WR - BT1012 - E01 - 1 HSUPA Technology P63

HSUPA Principle
Contents
 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HSUPA Key Technologies
 HSUPA Performance Analysis
 HSUPA Evolution Strategy
HSUPA Protocol Architecture
DTCH DCCH DCCH DTCH
MAC-d MAC-d
MAC-es
MAC-es /
MAC-e
MAC-e MAC-e EDCH FP EDCH FP
PHY PHY TNL TNL TNL TNL
Uu
UE NodeB Iub DRNC Iur SRNC
 UE: New MAC entity MAC-es/MAC-e is introduced under MAC-d, in charge of

HARQ rapid retransmission, scheduling, data multiplexing and E-TFC (E-DCH TFC)
selection.
 Node B: New MAC entity MAC-e is introduced, in charge of HARQ re-
transmission, scheduling, and MAC-e de-multiplexing.
 SRNC: New MAC entity MAC-es is added to provide re-ordering and macro
diversity combination in case of soft handover
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
HSUPA Technical Features
 In UE, dedicated physical data channels (E-DPDCH, at most 4 for

each UE) and a dedicated physical control channel (E-DPCCH) to
be added in the uplink. Common physical channels (E-HICH, E-
AGCH and E-RGCH) to be added in the downlink.
 E-DPDCH bears uplink data with SF=2 or 4, QPSK modulation
and 2ms TTI, it remains 10 ms TTI.
 E-DPCCH, E-HICH, E-AGCH and E-RGCH accomplish the HARQ
and information exchange (including ACK/NACK, uplink grants,
and signaling control related to E-DCH)
 The maximum rate of each E-DPDCH is 1.92 Mbps (2ms TTI,
QPSK, SF=2). The maximum traffic rate of each UE is 5.7Mbps.

MAC layer Architecture in UE side
PCCHBCCH CCCHCTCH SHCCH DTCH
( TDD only ) MAC Control DTCH
DCCH
MAC-d
MAC-es /
MAC-hs MAC-c/sh
MAC-e
E-DCH HS-DSCH PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH DCH
(FDD only) (TDD only) (TDD only)
DCH
Associated Associated Associated Associated
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Signalling Signalling Signalling Signalling

MAC layer Architecture in UE side
 New MAC-es/MAC-e entity is introduced to control E-DCH in UE

side.
 in charge of HARQ rapid retransmission, scheduling, data
multiplexing and E-TFC (E-DCH TFC) selection.

Structure of MAC-e/MAC-es entity in UE side
To MAC-d MAC – Control
MAC-es/e
E- TFC Selection Multiplexing and TSN setting
HARQ
Associated Scheduling
Downlink Signalling
( E- AGCH / E- RGCH(s) )
Associated ACK/NACK Associated Uplink

signaling Signalling E- TFC
( E-HICH) ( E- DPCCH )

Functions of MAC-e/MAC-es entity in UE side
 HARQ entity: control the re-transmission of MAC-e PDU. The copy of MAC-e PDU
is saved in the buffer of HARQ entity. The copy of MAC-e PDU will be re-send
when the NACK is received from the peer HARQ entity. HARQ protocol is
configured by the MAC-Control SAP of RRC 。 HARQ provides E-TFC,
retransmission serial number (RSN) and the power offset used by L1.
 Multiplexing and TSN setting entity: in charge of multiplexing multiple MAC-d
PDUs into one MAC-es PDU, and multiplexing multiple MAC-es PDUs into one
MAC-e PDU. Which is processed under the guide of E-TFC selection. It is also in
charge of setting and management of the TSN of logical channel.
 E-TFC selection entity: select the E-TFC according to the scheduling indication
(Relative Grants and Absolute Grants) of Node B, and control the Multiplexing.
consequently decide the mapping relationship from different MAC-d to E-DCH. E-
TFC is configured by the MAC-Control SAP of RRC.

PDU Processing of MAC layer in UE side
RLC DCCH DTCH DTCH
RLC PDU: Header DATA
MAC-d MAC-d PDU: DATA
MAC-d Flows
Numbering Numbering Numbering MAC-es PDU: TSN DATA DATA
Multiplexing MAC-e PDU:

MAC-es/e
DDI N DDI N DDI DATA DATA Padding
(Opt)
MAC-e header MAC-es PDU
HARQ
processes
L1 DATA
Mapping info signaled over RRC

PDU size, logical channel id, MAC-d flow
id => DDI

Structure of MAC layer in UTRAN side
MAC Control MAC Control PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH SHCCH MAC Control MAC Control MAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH
TDD only
MAC-es
MAC-d
Configuration Configuration
without MAC -c/sh with MAC c/sh
MAC-e MAC-hs Configuration MAC-c/sh

with MAC-c/sh
E- DCH HS-DSCH HS-DSCH

Iub PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local DCH DCH
FDD only TDD only TDD only
Associated Downlink Associated Uplink Associated Downlink Associated Uplink

Signalling Signalling Signalling Signalling
 In UTRAN side, MAC-e is located in Node B, MAC-es is located in SRNC.

