HYDROCARBONS

HYDROCARBON & Isomerism

🔘 A HYDROCARBON is any
chemical compound consisting entirely of
(H) hydrogen and (C) carbon atoms. Each
hydrocarbon molecule consists of a
carbon backbone with hydrogen atoms
attached to that backbone.
 HYDROCARBONS CATEGORIZE INTO
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED.
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES
Saturated Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
Each carbon atom Carbon atoms contain either double or
is bonded to four triple bonds. Since the compound is
other atoms, unsaturated with respect to hydrogen
usually a atoms, the extra electrons are shared
hydrogen, through between two carbon atoms to form a
a single covalent double or triple bonds.
bonds.
Single bond Double bond Triple bond
Also known as Also known as Also known as
PARAFFINS. OLEFINS ACETYLENES
 PREFIXES
Carbon Prefix Carbon Prefix
Atoms Atoms
1 Meth 6 Hex
2 Eth 7 Hept
3 Prop 8 Oct
4 But 9 Non
5 Pent 10 Dec
 ISOMERISM
The versatility of carbon
enables it to bond in many
different ways, producing
different configurations.
DIFFERENT FORMULAS

CHEMICAL/MOLECULAR
FORMULA
DIFFERENT FORMULAS

EXPANDED
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
DIFFERENT FORMULAS

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
DIFFERENT FORMULAS
CARBON SKELETAL FORM
DIFFERENT FORMULAS
LINE FORM
 There are compounds which have
the same chemical formula but
different structural formula.
These compounds are called
constitutional isomers.

The term isomer comes from the

Greek word “iso” meaning “the
same” and “mer” meaning “part”.
 EXAMPLE IN DIFFERENT WAYS TO
WRITE A FORMULA OF HYDROCARBON
GIVEN THE IUPAC NAME AND
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
 CLASSES OF
HYDROCARBONS
● The different types of hydrocarbons
include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and
aromatic hydrocarbon. There
structural difference depends on the
presence of double or triple bonds
between carbon atoms.
ALKANES
IUPAC NAME CARB STRUCTURAL FORMULA
ON
ATOM
S
Methane 1
Ethane 2
Propane 3
Butane 4
Pentane 5
Hexane 6
Heptane 7
 Nonane 9
Decane 10
Undecane 11
Dodecane 12
Tridecane 13
Tetradecane 14
Pentadecane 15
Eicosape 20
triacontane 30
ALKENES
 IUPAC COMMON NAME STRUCTURAL FORMULA
NAME
ethene Ethylene
propene Propylene
1-butene Ethylethylene
2-butene Sym-
dimethylethylen
e
1- n-
pentene propylethylene
2- Sym-
pentene ethylmethylethy
lene
● NAMING ALKANES
● Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbon which
contains a single bond of carbon-carbon.
● The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry) is used for the naming of
organic compounds.