Murang’a University of Technology

Innovation for Prosperity

BIT Group 6 Members

1. Alex Muithya - SC211/1311/2020

2. Gibson Ndungu - SC211/1318/2020
3. Teddy Munyua - SC211/1337/2020
4. Joseph Mbugua –SC211/1354/2020
5. Christian Abiodun – SC211/1336/2020
6. Alex Waiganjo – SC211/2156/2020
7. Stephen Wainaina –SC211/1356/2020
8. Jonah Mungai – SC211/1091/2020
 Discussion Outline

1. 5th Industrial Revolution.

 Introduction.
 Enabling Technologies.
 Applications Areas.
 Future of the 5th IR
2. Quantum Computing.
 Introduction.
 Application Areas.
 Implementation Challenges.

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 5 Industrial Revolution(5IR)
th

I. Introduction.
Defining the 5IR
The 5IR is defined as a new industrialization stage whose main task is collective work of
human and sophisticated AI-robots empowered by modern technologies. The goal of the
5th IR is to create a more human-centric, resilient and environmentally sustainable
future.

Industrial Revolution Stages

1. First IR – It is characterized by water and steam power bringing about the

mechanization of production.

2. Second IR - It is balanced by the acquisition of mass production as being accessed by

the assembly line and electricity.

 .
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3. Third IR – It is a digital revolution that was based on the integration of chips,
computers and other information technology has been used to automate production.

4. Fourth IR – This age is characterized by the integration of digital, biological and

physical technologies. This refers to the range of breakthroughs such as artificial
intelligence, cybernetics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, Internet of Things (IoT)
and 3D printing.

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II. Enabling Technologies of (5IR)

1. Artificial General Intelligence(AGI) (Strong AI)
This is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that can perform as well or better than
humans on a wide range of cognitive tasks as opposed to narrow AI, which is designed
for specific tasks.

The term strong AI refers to computer programs that experience consciousness while
the term weak AI is able to solve one specific problem, but lacks general cognitive
abilities.

AGI is able to reason, represent knowledge, plan, learn and communicate in natural
language.

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2. Quantum Computing - Quantum computers utilize the rules of quantum
physics to do the calculations that are speedily improved exponentially, all the
more only for the type of problems. They can introduce a new level of encryption,
optimize the production process or discover new materials and chemicals for

pharmaceutical purposes.

3. Nanotechnology - Nanotechnology is a fascinating field that delves into the

design and creation of incredibly small devices and structures. It is refers to a
particular technological goal of manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication
of macroscale products. Real world Examples of nanotechnology include
 Electronics – laptops, smartphones and, televisions contains nanomaterials which
improve conductivity and durability.

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 Clothing – Athletic wear contain nanomaterials for water resistance and durability.

 Cosmetics – Some cosmetics contain nanoparticles that enhance texture and

appearance.

4. Advanced Robotics and Automation - Robotics technologies could become

more capable and versatile, thus having the ability to perceive with more finesse,
dexterity, as well as functioning in an autonomous manner. This may concern the
universe wide implementation of robots and, hence, they could be used in various
fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and geological exploration.

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4. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) BCI is a direct communication
pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most
commonly a computer. They are mostly used in researching, mapping, assisting,
augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. BCI causes
direct communication of the human brain with the target devices to allow for a use
case of neural prosthetics, brain-controlled interfaces, and cognitive enhancements.

5. Advanced Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering - Advancements in

bioscience that include genetic engineering technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 can be a
potent tool for addressing precise alterations of biological systems to a wide range of
purposes, such as treating genetic disorders, production of new medications, and
even increasing yields in crops.

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III. Application areas of (5IR)
1. Healthcare:
The upcoming era of the 5th Industrial Revolution is likely to include medicine that is
tailored to each individual patient apart from advanced diagnostics, regenerative
therapies, and artificial intelligence-enabled drug discovery, as a result of which the
quality and efficiency of healthcare will be enhanced.

2. Manufacturing:
AI and IoT integration with robots in the emergency of new factories that might be
considered smart can redefine production processes, making them more effective,
flexible, and focusing on customers' needs.

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3. Transportation:
Self-driving cars, electricity power systems, and a new management system (ATMS) will
play a key role in the future of transportation regarding accident-free, environmental,
and energy-saving moves.

4. Agriculture:
Through the application of precision agriculture AI reinforced by the Internet of Things (IoT)
and biotechnology, the production of more crops, optimize natural resources and reduce
environmental impact will be possible.
5. Smart Cities:
Cities could explore the use of IoT, AI, and data mining systems to advance in terms of being
eco-friendly and life standards due to they would have smart infrastructure, efficient
resource management, and enhanced public services.