 MAC-e of Node B is in charge of HARQ retransmission, scheduling, MAC-e de-multiplexing
 MAC-es of SRNC is in charge of re-ordering and macro diversity combination.
 MAC-e controls the access of E-DCH, connecting to MAC-es, connecting from MAC-es to MAC-
d.
 New connection is defined in MAC-e and MAC Control SAP, also in MAC-es and MAC Control
SAP.
Function and Structure of MAC-es in UTRAN side
To MAC-d
Function entity of MAC-es in SRNC side:
MAC-es  Re-ordering queue distribution

entity: routing MAC-es PDU to
Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly
MAC – Control the correct re-ordering buffer
according to the configuration
Reordering/ Reordering/ Reordering/ of SRNC.
Combining Combining Combining
 Re-ordering entity: re-ordering
the received MAC-es PDU
Reordering Queue
Distribution
Reordering Queue
Distribution according to the received TSN
and Node B ID.
 Macro diversity selection
MAC-d flow #1 MAC-d flow #n entity: selective combining for
MAC-es PDU from multiple
Node B in case of soft handover.
From From
 MAC-es PDU disassembling
MAC-e in MAC-e in
NodeB #1 NodeB #k entity: disassemble MAC-es
header, transmit MAC-d PDU to
Function and Structure of MAC-e in UTRAN side
Function entity of MAC-e in Node B side:
 E-DCH scheduling and control
entity: base on the scheduling
MAC-d Flows request SR (Scheduling
Request) from UE, allocate
resource for UE, and notify UE
MAC-e
though downlink resource
MAC–Control
indication.
E-DCH
 De-multiplexing entity: de-
E-DCH
Scheduling
Control
Demultiplexing
-
multiplexing MAC-e PDU, and
save the de-multiplexed SI
which is referenced by E-DCH
scheduling entity.
HARQ entity  HARQ entity: processing
multiple stop-wait :HARQ
processes, produce ACK or
NACK, indicate if the data
transmitted on E-DCH is
Associated Associated
Uplink Downlink
correct, count the times of re-
E-DCH
Signalling Signalling
transmission which is
referenced by Scheduling
entity.
HSUPA new transmission channel E-DCH
 E-DCH attributes
 E-DCH and DCH use separated CCTrCHs.
 Each UE only has one CCTrCH with E-DCH type.
 Each CCTrCH with E-DCH type only has one corresponding E-DCH.
 Each TTI only has one transmission block.
 E-DCH supports 2ms TTI and 10ms TTI, 10ms TTI is mandatory to all UE, 2ms
TTI is optional.
 Adopts Turbo 1/3 coding method.
 After E-DCH is allocated, the data rate of original uplink DCH will be restricted
in 64kbps.
Both uplink logical channel DCCH and DTCH can be mapped to E-DCH

HSUPA new physical channel
 Five physical channels are added in radio interface to support

rapid re-transmission, soft combination and Node B distributing
scheduling in physical, these five physical channels all support
10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 E-DPDCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (uplink).
 E-DPCCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink).
 E-HICH: E-DCH HARQ acknowledgement Indicator Channel
(downlink).
 E-AGCH: E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (downlink).
 E-RGCH: E-DCH Relevant Grant Channel (downlink).

Uplink dedicated physical channel E-DPDCH and
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH is a uplink dedicated physical data channel to bear the data of E-DCH
 Bear HSUPA uplink data.
 Alterable SF ＝ 2 ～ 256.
 Adopt QPSK modulation.
 Support 10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 Each radio link has one or multiple E-DPDCH.
E-DPCCH is a uplink dedicated physical control channel bearing control information of E-DCH
 Bear HSUPA uplink control information.
 Fixed SF ＝ 256.
 Adopt QPSK modulation.
 Support 10ms TTI and 2ms TTI.
 Each radio link has one E-DPCCH.
Downlink common physical channel E-AGCH
E-AGCH is a downlink common physical channel to bear the absolute grant of E-DCH
 Adopt fixed SF=256, the channel speed is 30kbps.
 E-AGCH is only existing in serving E-DCH cell.

 Absolute Grant of E-DCH is only transmitted in serving E-DCH cell.
 Absolute Grant can be transmitted in one sub-frame (2ms TTI) or one
radio frame (10ms TTI).
E-AGCH 20 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14
1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

Downlink dedicated physical channel E-RGCH
 Adopt
E-RGCH is a fixed SF=128.
Downlink dedicated physical channel to bear the relative grant of E-DCH
 A relative grant can be transmitted in 3, 12 or 15 continuous time
slots. 3 and 12 time slots are corresponded to 2ms TTI and 10ms
TTI in serving E-DCH cell, 15 time slots is used in non-serving E-
DCH cell.
bi,0 bi,1 bi,39
Tslot = 2560 chip
1 subframe = 2 ms
Downlink dedicated physical channel E-HICH
E-HICH is a Downlink dedicated physical channel to bear the HARQ acknowledgement Indicator of E-DCH
 Adopt fixed SF=128.
 A HARQ acknowledgement Indicator can be transmitted in 3 or 12
continuous time slots, which are corresponded to 2ms TTI and 10ms TTI.
 E-HICH and E-RGCH have the same SF and radio frame structure, they
are differentiated by different signature sequence.
bi,0 bi,1 bi,39
Tslot = 2560 chip
1 subframe = 2 ms

