Sub Chapter 3.

2:
Digital Transmission Through
Bandlimited Channel
T E K N O L O G I M A S A D E PA N

AMIN SUHARJONO

T. T E L E K O M U N I K A S I
Konsep Komunikasi Digital

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Outline
3.2 Baseband Transmission over Bandlimited
Channel
A. The Power Spectrum of a Digital PAM Signal
B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels and
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels

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 A. The Power Spectrum of a Digital PAM Signal
 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) signal :  And

 we assign the following pairs of information bits

to the four signal waveforms

 With :

 Note that :
 Where :
 T = symbol interval = 2Tb
 Tb = bit interval =1/R
 R = bit rate

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A. The Power Spectrum of a Digital PAM Signal
 In this section we study the spectral  The power spectrum of v(t) :
characteristics of Digital PAM signals.
 Digital PAM signal is presented as :

 where :
 where :  is the power spectrum of amplitude sequence :
 {an} is the sequence of amplitudes corresponding
to the information symbols from the source,
 g(t) is a pulse waveform, and
 T is the symbol interval.  is the Fourier transform of the pulse
 Because the information sequence is a random  is the autocorrelation of the sequence
sequence, the sequence {an} also random

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A. The Power Spectrum of a Digital PAM Signal
 Example 1 : Determine the power spectrum of  The Fourier transform of g(t) :
V(t) when {an} is an uncorrelated sequence and
g(t) is the rectangular pulse shown in the
following figure

 So that :
 power spectrum of V(t) : sequence :

 Answer :
 is uncorrelated- that is,

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B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
 Many communication channels, including telephone channels and some radio channels, may be
generally characterized as bandlimited linear filters.
 frequency response of the bandlimited channels, :

 where :
 is called the amplitude response
 is called the phase response

 A channel is said to be non-distorting, or ideal, if :

 constant, if NOT => amplitude distortion
and
 is a linear function of frequency, if NOT => delay distortion

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B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
 Many communication channels, including telephone channels and some radio channels, may be
generally characterized as bandlimited linear filters.
 Effect of non-ideal channel : (a) original signal, (b) distortion signal

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B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
 Consider transmission of a single M-ary PAM signal :

 So that:

 the discrete-time impulse response represents pulse shape , channel filter , and receiver filter

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B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
 Example :

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B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
 Example : The transmitted sequence of amplitudes is given as

Calculate, and plot, the sequence of decision variables in Figure above, for , in the noiseless case (i.e. ) if
and if the output pulse is

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 B. Characterization of Bandlimited Channels & ISI
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
 Answer :
(i) => no-ISI
(ii) => ISI occurs and gives ambigue values on i=5 & i=6

i -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-1 -0,5 -1 -0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -0,5 -1 -0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 -0,5 -1 -0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 -0,5 -1 -0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0,5 -1 -0,5 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,5 1 0,5 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0,5 -1 -0,5
ξ[i] -0,5 -1,5 -1 1 1 -1 -1 0 0 1 2 1 -0,5 -0,5

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 B. Characterization of
Bandlimited Channels & ISI
EYE PATERN FOR INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
 Eye-pattern generation is straightforward and can provide
a great deal of information.
 The eye diagram or pattern is an effective tool to provide a
visual examination of the severity of the ISI, sensitivity to
timing errors, and the noise margin.
 Figure shows various received signals and their
corresponding eye patterns.
 A. Ideal signal
 B. Distorted signal

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B. Characterization of
Bandlimited Channels &
ISI

EYE PATERN FOR INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)

 Interpretation of Eye-pattern

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 C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels
SIGNAL DESIGN OF ZERO-ISI
 The design is based on transmitter and receiver filters that result in zero ISI.
 The basic design was proposed by Nyquist (1928)
 A signal x(t) will have zero ISI if meet the condition:

 The Fourier Transform X(f) :

 Where 1/T is the symbol rate

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 C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels
SIGNAL DESIGN OF ZERO-ISI  The frequency respon of Xrc(f) :
 The most commonly used signals has a raised-cosine
frequency response characteristic :

 Where : roll-of factor, with ,

 If , the response goes to an ideal brick wall with
bandwidth 1/2T (Nyquist frequency)  the excess bandwidth usually expressed as a
percentage of the Nyquist frequency.
 For , the bandwidth occupied by the desired signal
beyond the Nyquist frequency l/2T is called the  Example :
excess bandwidth  => excess bw = 50%
 => excess bw = 100%;

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 C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels
SIGNAL DESIGN OF ZERO-ISI
 The raised-cosine time domain spectrum is :

 From the figure, the value is 1 for and 0 for , so that No-ISI on the sampling points

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 C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels
SIGNAL DESIGN OF ZERO-ISI
 The raised-cosine spectrumis designed as the product (cascade) of the transmitter filters and the
receiver filter :

 Example :
 The simplest way to design and implement the transmitter and receiver filters in digital form is to
employ FIR filters with linear phase (symmetric impulse response). The desired magnitude
response is

 (See detail examples on Proakis et.al 2012, pp. 273)

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 C. System Design for Bandlimited Channels
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR ISI CONTROLLING
 Rise-cosine signal is suitable for noise free channel
 If noise is present, the ISI will still arise
 The technology for controlling ISI on noisy channel is EQUALIZER
 On channels whose frequency response characteristics are unknown but time-invariant, we may
measure the channel characteristics and adjust the parameters of the equalizer

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Referensi
 John G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi, Gerhard Bauch (2012), “Contemporary Communication
Systems Using MATLAB 3rd Edition”, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA (Chapter 6)
 Michael Lentmaier (2017), “EITG05 – Digital Communications Lecture Notes, Week 5, Lecture
2”, Lund University
 Ali Grami (2016), “Introduction to Digital Communications”, Elsevier Inc., London, UK

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Terima Kasih
“Untuk jadi solusi, kadang tak cukup hanya karena
ahli, Kita perlu merendahkan hati “
@salimafillah

amin@polines.ac.id suharjono.amin

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