DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROMECHANICAL

RELAY
• HIGH BURDEN ON INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
• HIGH OPERATING TIME
• CONTACT PROBLEMS
DISADVANTAGES OF STATIC RELAYS
• INFLEXIBILITY
• INADAPTABILITY TO CHANGING SYSTEM
CONDITIONS
• COMPLEXITY
 NUMERICAL PROTECTION
• NUMERICAL RELAY
• ACQUIRE SEQUENTIAL SAMPLES OF AC
QUANTITIES IN NUMERIC FORM AND PROCESS
NUMERICALLY USING ALGORITHM TO MAKE
TRIP DECISIONS
• BASED ON NUMERIC DEVICES: µPs, µCs,
DSPs….
• PRESENTLY USED ARE µp/µCs
NUMERICAL RELAY
 NUMERICAL RELAY
• TRANSDUCERS: TO REDUCE LEVEL OF SIGNALS
• DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (DAS)
ANALOG INPUT SUB SYSTEM
ANALOG INTERFACE
• ANALOG I/P SUB SYSTEM:

 ANALOG INPUT SUB SYSTEM
 ANALOG INPUT ISOLATION- ELECTRICALLY ISOLATES
RELAY FROM POWER SYSTEM – AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER
 I/V CONVERTER: CONVERTS CURRENT TO
EQUIVALENT VOLTAGES- SHUNT RESISTOR
 LOW PASS FILTERS-REMOVE HIGH FREQUENCY
COMPONENTS
 ANALOG INTERFACE

• SAMPLE THE REDUCED LEVEL SIGNALS

• CONVERT ANALOG LEVELS TO EQUIVALENT

NUMBERS