Basic Concept
E-DCH active set:
 A set of cells that have E-DCH bearer between the UE.
Serving E-DCH cell:
 The cell where the UE receives AGs (absolute grants). One UE has only one
serving E-DCH cell.
Serving E-DCH RLS or Serving RLS:
 A set of cells that have E-DCH serving cell, one UE has only one serving RLS,
UE can receive and combine a relevant grant under serving RLS.
Non-serving E-DCH RLS or Non-serving RLS ：非服务 E-DCH RLS

 A set of cells that have no E-DCH serving cell, One UE can has zero, one or
multiple non-serving RLS, UE can only receive a relevant grant under Non-
serving RLS.
HSUPA basic principle
SRNC DRNC
MAC-d
FP
MAC-es
Iur/Iub FP
1 TNL bearer per MAC-d flow
NodeBs Iur/Iub FP NodeBd FP E-DCH

Active Set
MAC-e MAC-e
Serving RLS Scheduler
MRC MRC
E-HICH (ACK/NACKs)
E-RGCH (relative grants)
E-DCH
serving cell (ChCode, signature -> UE)
Non-serving
Serving Cell RLS
E-AGCH
(Absolute Grants,
"E-RNTI" -> UE) E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
UE
MAC-e/
HSUPA working
MAC-es
Only one cell is in charge of E-DCH
principle under MAC-d
scheduling under the state of non-
soft handover DTCHs soft handover, that is E-DCH serving
cell.
HSUPA basic working process (1)
Establishing process of dedicated channel E-DCH

 UE sends service request to network side as the same process of R99/R4.
 Upon receiving RAB establishment request, the SRNC determines to
select uplink E-DCH according to service attributes and sends the RL
SETUP message to NodeB. The RL SETUP message indicates which RL is
the E-DCH RL and which RL is the serving E-DCH RL.
 After establishing RL, the NodeB sends RL SETUP response to RNC. The
response message contains the E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH scramble and
channelization code, and E-RGCH/E-HICH signature sequence. If the RLs
contain the serving RL, the NodeB allocates E-RNTI to the UE. The
response message also contains the E-RNTI.
 The RNC sends UE the RB SETUP message, carrying E-RNTI, mapping
relationship between RB and Mac-d Flow, E-TFCS, Mac-d Flow,
E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH code resource and signature information.
E-DCH scheduling process
 UE has a E-DCH serving cell, the scheduling is processed by the
Node B which the E-DCH serving cell belongs to. E-DCH serving
cell sends scheduling command to UE by E-AGCH, that is
Absolute Grant, AG limits the maximal resource that UE can use,
AG includes the E-RNTI of UE, and the maximal transmitting
power that UE allows, etc.
 E-DCH serving cell and E-DCH non-serving cell send Relative
Grant though downlink channel E-RGCH, Relative Grant is a offset
to Absolute Grant (tiny tuning), its value can be “Up”, “Hold”,
or “Down“. Serving E-DCH RLS can sends all these 3 values.
Non-Serving E-DCH RLS can only send “HOLD” or “DOWN”.
Usually, the reason of sending “DOWN” by non-Serving E-DCH
RLS is uplink overload.
E-DCH data transmission and retransmission process
 According to the grant information received, the UE selects E-TFC. It sends data
(including data resent) in E-DPDCH, and E-TFC information, HARQ RV information
(RSN), and a Happy bit in E-DPCCH. The Happy bit notifies Node B whether the
UE is satisfied with the current resources (grant) allocated, that is, whether higher
grant is required.
 Firstly, the E-DCH data received from the different cells under the same Node B of
E-DCH Set is combined (MRC Combination), and then the data is sent to Mac-e
for processing. Each UE has a Mac-e in each Node B. The Mac-e de-multiplexes
the Mac-e PDU to MAC-es PDU and sends it to RNC. The Mac-e also sends E-DCH
scheduling information and the ACK/NACK of HARQ.
 Each UE has a Mac-es entity in SRNC. When receiving MAC-es PDUs from
different Node Bs, the Mac-es performs macro diversity combination, re-sorts
their order, divides them into Mac-d PDUs, and sends them to Mac-d.
 HARQ process: The UE sends HARQ RV (retransmission serial number, RSN)
through uplink E-DPCCH. The Node B sends the ACH/NACH through downlink E-
HICH.
HSUPA physical channel forming process
E-DPDCH Fixed reference channel 3 (FRC3)
Information Bit Payload NINF= 8100
CRC Addition NINF= 8100 24
Code Block Segmentation (8100+24)/2 = 4062 (8100+24)/2 = 4062
Turbo Encoding (R=1/3) 3 x (N INF+24)/2 = 12186 12 3 x (N INF+24)/2 = 12186 12
RV Selection 11520
Physical Channel Segmentation 3840 3840 1920 1920
2ms subframe 2ms subframe
SF=2 SF=2 SF=4 SF=4

HSUPA UE Category
Max. Transmission
E-DCH Codes X Data Rate
TTI Block Size (bit)
Category Spreading (10ms/2ms)
(10ms/2ms)
Category 1 1×SF4 10ms 7110 0.71Mbps
1.45Mbps/
Category 2 2×SF4 10ms, 2ms 14484/2798
1.42Mbps
Category 3 2×SF4 10ms 14484 1.45Mbps
Category 4 2×SF2 10ms, 2ms 20000/5772 2Mbps/2.9Mbps
Category 5 2×SF2 10ms 20000 2Mbps

