Noun/verb words

convict present import conduct

export produce
 Syllable blend words

secretary comfortable Catholic

chocolate Ireland camera
laboratory
 Compound words

heart attack blackbird

hot dog icecream
pencil case tooth brush
bus stop
 Foreign words

employee cigarette
refugee convalesce
engineer shampoo
photograph photography
photographic
photographer
 Word families

photograph photography
photographic
photographer
Can you think of any other word families?
 So what rules can we give students
and what do we need to know?
Take some words ending in

• - ic
• - ish
• - ity
• - tion
• - ive
Stress is on the penultimate syllable
 Word stress
• Look at the 3 patterns

photograph grandmother inherit

million financial genius

assistant engineer property

afterwards argument difficult

unemployed expensive company

relative introduce cathedral

possible dangerous museum

 Childhood memories
• When I was young, it seemed that life was so
wonderful, a miracle. Oh it was beautiful,
magical.
And all the birds in the trees ……well they'd be
singing so happily, joyfully, playfully and
watching me.
But then they sent me away to teach me how
to be sensible, logical, responsible, practical.
And they showed me a world where I could be
so dependable, clinical, intellectual, cynical.
 So what is sentence stress and connected speech?
It is a matter of the personal choice made by the speaker at the time of speaking (as opposed to word stress,
which is more or less fixed).
Assimilation
occurs when a consonant sound changes at the end of a word because it is affected by the sound which follows
it. Example:
ten pin bowling/ good morning
Elision
is the process whereby one word ends in a consonant and the next one starts in a consonant so we have a
consonant cluster. For ease of pronunciation one is missed out, commonly a /t/ or a /d/
old friend/ white label/ black collar

Strong and weak forms

involve a small number of words which have distinct stressed and unstressed forms of pronunciation.
Unstressed vowels weaken to the schwa /ə /.
a bottle of beer
I can swim
Liaison or intrusive sounds
is when an extra sound is introduced to “lubricate” the flow between one vowel and another.
India and Pakistan, two umbrellas, please be on time
Catenation (vowel linking)
Is when the final consonant of the previous word connects with the vowel beginning in the next word. Comes
about due to speed.
pick it up, one in a million
 What are the below examples of?

• I don’t know
• elision
• So early
• Intrusive sound
• One for you and one for me
• Weak forms
• Three elephants
• Intrusive sound
• Green bottles
• assimilation
• It’s a fast car
• Weak forms and catenation
 Intonation
• Hasn’t the aspidistra grown?
• If you think the doctor was rude you should
see the nurse
• She’s not interested in him because he is a pop
star.
• This is the right one, isn’t it?
• The queen who was dining alone smiled at me
as I entered. (needs punctuation)
Imagine you are in a bar or café, and you have both just finished a drink,
or a slice of chocolate cake. Have a conversation in which you can only
use the word “Well”. The conversation should convey these meanings:

• A. That was nice

• B. Shall we have another one?
• A. I shouldn’t really.
• B. I’m going to have another one, even if you’re not.
• A. If you’re going to insist …......
• B. You’re easily convinced – you surprise me!
 Some practice

This is the end of the book.

a) The speaker is stating that this is the end.
b) The speaker is asking if this is the end.
She doesn’t go out with any boy.
c) She isn’t dating anyone.
d) She’s choosy about who she dates.

She took the fish cake.

e) She fed the fish on cake
f) She took some food which was a type of cake made of fish
Would you like biscuits or cake?
g) The speaker is offering biscuits or cake.
h) The speaker is offering biscuits or cake or something else.