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6. Space Exploration:
The improvement of space technologies may bring forth new tasks to discover the world
even further beyond and possibly conquer new planets or heavenly bodies, and it may
enable the scientific community further to discover the new possible opportunities of
using the new resources that we have found.

7. Finance:
AI algorithms propelled by AI could change the financial sector's dimension by bringing
along better risk assessment, fraud prevention, and customer experience while opening
up prospects for innovative digital currencies and DeFi systems based on decentralized.

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8. Education:
AI-supported personalized learning platforms and VR for education would change the
way we learn, making it easier and more fun, because it is created for various needs.

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IV: Future of the 5th IR
The forthcoming 5th Industrial Revolution (5IR) as an alternative catalyst for transformation
in multiple segments of society and the economy yields priceless results . While the specifics
remain uncertain, several trends and possibilities can be anticipated. Some of these trends
include:

1. Interconnectivity and Integration: Technology has an interconnected nature,

they converge as well. Therefore, in future the distinction between them might
no longer be persisted. With this integration, there will be applicable advanced
systems that will be designed to maximize reliability, predict operation and be
robust to unexpected disturbances.

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2. Augmented Humanity: Technology will be used to improve human capabilities. This
will be done through the utilization of wearable devices, implants, and any other interfaces
to the human machine world. This use of augmentation will let the person interact with the
technology easily; similarly, it will create new avenues for creativity, productivity and well-
being.

3. Global Collaboration and Innovation:

Collaboration and innovation through digital connection via open access to data will be
the core features of the IR 5th generation that is aiming to unlock this new opportunity
for humanity. Cross-disciplinary collaboration and the informal structure of a network
will lead to discoveries in science, technology and enterprise that will consolidate and
further the progress towards

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4. Ethical and Human-Centered Design:
While the conduct of technology has a huge impact on the society, the trend will be
following the process of the development regarding the ethical and human-focused
design principles. Transparency, accountability and inclusivity would be the pillars of
the technology developing and deployment of process, together with these elements,
the technology will be able to provide maximum benefits to every individual while
mitigating potential negative impacts along the way.

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5. Empowerment and Inclusion:
The 5th IR is expected to promote population-centered development where people will
be empowered and communities enabled to mobilize and organize themselves and to
take the lead in shaping their futures, surpassing barriers of access to information,
education and equality of chance. Building bridges for digital divide and addressing the
vicious cycle of socio-economic inequality will stimulate more involvement of the talent
from diverse people and Thought, justifying the potential of numerous humans.

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6. Technological Advancements:
While the 5th "IR" is entering an era that may have never been witnessed before with regard
to crucial technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Biotechnology, Quantum Computing,
Advanced Materials, and Renewable Energy, the list remains open. These advances will
constantly dispel the barriers to the future than allowing the mind to foresee the imaginable
impossible things.

7. Sustainable Development and Resilience:

The 5th IR should have sustainability as its pivotal aspect where goals have been set to
combat climate change, protect biodiversity and to provide fair opportunities and resources
for all.

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8. Resilient Governance and Institutions:
Coping with the restrictions and uncertainties of the 5th IR will need among the
governments a high level of flexibility in policy-making, regulation and cooperation at sector
and border level, including the flow of information. New modes of government, such as
global partnerships and algorithmic controls, may come up to face emerging problematic
areas and optimize the overall outcome of the advancements.

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 Quantum Computing
I. Introduction.
Definition
Quantum computing is a paradigm-shifting approach to
computation that harnesses the principles of quantum
mechanics to perform calculations at speeds and scales
unattainable by classical computers. Unlike classical bits,
which represent either 0 or 1, quantum bits or qubits can
exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the
phenomena of superposition and entanglement. This
inherent parallelism allows quantum computers to tackle This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA-NC

complex problems with exponential speedup and efficiency.

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Principles of quantum computing :
At the heart of quantum computing lie fundamental principles of quantum mechanics,
including:

 Superposition: Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling

quantum computers to explore vast solution spaces simultaneously.

 Entanglement: Qubits can be entangled, meaning the state of one qubit is

intrinsically linked to the state of another, regardless of the distance between them.
This phenomenon enables quantum computers to process information in a highly
interconnected manner.

 Quantum Interference: Quantum algorithms exploit interference patterns to

amplify correct solutions and suppress incorrect ones, enhancing computational
efficiency.
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Quantum algorithms and quantum information theory:
Quantum algorithms and quantum information theory form the backbone of quantum
computing, enabling the development of algorithms tailored to exploit quantum
parallelism and coherence. Key concepts include:

 Shor's Algorithm: Shor's algorithm, a groundbreaking quantum algorithm,

demonstrates exponential speedup in factoring large integers, posing a significant
threat to classical cryptographic systems.

