ISOMERISM

ISOMERISM
 ISOMERISM

• Ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether have different structural formula. But their
molecular formula is same which is C2H6O
• Different physical and chemical properties
• This phenomenon is known as isomerism
• Ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are called isomers of each other
ISOMERISM OF
ALKANE
• First three alkanes –
methane, ethane and
propane have only one
structure

• higher alkanes can have

more than one structure
 ISOMERISM OF ALKANE
write structures for C4H10
• carbon atoms of C4H10 can be joined either in a continuous
chain or with a branched chain

1. Butane (n- butane)

2. 2-Methylpropane (isobutane)
 ISOMERISM OF ALKANE
Isomer of C5H12?

Structures I is same molecular formula

1 straight chain and 2 & 3 possess same
molecular formula-branched chain but
differ in their boiling points and other
properties.

3
 ISOMERISM OF ALKANE
Write structures of different chain isomers of alkanes
corresponding to the molecular formula C6H14. Also write
their IUPAC names
.
 ISOMERISM OF ALKANE
Write structures of different isomeric alkyl groups corresponding to the
molecular formula C5H11. Write IUPAC names of alcohols obtained by
attachment of –OH groups at different carbons of the chain.
Total -8 isomer formed
 ISOMERISM OF ALKENE
• As in alkanes, ethene (C2H4 ) and propene (C3H6 ) can have
only one structure
• Alkenes higher than propene have different structures.
• Alkenes possessing C4H8 as molecular formula can be written
as

Structures I and III, and II and

III are the examples of chain
isomerism whereas
structures I and II are
position isomers
 ISOMERISM OF ALKENE
• Write structures and IUPAC names of different structural
isomers of alkenes corresponding to C5H10.
 ISOMERISM OF ALKENE
• Write structures and IUPAC names of different structural
isomers of alkenes corresponding to C6H12.
It has 25 Isomers only 4 is shown below

2-Hexene

3 Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene
 DESCRIBE THE PROPERTIES OF ALKANES (EXEMPLIFIED BY METHANE) AS
BEING GENERALLY UNREACTIVE EXCEPT IN TERMS OF COMBUSTION AND
SUBSTITUTION BY CHLORINE

Alkanes, like methane, are generally unreactive due to their strong C-C and C-H
bonds. However, they can undergo two main types of reactions:
1. Combustion:
Alkanes on heating in the presence of air or dioxygen are completely oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water with the evolution of large amount of heat.

Due to the evolution of large amount of heat during combustion, alkanes are used as fuels.
During incomplete combustion of alkanes with insufficient amount of air or dioxygen, carbon
black is formed which is used in the manufacture of ink, printer ink, black pigments and as
filters.
Alkanes readily burn in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor,
releasing energy. For example, methane (CH4) combusts to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O):
 DESCRIBE THE PROPERTIES OF ALKANES (EXEMPLIFIED BY METHANE) AS
BEING GENERALLY UNREACTIVE EXCEPT IN TERMS OF COMBUSTION AND
SUBSTITUTION BY CHLORINE

2.Substitution by halogens (e.g., chlorine):

In the presence of halogens like chlorine (Cl2), alkanes can undergo substitution reactions
where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. This reaction is initiated
by UV light or heat.