2×SF2 ＋
Category 6 10ms, 2ms 20000/11484 2Mbps/5.76Mbps
2×SF4
Remark: Data Rate = (Max. Transmission Block Size + 36bit CRC) / TTI

Contents

HARQ – Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
 HARQ is an error correction technology. The "hybrid" is the

combination of forward error correction (FEC) and automatic
repeat request (ARQ)
 HARQ function is located in MAC-e entity of Node B and UE.
 The fast HARQ of HSUPA is implemented by adding an HARQ
functional entity in Node B. If data is not received correctly, the
Node B will request the UE to resend the uplink packet data.
 In uplink, HARQ adopts the N channel Stop And Wait (NSAW)
protocol.
 In HSUPA, 10ms TTI corresponds to 4 HARQ processes, and 2ms
TTI to 8 HARQ processes.
HARQ - Reduce transmission delay and improve throughput of UE and system
HARQ retransmission combination
 The forward error correction of uplink HARQ provides two modes,

namely, Chase Combining (CC) and Incremental Redundancy (IR)
 The information resented by CC mode has the same content as the
original information, which is processed with maximal ratio combining
before UE decodes it. Thus, the decoding grain is increased.
 The IR retransmission supports two retransmission modes:
 The IR enables different redundancy information to be sent in retransmission. Thus, the
data cannot be decoded unless the data sent by the first time and that retransmitted are
combined.
 The IR also enables the same redundancy information to be sent in retransmission.
However, that information can be self-decoded. With incremental redundancy given in
each HARQ retransmission, the forward error correction capability is enhanced.
Node B uses different ways to combine the multiple retransmissions of a single packet,
decrease the receive Ec/No of each transmission. With HARQ, HSUPA can effectively
increase data transmission rate and shorten transmission delay.

Retransmission comparing between HSUPA
HARQ and R99 RLC
 The fast HARQ may cause higher target block error rate (BLER) in the first transmission,
because it enables shorter delay in resending the packets that are not correctly received
previously compared with RLC retransmission.
 The higher BLER target can reduce the transmit power that is required by the UE in
transferring the data of certain rate. Therefore, for the same cell load, the fast HARQ can
increase the cell capacity.
 When the data rate is fixed, the energy decreasing of each bit can improve the coverage.
Uplink HARQ Soft Handoff
 In CDMA system, the software handoff gain is
generated when a Node B receives packets
correctly, while another Node B cannot
decode.
 In the soft handoff of HSUPA HARQ, one
Node B sends acknowledgement (ACK) to the
UE, while the other one sends negative
acknowledgement (NACK). In this case, the
network already receives the packet, and the
UE should not sent the same packet.
Accordingly, the HARQ process of the Node B
that receives packet incorrectly can resume
from the reception failure. The RNC must
ensure the sequence of the packet and send it
to the upper layer, and performs selective
combination of the packets received from
different Node Bs.
 In the process of SHO, UE can perform retransmission only when all Node Bs in the active set can’t
decode correctly, otherwise, UE will not perform retransmission if there is one ACK.
 SHO enables link diversity gain, improves throughput effectively, and reduces retransmission times.
Fast Packet Scheduling
 To R99/R4/R5, packet
scheduling is based on
RNC.
 In HSUPA, the scheduling
is located in Node B, and
the scheduling period
can be 2ms, to
implement fast
scheduling strategy, thus,
the uplink air interface
capacity can be
effectively utilized.
 The packet scheduling controlled by RNC will cause some delay, so the change of
current channel can not be reflected quickly, thus, the fast link self-adaptation and
fast packet scheduling can not be performed.
 In HSUPA, the packet scheduling entity of Node B can directly use real-time
measurement information of physical layer, inner statistic information and the
information reported by UE to perform scheduling, thus, to reduce the system
transmission delay by utilizing the situation of channel and fading attribute of
different users.
Fast Uplink Packet Scheduling
Uplink and downlink radio packet scheduling have the different
complication of resource controlling.
 In downlink: Node B can easily get the information of buffer occupation
of each service streaming, and the downlink power is central controlled,
so Node B can allocate and free the power resource accurately, thus to
control the system load efficiently and ensure the QoS of each service.
 In Uplink: the time delay and uncertainty are existed in uplink service
streaming cause the information of it need to be reported to Node B by
radio channel. In uplink, each UE has its own power source, because of
the time variability of radio channel and the limitation of code resource,
the accurate control of uplink system resource (total uplink power)
became more complicated, so as to the uplink packet scheduling.
The function of Node B scheduler:

