Building Construction IV

R.C.C. Construction

Mihir Patil
Sem-IV
LJ School Of Architecture
LJK University
What is Scaffolding?
• While the term formwork is generally used for all temporary works for
holding concrete, etc.
• The term scaffolding is generally used for the temporary structure
used to support the concrete formwork or more popularly for
supporting the workmen during the construction (of brickwork,
plastering, and painting or renewal or repainting of structures, etc.).
• It comes under safety regulations on construction sites, and standards
have been prescribed for its layout and use.
Scaffolding Parts.
Scaffolding contains the following parts.
1. Standards: The vertical posts (also called uprights).
2. Ledgers: The horizontal members parallel to the wall.
3. Braces: The bracing system.
4. Putlogs: Horizontal members normal to the wall.
5. Transoms: Putlogs whose both ends are supported on ledgers in
double scaffolding.
6. Bridle: Member used to bridge openings.
7. Boarding: Planks on which workmen stand.
8. Guard rail: Rail provided at about 1 m level to guard the men
working on the boarding.
9. Toe board: Boards placed parallel to boarding near the wall to give
protection to workers.
10. Base plate or sole plate: Plates on the ground supporting standards.
 Scaffolding Types.
Some of the commonly types of scaffolding are described below:
1. Single scaffolding or bricklayers scaffolding.
This type of scaffolding is mostly used for brickwork and consists of an outer row of verticals (called standards) to which
longitudinal members are tied at different levels of working
The cross members (putlogs) are tied to the standards at the outer end and rest on the walls being built inside. The platform is
carried on the putlogs.
If the putlog level coincides with an opening in the wall, it cannot be placed on the wall. Hence, it should rest on a cross piece
(called bridle tube) tied at the wall end of the adjacent putlogs.
Cross bracing in the vertical planes between the verticals are also to be introduced for lateral stability.
Where the verticals posts cannot be placed on base plates or in holes made in the ground, it should be suitably placed and
braced for lateral stability.
A popular method in such cases is to place the vertical post in a steel barrel of 60 cm in height and of suitable diameter filled
with compacted earth.
2. Double scaffolding or Mason’s scaffolding.
This is a supporting system used by masons for plastering. It has pairs of (inner and outer) verticals. The putlogs, instead of
being supported on the wall, are supported on an inner system of verticals and longitudinal’s.
To give additional lateral stability to the narrow and tall framework, it is tied to the building at intervals when used for
multistory building
3. Cantilever or needle scaffolding.
For the construction of the upper part of a tall residential building, cantilever scaffolding eliminates unwanted scaffolding at
lower levels keeping the space free for vehicles, etc.
It is similar to the double scaffold, except that it is supported at the bottom by a cantilever prop.
 (A)Double scaffolding or Mason’s scaffolding.
(B)Cantilever or needle scaffolding.