 Grover's Algorithm: Grover's algorithm showcases quadratic speedup in searching

unsorted databases, offering promising applications in optimization and data
analysis.

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Cont.;

 Quantum Teleportation: Quantum teleportation allows the transfer of quantum

states between distant qubits, laying the groundwork for secure communication and
quantum networking protocols.

 Quantum Error Correction: Quantum error correction techniques mitigate the

effects of decoherence and noise, crucial for preserving quantum states and ensuring
the reliability of quantum computations.

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II. Application Areas of Quantum Computing

1. Cryptography and data security:
Traditional encryption methods face imminent obsolescence due to Shor's algorithm,
easily crackable on a powerful quantum computer. Quantum cryptography leverages
principles like quantum entanglement and key distribution to ensure communication is
unbreakable even by a quantum adversary. The development of quantum-resistant
algorithms like lattice-based cryptography further bolsters secure information exchange
in a quantum-enabled future.

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2. Biotechnology (drug discovery and molecular simulation)

Biotechnology stands to benefit immensely from quantum computing's ability to
simulate complex molecules with unprecedented accuracy. This empowers researchers
to design novel drugs for previously intractable diseases, personalized medicine based
on individual genetic profiles, and accelerate the development of sustainable biofuels.
For instance, a 2022 study published in Nature demonstrated the use of a quantum
algorithm to speed up the discovery of new materials for efficient solar energy
conversion.

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3. Revolutionizing material science:

From superconductors to next-gen batteries: Quantum simulations can unlock the
secrets of material properties at the atomic level, leading to the design of materials with
extraordinary properties. This opens doors to developing high-temperature
superconductors for lossless energy transmission, stronger and lighter aircraft
materials, and next-generation batteries with unparalleled energy density and charge
rates. A 2021 research paper in Physical Review A [2] showcased a quantum algorithm
successfully predicting the electronic band structure of complex materials, paving the
way for tailored material design.

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4. Redefining Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:
Quantum-boosted ML and optimization: Classical machine learning algorithms often
struggle with high-dimensional data and complex optimization problems. Quantum
computing introduces novel approaches like quantum annealing and variational
quantum, enabling efficient solutions to these challenges. This promises faster and more
accurate training of AI models, leading to breakthroughs in image recognition, natural
language processing, and autonomous systems.

5. Optimizing financial models and mitigating risk:

Financial markets are inherently complex and dynamic, making accurate predictions
becomes a daunting task. Quantum computing introduces new algorithms for portfolio
optimization, fraud detection, and risk analysis, leading to more informed investment
decisions and improved market stability

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III. Challenges in implementing Quantum computing
Quantum computing holds immense promise, but its implementation is not without
hurdles.

1. Qubit stability and decoherence.

Qubits, the fundamental units of quantum computing, are notoriously fragile. Unlike
classical bits, qubits are susceptible to external disturbances, leading to a phenomenon
known as decoherence.

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Table 1: Qubit Stability Challenges

Challenge Description

Qubits are sensitive to external factors such as

External Interference electromagnetic radiation and temperature fluctuations.

Quantum systems tend to lose their coherence over time,

Decoherence impacting the reliability of computations.

Imperfections in the implementation of quantum gates can

Quantum Gate Imperfections introduce errors and destabilize qubits.

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2. Error correction and fault tolerance.
Error correction techniques, akin to deciphering the true signal from the noise, are
essential for preserving the integrity of quantum computations. Fault tolerance
becomes the armor against the inevitable glitches, ensuring that quantum algorithms
can withstand errors without crumbling

Table 2: Error Correction Challenges

Challenge Description

Developing codes that can detect and correct errors in

quantum computations without collapsing quantum
Quantum Error Correction states.

Designing quantum algorithms and architectures

resilient to errors, ensuring accurate results despite
Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing imperfections.

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3.Scalability.
scaling quantum systems poses formidable challenges. It requires not only increasing
qubit counts but also orchestrating their interactions while maintaining coherence and
minimizing errors.

Table 3: Scalability Challenges

Challenge Description

As quantum systems grow, managing the complexity of

quantum gates and interactions becomes increasingly
Quantum Gate Complexity challenging.

Ensuring effective communication and connectivity between

Quantum System Connectivity qubits as the quantum system scales up.

Integrating a growing number of qubits and quantum

Quantum System Integration components while maintaining coherence and performance.

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 THE END

THANK YOU ALL.

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