 As serving Node B, Allocate uplink resource to the UEs under serving E-DCH
cell.
 As non-serving Node B, detect the interference of other cells and send relative
grant information to UEs.
 Notify SRNC while there is short of processing resource.
Uplink Packet Scheduling Model
Code resource
Service
queue of
…… management
user 1
Channel
Radio
Resource
Service
queue of …… allocation
user 1
Link quality
Service
queue of …… detection
user 1
 In order to confirm the uplink transmission rate and transmitting power, some information of
user must be known like the situation of serving streaming and available power, etc. which is
named SI (Scheduling Information).
 SI is periodically reported in HSUPA, and the period of report is integral times of TTI, SI is
multiplexed with packet data.
 Node B allocates uplink resource to user according to the SI information multiplexed from
received data, that is, Node B sends resource indication of scheduling Absolute Grant by
downlink AGCH channel.
Scheduling Resource Compensation Mechanism
The shortage of SI transmission
 The error of SI transmission is unavoidable and the report is
unreliable cause of being transmitted by the radio channel.
 Node B adopts periodical scheduling, but the SI may be not
accurately reflect the UE situation at real time.
 While the situation of radio channel is bad, the SI will not be
received correctly before it has been multiple retransmitted. That
causes time delay.
Compensation Mechanism
In HSUPA, Node B performs tiny tuning to the resource

allocated to UE by sending Relative Grant through
RGCH channel

Scheduling Resource Compensation Process
 UE reports Happy bit to Node B in E-DPCCH, Happy bit has 1 bit to indicate if UE
is satisfied with the allocated resource. After UE received the resource indication,
it will make a judgment according to the following principle:
 UE has surplus power for the scheduling resource.
 The required time for transmitting all the data in buffer will exceed 1 TTI by using the allocated power
resource.
 UE will express its “un-satisfaction” to Node B by Happy bit, and will require
more resource to be allocated.
 If UE report “satisfy”, then Node B will indicate to keep the current allocated
resource.
Packet scheduling is not simply adjust the resource of UE according

to the situation of UE, it will integrate with the system load, channel
state and QoS of different service, etc. it’s a balance between
system indices (system throughput, fairness) and service QoS (time
delay, packet missing rate).

Packet Scheduling Priority Allocation
 In the process of packet scheduling, the most important thing is how to

decide the sequence for the users who are striving for resources, so the
system resource can be efficiently utilized, the system throughput will
reach its maximum state, and try best to make every user satisfied.
 In 3GPP, there are two arithmetic that determine the performance
boundary.
 One is base on C/I, it provides maximal system throughput while lost its fairness.
 Another is RR, it provides equal chance to every user, but the system throughput is bad.
 The popular scheduling arithmetic include Round Robin, Max C/I and
Proportional Fair, they all can be regarded as scheduling base on Priority,
but their allocation strategy is different.

Uplink Noise Rising probability
Comparison of Uplink Noise Rising probability between RNC scheduling and Node B scheduling
When UE stop transmitting

or reduce transmission
data rate, Node B
scheduler can allocate the
released capacity to other
UE quickly and effectively.
 The obvious reduction in scheduling period enables the uplink air interface capacity to be
better controlled dynamically, and the resource of air interface will be effectively utilized.
 The potential advantage is that the running target of uplink load can be more approached to
the maximal level of load, but it will not improve the probability of overload, thus, the
probability of uplink noise rising is lower than that caused RNC scheduling.
Effect of Fast Packet Scheduling on Maximum
Expected Load
 The probability of uplink load target is
much more near that of maximum load
limit when the marginal load area
becomes smaller (The Prx_target is more
closer to the Prx_threshold. The
Prx_threshold is the overload threshold).
 The Node B-based scheduling requires the
information related to UE uplink
transmission demand. The UE should be
informed of the current data rate allowed
through fast signaling within specified
time.
 To RNC, these operations are
implemented through RRC signaling, the
response speed of which is restricted
obviously.

2ms TTI
Max. Min. Max. transmission Max. transmission
E-DCH type E-DCH Spread TTI type block size block size
channels Factor (10ms TTI) (2ms TTI)
Category 1 1 SF4 10 ms TTI only 7110 -
10 ms and
Category 2 2 SF4 2 ms TTI 14484 2798

10 ms and

10 ms and
 As a option, a shorter 2ms TTI is described in uplink of HSUPA to decrease the

HARQ retransmission delay.
 When each TTI contains the same amount of data, the energy transmitted in 2 ms
is less than that in 10 ms possibly, and the interleaving gain decreases. Therefore,
to ensure normal operation in cell edge, 10 ms TTI must be used.
 when there is no other constraint like link coverage, 2ms TTI helps increase
system capacity. In favorable radio environment, 2ms TTI can bring higher peak
rate.
Contents

Influence of the Introduced HSUPA on Original
Network
Influence of HSUPA on Network includes:
 Occupy downlink code resource.

 Occupy downlink power resource.
 increase the uplink interference of network, impact on link
budget, capacity and coverage.
 impact on terrestrial transmission bandwidth.

Influence of the Introduced HSUPA on
R99/R4/R5
 The new function, new physical channel and new MAC entity are added. The data rate in the
uplink is enhanced. It is necessary to upgrade the software of Node B and RNC. It also
requires the new terminal to support the HSUPA.
 Higher data rate may require higher baseband capacity and function. It may be necessary to
change the hardware in Node B and RNC, but not compulsory.
Influence on Iu* Interface:

 Influence on Iub/Iur Interface:
 Control plane: Add the IEs that are related to configuring and controlling E-
DCH channel and resource, and the Node B scheduling operation and MAC
Multiplexing, etc.
 User plane: Add new frame structure for E-DCH, support 2ms and 10ms TTI.
 Influence on Iu Interface: there is no influence on Iu interface.