Single scaffolding or bricklayers scaffolding

4. Birdscage scaffolding.
It is used for internal work and consists of a simple cage supported on four verticals from which the workers
can work.
It is movable and can be easily moved from place to place.
5. Ladder or trestle scaffolding.
This is used for light work and is usually portable. It consists of two ladders with the top ends joined together
by planks so that a person can work on this platform.
6. Suspended scaffolding.
In tall buildings for working at high levels, such as the painting of tall buildings, it is more convenient and
economical to suspend the working platform from above the ground than to support it from the ground.
This is especially so when the height is more than 30 meters.
Suspended scaffolds are of three types—fixed, operated by pulleys and operated by winches.
(Provision for stability should be provided for these when using them in places subjected to heavy wind
forces).
(i) Fixed type suspended scaffolds.
These are the scaffolds attached to a truss or the roof truss above the site of work using ropes, chains, tubes,
etc.
(ii) Suspended scaffolds operated by pulleys, etc.
These are like the platforms of the window cleaners and painters of buildings.
(iii) Suspended scaffolds operated by winches.
These arc heavy platforms hung by wires from temporary outriggers and operated by external cranes.
Important Points in Scaffolding.
• The following are some of the important rules to be remembered in scaffolding work:
• 1. The uprights (standards) should not be spaced more than 1.8 m (6 ft.) for heavy work such as masonry and not more than 3 m (10 ft) for
light work such as painting.
• 2. The putlogs in single scaffolding should bear well on the wall opening. Short members nailed onto the wall should not be used as putlogs.
• 3. The platforms should be wide enough. It should not be less than 17 inches (425 mm) in width if the height is more than 1.8 meters.
• If materials are stored on it, it should not be less than 850 mm (34 inches) in width.
• Each board should be 50 mm (2 inches) thick and 200 mm (8 inches) wide for the putlog spacing of 1.5 m or more. It can be 38 mm (11/2
inches) thick for 0.9 to 1.5 m and 25 mm (1 inch) for less than 1.5 in putlog spacing’s.
• 4. The plank should not be defective. To prevent sudden failure of the planks, the grains in the wood used should not be more than 10
degrees with the length of the plank.
• There should be no overhanging (or cantilevering) of these planks.
• 5. All scaffolding should be properly strutted so that they do not fall away from the wall laterally. Similarly, it should be stable longitudinally
also.
• 6. Workmen should not work under the scaffolding.
• 7. Lorries should not be allowed to come near scaffolding.
• 8. Safe ladders should be provided to climb on to the scaffolding.
• 9. If the height is more than 2 meters, guard rails should be provided for the scaffolding.
What is formwork?
• Formwork is the mould which is used in construction for giving desire
structural shape by pouring concrete in the mold. In simple word,
formwork is a mold to cast concrete member in different shapes and
sizes. There are many different types of Formwork available in market
• Shuttering is a synonym term of Formwork. In many countries, people
use word Shuttering instead of formwork.
Types of Formwork.
1. Timber formwork
2. Plywood formwork
3. Steel Formwork
4. Aluminum Formwork
Timber Formwork
Timber Formwork should comply with the
following requirement:
• It should be well Seasoned
• It should be light in weight
• Timber should be easily workable with nails
without splitting
• It should free from loose knots.
• The timber used for formwork should have
smooth and even surface on all the sides, which
comes in direct contact with concrete.
• Timber formwork is used in a small quantity of
concrete work.
Advantages of Timber Formwork
• Timber can be cut in any desired size easily.
• Timber is light in weight so it can be handled easily.
• Timber is a good thermal resistance so, it prevents concrete damage in colder
regions.
• Construction method to this type of Formwork is easy to understand, so it
doesn’t require skilled labor.
Disadvantages of Timber Formwork
• Dry timber absorbs water from concrete, which results in the reduction of
concrete strength.
• Timber formwork can be reused only for 5 to 6 times
• Timber with more moisture content (<= 20%), wet concrete will shrink and
leakage of Cement slurry.
Plywood Formwork (Conventional
Formwork)
• Plywood for concrete formwork is a BWP
(Boiling waterproof) grade plywood, it is a
preservative-treated and especially suited for
use in shuttering and formwork. Plywood
formwork is very economic as it can be put to
repeated use, depending upon the care taken
during erection and dismantling.
• The main advantage of using plywood
shuttering is, it is durable under alternate
wetting and drying conditions, Plywood has a
hard surface and it possesses adequate strength
to withstand a load of concrete and the forces
caused by pouring of concrete and vibrations.
Standard Size of plywood's are as follow:The standard size of plywood measures in millimeter. Various
thickness of plywood shown in the table below:
Plywood Size in Feet Plywood Size in MM
Plywood Grade Thickness in mm
8’ X 4” 2440 X 1220
8’ X 3’ 2440 X 920 MR Grade Plywood (Moisture
3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25 mm
Resistant)
7’ X 4’ 2140 X 1220
7’ X 3’ 2140 X 920 BWR Grade Plywood (Boiling
6’ X 4’ 1830 X 1220 Water Resistant) and FR Grade 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 19, 2 5 mm
(Fire Resistant)
6’ X 3’ 1830 X 920

• Advantages of Plywood Formwork (Conventional

Formwork)
• Plywood can be easily be cut in the required size.
• Plywood is strong, durable and light in weight.
• Plywood provides smooth finish concrete surface.
• Plywood makes formwork quicker and easier.
Steel Formwork
• Steel formwork is Consist of panel fabricated out of thin Steel Plates.
Steel Formwork is popular nowadays because it gives a long life span
and it gives better repetition. The Steel Panel units can be fixed
together using suitable Clamp, Nut, and Bolts. Steel Panel can be
fabricated in any modular shape or size. Mostly this type of Formwork
used for Circular and Curved structure.
• Advantages of Steel Formwork
• Steel Panels are stronger, durable and have longer life Span
• Steel Panels can be installed and dismantled easily with great speed.
• It is cost-effective if construction is going on in large quantity.
• Steel panels do not absorb water or moisture from Concrete.
• This type of Formwork doesn’t shrink or warp.
• The quality of the concrete surface by steel formworks is smooth, and
it doesn’t require any further treatment.
• Disadvantages of Steel Formwork
• It is very costly compared to Plywood
• The steel panel is very heavy in weight, to lift the panel it requires
lifting equipment.
• It is limited to size and shape.
 Aluminium Formwork
• Aluminum formwork is similar to Steel formwork. This type of formwork is
lighter than Steel formwork, due to the low density of the Aluminum its lighter
than steel. This type of formwork is economical if a large number of times
repetitions are made in Construction.
• Advantages of Aluminum Formwork
• Aluminum Formwork increases the speed of construction and saves time and
labor
• It gives a better and smooth finish surface.
• Aluminum formwork can be reused up to 250 times.
• It is cost-effective if a large number of symmetrical structures are to be built.
• Disadvantages of Aluminum Formwork
• The initial cost is high because of aluminum formworks more expensive.
• This type of formwork is cost-effective if it used in a symmetrical type of
structure.
• Initially, it takes time to set-up.
• For this type of formwork, Skilled labors are required for alignment and
maintenance purpose.
• Holes caused during formwork by wall tie should be grouted properly, or else
there will be a leakage problem in the future.
 Shuttering:
• It is a part of formwork, or you may call
it as derivative of formwork. Shuttering
is a vertical temporary arrangement
which is arranged to bring concrete in a
desired shape.
or
Formwork which supports vertical
arrangement is known as shuttering.
• In a technical point of view, Formwork
for columns, footings, retaining walls is
called as a Shuttering.
 Centering:

• Centering is a temporary arrangement

& part of formwork which is arranged
to support horizontal members.
or
In a technical point of view, the
formwork for floor beams & Slabs is
called as a Centering.
Staging:
• Staging is a temporary member which is used
to support formwork (either it may be for
centering or shuttering).
• It is done by props, jacks, H frames, cup lock
system, wooden ballies, etc.