BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

& MATERIALS - VII

SUBMITED TO : SUBMITED BY :
AR. AJAY BAHU JOSHI NIHIT, NITIN, KUNAL, VINAY
AR. MANISH SAINI HIMANI, YASHIKA, KAPIL.
FORMWORK
Formwork is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the
context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.
Formwork comes in several types:
1. Traditional timber formwork.
2. Engineered Formwork System.
3. Re-usable plastic formwork
4. Permanent Insulated Formwork.
5. Stay-In-Place structural formwork systems
6. Flexible formwork.

TRADITIONAL TIMBER FORMWORK.

1. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard.
2. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short
lifespan.
3. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring reusable formwork.
4. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections
may use it.
PLYWOOD
Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or
"plies"
of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers
having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one
another.
It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured
boards which includes medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
and particle board (chipboard).

TYPES
Softwood plywood
Hardwood plywood
Tropical plywood
Aircraft plywood
Decorative plywood (overlaid plywood)
Flexible plywood
Marine plywood
PLYWOOD FORMWORK
A standard plywood thickness on site is 18mm. this is usually
sufficient for most pours. However, if the formwork is curved, a
thinner plywood is used to facilitate bending.
Thicker plywood may be used when the weight of concrete
causes a standard thickness plywood to bow out, distorting the
concrete face.

Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to

make up panels of required sizes. The cost of plywood
formwork compares favorably with that of timber shuttering
and it may even prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the
following considerations:

It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface

finishing is there.
By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the
labor cost of fixing and dismantling.
BASIC FORMWORK
PROCESS AND
COMPONENTS
 Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose, number of reuses
can be taken as 20 to 25.
The plywood is built up of odd number of layers with grain of adjacent layers perpendicular to each other.
Plywood is used extensively for formwork for concrete, especially for sheathing, decking and form linings.
There are two types of plywood internal and exterior.
The interior type is bonded with water resistant glue and exterior type is bonded with water proof glue.

ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD FORMWORK

Easily cut to shape on site.

Reusable.
Thinner plywood is used to facilitate bending.
Thicker plywood is used when the weight of concrete caused a standard thickness plywood to blow out, it
might distorting the concrete face.
DISADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD FORMWORK

The layering effect in plywood makes it porous and susceptible to water damage if exposed over time.
Plywood becomes heavy when wet and should be covered if left outside to reduce the risk of water
damage.

STANDARD PLYWOOD SIZES

AND THICKNESS IN INDIA

The plywood manufactured in India is of

standard sizes and thickness.
Though the metric system has largely
been adopted in India, the prevalent
practice in the plywood market is still to
manufacture and sell the boards based
on cost per sq.foot.
 The top selling and most commonly manufactured plywood size in India is 8 feet by 4 feet.
Other sizes such as 8x3, 7x4, 7x3, 6x4 and 6x3 sq.feet are also manufactured.

A plywood sheet having size 8 x 4 sq.feet and displaying ISI mark photographed at a
carpenters shop in Navi Mumbai, India.
The table below lists the standard plywood sizes in India in square feet as well as lists the corresponding
value in mm.

Corresponding size in mm
Plywood Size in sq.feet
(millimetres) (rounded up)

8' x 4' 2440 x 1220

8' x 3' 2440 x 920
7' x 4' 2140 x 1220
7' x 3' 2140 x 920
6' x 4' 1830 x 1220
6' x 3' 1830 x 920
 The thickness of plywood sheets is also largely standardized and measured in mm
(millimetres).
The table below lists the thickness range available for the various grades of plywood.