Influence of HSUPA on Network Planning –
Coverage and Link Budget
 In consideration of the fact that the HSUPA provides the uploading service for VIP customers
in core urban areas, it is advisable to select the dense urban area model to conduct HSUPA
link budget.
 In order to conduct the planning comparison with R99, here we compare the typical uplink
service of the independent R99 planning with the link budget of the HSUPA uplink service
and analyze them.
 There is sufficient reservation for the shadow margin and the penetration margin in the table
in order to reflect the dense urban area model. The COST231 path loss model is also used in
calculating the coverage radius.
4 modes are set by HSUPA, the detail information of HUSPA of each mode is:
HSUPA Bitrate kbps Spread Factor Eb/No Coding Remark
mode (dB) Efficiency
Mode1 64 SF1 = 16 0.8 0.267 coverage situation at the edge of
low speed HSUPA service
Mode2 480 SF1 = 4 0.95 0.5 Medium and low speed
Mode3 960 SF1 = 4 ， SF2 = 4 1.05 0.5 Medium and high speed
Mode4 1920 SF1 = 2 ， SF2 = 2 1.1 0.5 coverage situation of high speed
HSUPA service coverage

Uplink Link Budget Comparison between HSUPA
and R99
R99 HSUPA
cs12.2k cs64k ps64k mode1 mode2 mode3 mode4
Maximal transmission power (dbm) 21 24 24 24 24 24 24
Transmissi Antenna gain (dbi) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

on end Human body loss (db) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Effective transmission power 18 24 24 24 24 24 24
Thermal noise power spectrum -174 -174 -174 -174 -174 -174 -174
density (dbm/HZ)
Thermal noise power (dbm) -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157 -108.157
Receiver noise coefficient (db) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Receiver noise (dbm) -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157 -105.157
Interference margin (db) 3 3 3 6 6 6 6
Receiving
end Code channel quantity 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Bit rate (kbit) 12.2 64 64 64 480 960 1920
Processing gain (db) 24.97971 17.78151 17.78151 17.78151 9.0309 9.0309 6.0206
Receiving Eb/No (db) 4.2 2.87 1.6 0.8 0.95 1.05 1.1
Receiver sensitivity -122.936 -117.068 -118.338 -116.138 -107.238 -107.138 -104.077
Antenna gain (dbi) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Power control margin 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Soft handover gain 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Others
Shadow fading margin 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Penetration loss 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Maximal allowed path loss 127.9364 128.0682 129.3382 127.1382 118.2376 118.1376 115.0773
Coverage radius (km) 0.447171 0.45104 0.490083 0.424437 0.23721 0.235665 0.192937

Uplink Link Budget Comparison and Analysis
between HSUPA and R99
The interference margin of R99 link budget that the prior table corresponds to is 3dB,
and that of HSUPA is 6dB (HSUPA can more effectively control system overload
probability under the same average interference margin requirement).
 As shown in the prior table, the 12.2k, 64k service of R99 almost have the
same coverage, the radius of dense urban is about 450m, the distance
between two sites is about 780m. The low speed HSUPA service (mode1)
can have the same coverage as 12.2k.
 In mode2, it is very hard to bear 480kbps, because there is only one SF
code. And the radius of coverage is shrunk to about 240m.
 In mode3, for the bearing speed is improved and the SF code is increased
to 2, the radius of coverage can be kept in about 240m.
 For the high speed uplink service (mode4), the bearing speed is improved
to 2Mbps with 2 SF codes, And the radius of coverage is shrunk to about
190m.
Link Budget Comparison of HSUPA/R99 in Co-
frequency Networking Mode
R99 HSUPA
cs12.2k cs64k ps64k mode1 mode2 mode3 mode4
Maximal
allowed 124.9364 125.0682 126.3382 127.1382 118.2376 118.1376 115.0773
path loss
Coverage
0.367542 0.370722 0.402812 0.424437 0.23721 0.235665 0.192937
radius (km)

