MEMORY

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM ATTIA

SUBMITTES BY: ESHAL CHOUDHERY
MEHRAB HANIF
SYED YAAR MUHAMMAD
SUBJECT: EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Memory

 Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining,

and later retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in
memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
 The first step of putting information into memory is Encoding. The process by
which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory.
 The process of holding encoded information in memory is Storage. If
information is not adequately stored in memory you cannot recall it.
 The process by which we get information out of storage and bring it back into
our awareness is Retrieval.
How Long Do Memories Last?

 Some memories are very brief, just seconds long, and allow people to take in
sensory information about the world.
 Short-term memories are a bit longer and last about 20 to 30 seconds. These
memories mostly consist of the information people are currently focusing on
and thinking about.
 Some memories are capable of enduring much longer lasting days, weeks,
months, or even decades.
Types of Memory

 Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory
information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time,
generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and three or
four seconds for auditory information.
People only pay attention to certain aspects of this sensory memory. Attending to
sensory memory allows some of this information to pass into the next stage:
short-term memory.
Types of Memory

 Short-term Memory
Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are
currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would
be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories
generates information in short-term memory.
This capacity can be stretched somewhat by using memory strategies such as
chunking, which involves grouping related information into smaller chunks.
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Types of Memory

 Long-term Memory
Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian
psychology, long-term memory would be called the preconscious
and unconscious.
This information is largely outside of our awareness but can be called into
working memory to be used when needed. Some memories are fairly easy to
recall, while others are much more difficult to access.
Why We Forget

 Forgetting is a surprisingly common event. Just consider how easy it is to

forget someone’s name
 There are four basic explanations for why forgetting occurs:
1. Failure to store a memory
2. Interference
3. Motivated forgetting
4. Retrieval failure
How to Improve Memory

 Write it down: The act of writing with a pen and paper helps implant the
memory into your brain
 Attach meaning to it: You can remember something more easily if you
attach meaning to it.
 Repeat it: Repetition helps the memory become encoded beyond your short-
term memory.
 Group it: Information that is categorized becomes easier to remember and
recall.
 Test yourself: While it may seem like studying and rehearsing information is
the best way to ensure that you will remember it, researchers have found
that being tested on information is actually one of the best ways to improve
recall
 Take a mental picture: Systematically trying to make a mental note of
things you often forget
How to Protect Your Memory

 Following are the tips to protect memory

Avoid stress
1. Avoid drugs and alcohol
2. Get enough exercise
3. Adequate rehearsal
4. Deep processing
Memory Disorders

 Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning — thinking, remembering,

and reasoning. dementia generally involves memory loss, memory loss has
different causes. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of a
progressive dementia in older adults.
 Symptoms are memory loss, difficulty in problem solving, difficulty in
planning and organizing etc.
 The causes of dementia can be brain injury or loss of nerve cells and their
connection to brain.
 Risk factors can be age and family history.
 It can be treated by therapies also with medications
Memory Disorders

 Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes

the brain to shrink and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most
common cause of dementia a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and
social skills that affects a person's ability to function independently.
 Symptoms are forget conversations, repeat the statement, lost in familiar
places etc.
 Causes are neuron damage due to age or by severe injury.
 Risk factors are age, family history and sex.
 No proper treatment but can make it better with medications and therapies.
THANK YOU