEB(WWW);

 Website (like – https://www.vpnblade.com/) is an example to

understand the world wide web. You can see various web resources in
the form of HTML formatting.
 Using world wide web facility you can also start up or boost up your
current business by making a quality website.
Tier” vs “Layer

 Before moving further, it is important to clarify the difference between a “Tier” vs

“Layer”. A layer is a logic component within a software suite that accomplishes a
given functionality, whereas a tier is the logical and hardware platform where
such layer runs.
 LAYERED SOFTWARE

Layered architecture, also known as n-tier architecture is one of the most

commonly used patterns for software development. The code in an n-tier pattern is arranged in
layers. The data enters the system through the outermost layer (UI) and reaches the innermost layer
(database). There are four layers in layered software architecture:
• Presentation layer (UI layer)
• Application layer (service layer)
• Business logic layer (domain layer)
• Data access layer (persistence layer)
 Presentation layer

The presentation layer mainly translates data between the application layer and
the network format. Data can be communicated in different formats via
different sources. Thus, the presentation layer is responsible for integrating all
formats into a standard format for efficient and effective communication.

The presentation layer follows data programming structure schemes developed

for different languages and provides the real-time syntax required for
communication between two objects such as layers, systems or networks. The
data format should be acceptable by the next layers; otherwise, the
presentation layer may not perform
 APPLICATION LAYER

The Application Layer is the seventh layer of the seven-layer OSI model.
Application layer interface directly interacts with the application and provides common web
application services. The application layer also makes a request to the presentation layer.
Application layer is the highest level of open systems, providing services directly for the
application process.
 BUSINESS LOGIC LAYER

Business logic layer is the business components that

provide OAGIS services to return data or start business processes. The presentation
layer uses these OAGIS services to display data, or to invoke a business process.
The business logic provides data required by the presentation layer. he business
logic layer is the business components that provide OAGIS services to return data or
start business processes. The presentation layer uses these OAGIS services to
display data, or to invoke a business process. The business logic provides data
required by the presentation layer.
 DATA ACCESS LAYER
 The Data-Access Layer (DAL) is a component of a software architecture that is
responsible for managing the data storage and retrieval of an application. It sits
between the business-logic layer and the data storage system and provides an
abstraction layer that allows the business-logic layer to interact with the data
storage system without being aware of its specific implementation.
 The DAL is responsible for performing tasks such as:
-Connecting to the data storage system and managing the connection.
-Generating and executing SQL queries or other data access commands to retrieve
and store data.
-Mapping the data from the data storage system to the application’s data objects
and vice versa.
-Handling errors and exceptions related to data access.
-Providing support for transactions and other data access features.
 The DAL is designed to be reusable and independent of the business logic and data
storage implementation. This allows the application to be easily modified or
extended without affecting the underlying data access code
THANK YOU