Link Budget Comparison of HSUPA/R99 in Co-
frequency Networking Mode
 According to link budget, under the co-frequency situations, the
introduction of the relatively high interference margin threshold causes
R99 service coverage radius shrinkage. The 12.2k service radius shrinks
by 10% ~ 20%. In this network planning, HSUPA 64k service, or service
whose rate is slightly higher than 64k can reach the whole network
coverage. The peak 1,920 kbps service coverage radius can reach 50% of
the planned cell radius, that is, it can cover about 25% of the area of the
whole cell.
 Through the above analysis, it can be known that the low speed HSUPA
service (Mode 1) can basically guarantee to maintain the same coverage
relation with planned R99 coverage range when HSUPA and R99 jointly
conduct the uplink planning. When HSUPA user rate rises, its service
coverage shrinks. At the same time, as the HSUPA is introduced, in co-
frequency construction, planned R99 range will somewhat shrink.
Summary of HSUPA impacting on Network
Planning and Analysis
HSUPA impacting on Network Planning and Analysis includes:
 HSUPA network construction strategy: Cover the whole network with relatively low rate. Focus on the
coverage of dense urban areas, to ensure the high rate of uplink transmission in hotspot areas. It is
recommended that for the planning the initial stage, it is advisable to refer to HSDPA coverage range,
conduct key coverage in hotspot areas, and just conduct the low speed coverage in the edge areas of
common cell.
 In HSUPA planning, under the conditions that the same overload probability is ensured, and RRM control
algorithm is further optimized, in order to enhance uplink throughput, in setting uplink interference margin,
it is recommended not to use the common R99 uplink 3dB as the noise raise threshold, and the value 5 ~
6dB is recommended.
 In the co-frequency planning of HSUPA and R99, if the interference margin threshold is raised, it will cause
the previous R99 uplink planned budget radius to shrink. As to how much it will shrink specifically, it is
necessary to conduct subsequent and further study. From link budget analysis, it shrinks by about 10 ~ 20%.
In inter-frequency networking, there is basically no influence on R99 uplink planning.
 Via the link budget, it can be known that HSUPA 64k service budget radius is slightly smaller than R99 12.2k
and 64k service radiuses under the inter-frequency HSUPA networking conditions; HSUPA 64k service budget
radius is slightly bigger than R99 12.2k and 64k service radiuses under the co-frequency networking
conditions. Analyzed in a comprehensive manner, the low speed HSUPA service can implement the same
coverage with the planned R99 range.

HSUPA theoretic data rate
 HSUPA Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel E-DPDCH supports SF=2 ～

256, and multiple channels. Adopts QPSK modulation and coding rate 1/3 (turbo).
If the coding rate is 1, then the maximal transmission capacity of Enhanced Uplink
Dedicated Physical Channel is up to 5.76Mbit/s by data rate matching arithmetic 。
Fixed Ref TTI NINF SF1 SF2 SF3 SF4 NBIN Coding Max inf bit
Channel [ms] rate rate [kbps]
FRC1 2 2706 4 4 0 0 3840 0.705 1353.0
FRC2 2 5412 2 2 0 0 7680 0.705 2706.0
FRC3 2 8100 2 2 4 4 11520 0.703 4050.0
FRC4 2 11484 2 2 4 4 11520 0.99 5742.0
FRC5 10 5076 4 0 0 0 9600 0.529 507.6
FRC6 10 9780 4 4 0 0 19200 0.509 978.0
FRC7 10 19278 2 2 0 0 38400 0.502 1927.8
FRC8 10 690 16 0 0 0 2400 0.288 69.0
 Remark ： Coding rate=NINF/ NBIN

 NBIN=3840 / SF x TTI sum for all channels
HSUPA data rate transmission efficiency (1)
HARQ Influence
 HSUPA complies with the HARQ protocol, generating performance gain for EDCH via link level
retransmission and retransmission times. As the fast feedback retransmission of the physical
layer reduces the RLC retransmission and the corresponding delay, it is possible to effectively
improve the service experience of end users. It can enable HSUPA physical channel to work in
the channel whose bit error ratio is relatively high, thus improving the system capacity.
 When the uplink uses the inner loop power control, the retransmission ratio of the initial
transmission can reach 10-30% to maintain the given quality grade. A large quantity of
retransmission will lead to the decline of the throughput of end users, while excessively low
retransmission ratio will not generate any gain of any relatively previous version for the HARQ
controlled by Node B. Soft combination can further improve the system performance of HARQ
mechanism controlled by Node B.
 The HSUPA adopts the synchronous HARQ, and there are strict timing relations for the
operations of different HARQ processes. The synchronous HARQ effectively lowers the
signaling overhead caused by HARQ operation, thereby improves system capacity.
 HARQ is mainly used in interactive, background and streaming services. Therefore, to adopt
HARQ in HSUPA, attention should be focused on the following:
 Delay reduction
 More users and improvement of system throughput

Ped A 3km/h, 144kbps/480kbps, real CE, 4% TPC error
Throughput comparison under PA
3km/h Conditions 500
CC(480kbps)
NC(480kbps)
400 CC(144kbps)
NC(144kbps)
Throughput [kbps]
Soft Combining
300
Influence of HARQ
200
100
0
-22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4
received Ec/No [dB]
 In the HARQ protocol, it is necessary to retransmit the data that can not be correctly received.
And it is possible to generate the gain in throughput for the UE whose transmission power is
limited by using Soft Combining, and the retransmission times can be effectively reduced.
 The algorithm which adopts the soft combining brings much more gain than that which does
not adopt the soft combining. This is because that the soft combing fully utilizes the bit
information of the previous transmission. Therefore, the gain is more remarkable when the
Ec/No is relatively low.
Throughput comparison under PA 3km/h & no soft handover

CC, SHO (2 links), PA 3kmph, 144kbps, 0dB imb
150
Throughput [kbps]
100
Macro Diversity
Influence
50
w/ div
w/o div
0
-22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Total received Ec/No in the active set [dB]
 When macro diversity technology is adopted, the UE will conduct the retransmission only
when no Node B in all the activated sets can correctly decode the data. Otherwise, the UE
will not execute the retransmission as long as there is one ACK.
 Adopting macro diversity brings remarkable performance gain, effectively improves
throughput, and reduces the retransmission times.