Plywood grade Thickness in mm

MR grade (Moisture Resistant) 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25 mm

BWR grade (Boiling Water

4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 19, 25 mm
Resistant)

Shuttering plywood 6, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25 mm

Blockboards* 19, 25 mm
 ORDER AND METHOD OF REMOVING FORMWORK:

The sequence of orders and method

of removal of formwork are as
follows:

Shuttering forming the vertical

faces of walls, beams and column
sides should be removed first as
they bear no load but only retain
the concrete.
Shuttering forming soffit of slabs
should be removed next.
Shuttering forming soffit of
beams, girders or other heavily
loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.
WALL FORMWORKS AND ITS COMPONENTS
The wall formwork frame is
constructed using either:
Vertical studs and horizontal
walers.
Horizontal walers and vertical
soldiers with the sheathing
(sheeting) fixed at right angles.
The spacing and size of studs
and walers is determined by the
loads imposed on the formwork.
The height of the wall,
thickness of the wall, and the
thickness of the sheathing used
must be able to withstand the
loads placed on the formwork.
WALL TYING SYSTEMS
o The function of formwork tying systems is to connect the two faces of the double faced forms together
and effect the balance of the forces between them.
o The spacing of the ties and the forces they have to resist, is determined by the wall to
be built and the framing system adopted.
o When considering ties for wall forms, selection is made on the basis of:
tie capacity,
grout loss at the tie holes,
ease of installation,
final appearance
STAIRCASE FORMWORKS
FLOATING PANEL INTERFACING
WITH ADJACENT WALL
DETAILS OF TIMBER FORMWORK FOR
STAIRCASE.
 Points to consider when designing stair form work

Stair formwork must support the weight of concrete. The weight of the throat of the stair and the
steps will have to be supported.

Because of the slope of the stair, some of the force is transmitted sideways. All formwork must be
well tied together to prevent sideway movement.

Consider the finish of the stair treads and type of nosing. Space may have to be left for purpose
made nosing.

Joists and bearers must be spaced to avoid undue sagging of any part of the structure.
Select timber carefully to avoid weaknesses caused by knots or cross grain.

Vertical struts must have a means of height adjustment and be very securely fixed to the
bearers to prevent sideways movement.

Place and fix riser boards accurately. For safety all steps must be the same size.

Place inserts for balusters and nosing pieces as required.

 DETAIL AT A
BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK

DETAIL OF TIMBER FORMWORK FOR R.C.C BEAM

AND SLAB FLOOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BEAM FORMWORK

Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood.

Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm centres.

Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walers and ties.

Props or falsework must be placed under the headtree, or under the bearers,
and must be spaced to suit the weight of concrete.

Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint where possible.

Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or falsework.

Erection sequence for constructing beam formwork includes:

Position of sole plates, marking out and setting heights for falseworks;
BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK
BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK
Beams can be grouped in
two categories.

When located in the

interior of the
structure they are
usually TEE Beams
and
When on the REINFORCEMENT MESH WAS
perimeter are L LAID ON PLYWOOD BOARDS.
Beams.

ELECTRICAL FIITINGS WERE

LAID ON SLAB
COLUMN FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION
Most column forming methods use plywood to form
faces.
The corner junctions of the plywood must be detailed to
achieve
the maximum tightening action from the column
clamps.
The corners of the form are usually formed to have a 45
degree arris. Timber angle fillets are used to form the
arris.
Care must be taken to align the fillet inside the column
form.
COLUMN FORMS AND JOINTS
 COLUMN
FORMWORK
CONSTRUCTION
STAGES

Column formwork bracing

Column formwork bracing
performs two functions:
It must maintain the
accuracy of the column
form position and plumb
so that it is within
tolerance.
With stand results of forces
acting on either the
column formwork or the
bracing. The forces may be
wind or impact.
These impact forces can
occur from the collision of
concrete buckets or cranes
DETAIL OF CIRCULAR COLUMN JOINTS OF COLUM AND WALL
Before erecting column
formwork, apply a release
agent to all internal
surfaces. If specified, fix any
required edging, metal
corners, arris pieces or
casted inserts.
DEATAIL OF SQUARE COLUMN
Column extension and slab reinforcement Balancing the beams for placement
On plywood boards. of plywood boards