HSUPA cell performance analysis
HSUPA cell performance analysis is evaluated in the following aspects: The
average throughput of cell, average throughput of a single user, UE scheduling
fairness, service delay and RoT overload rate
 HSUPA cell throughput demonstrates the function relationship between the average RoT of
the cell and the system throughput. Besides being influenced by such factors as the UE
quantity, the geographical position where the UE is located and the wireless propagation
condition, UE data transmission request, and the uplink interferences of the cells around it, it
is also influenced by different wireless and packet scheduling polices and scheduling
algorithm.
 The fairness curve refers to the density accumulation distribution function of the
normalization of user throughput by the average throughput of each user, and it reflects the
scheduling fairness.
 The service delay includes the packet call delay and packet delay. The packet call delay refers
to the time period between two consecutive packet transmission requests. For the FTP user,
the packet call delay refers to the time the FTP uploads the file. The packet delay refers to the
time necessary for the reception of the packet message at Node B.
 RoT overload ratio reflects the ratio of RoT when it exceeds a certain designated RoT
threshold value
Influence of 2 ms TTI on system performance
Average Packet Delay for FTP Users
Comparison of 2ms and 10ms Cell Throughput- Mixed Channel Packet Delay for FTP Users
35
2ms vs. 10ms, mixed channel, PF
30
Packet Delay [s]

25
40
Throughput Gain (%)
20
30
15
20 10
5
10
0
0 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Average RoT [dB]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
TTI=2ms TTI=10ms
Avg. RoT (dB)
Average Packet Delay for Video Users
 In HSUPA, the shorter frame structure Packet Delay for Video Users
1.8
whose TTI is 2ms is adopted. The shorter 1.6
frame structure can increase the
Packet Delay [s]
1.4
1.2
retransmission times of Layer 1 within 1
the designated time, thereby improving 0.8
the link efficiency and throughput. 0.6
0.4
Corresponding to the same physical 0.2
layer delay, the shorter frame structure 0
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
can effectively lower the delay of the Average RoT [dB]
upper-layer transmission TTI=2ms TTI=10ms

Influence of HARQ on system performance
 Influence of HARQ on Cell Throughput

Influence of HARQ on system performance
 We conduct the simulated analysis on the influence of HARQ on

the average throughput of the cell when HARQ is on and when it
is off. It can be seen that due to the adoption of HARQ and the
soft combining technology, the link spectrum efficiency is
improved, and the cell throughput is improved by at least
200kpbs. This corresponds to the improvement of HARQ to link
performance.

Influence of Soft Handover on System
Performance
 Influence of Soft Handover on Cell Throughput

Influence of Soft Handover on System
Performance
 We analyze, via simulation, the influence on the average
throughput of the cell in the system when there has soft
handover (includes softer handover) and when there is no soft
handover. It can be seen that due to the adoption of soft
handover technology, the link diversity gain is generated, and the
cell throughput is improved by at least 120 kpbs.

Contents

Radio Communication Technology Development
Overview
 The radio communication development process from 2G, 3G to
3.9G, is that of developing from mobile voice service to high
speed data service.
 Nowadays the radio communication technology is evolved to 3.5G, to
WCDMA, it can provide commercial R5 version and trial R6 version.
 The R7/HSPA+ and R8/LTE standards are being consummated by 3GPP, it is
forecasted that the R7 will be frozen in 2007, R8 will be frozen in 2008.
 To the development of radio communication technology, more

attention should be paid to the requirement of operators – the
development target of system from NGMN group

Radio Communication Technology Evolution
2G 2.5G 2. 75G 3G 3.5G 3. 75G 3.9G
WCDMA
GSM GPRS HSDPA HSUPA LTE
R99
EDGE
HSPA+
CDMA CDMA2000 EV-DO EV-DO

IS-95 AIE
2000 1X 1X EV-DO Rev. A Rev. B
CDMA2000
1X EV-DV

WCDMA Technology Evolution Roadmap
Year
2002- 2003- 2005- 2007- After 2009
3 4 6 9
64-144kbps 64-384kbps 384kbps-4Mbps 384kbps-7Mbps 20-50Mbps
Downlink
Throughpu
t 3G NGMN
3G NGMN（（LTE,
LTE,
3G+HSDP
3G+HSDP HSDPA/ ……）
HSDPA/ ）
GSM 3G
3G AA HSUPA Broadband radio
GSM
GPRS/EDGE R99 Downlink HSUPA
Downlink/Uplink
Broadband radio
IP based wideband
IP based wideband
GPRS/EDGE R99 Downlink Downlink/Uplink Peer to Peer
Enhanced Enhanced Peer to Peer
Enhanced Enhanced
NGMN
NGMN
Optimized
OptimizedUMTS
UMTS
Enhanced
EnhancedUMTS
UMTS
3G
3G
GSM(GPRS/EDGE)
GSM(GPRS/EDGE)

WR - BT1012 - E01 - 1 HSUPA Technology P63

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WR - BT1012 - E01 - 1 HSUPA Technology P63

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HSUPA Principle

 HSUPA Basic Principle

PHY PHY TNL TNL TNL TNL

 UE: New MAC entity MAC-es/MAC-e is introduced under MAC-d, in charge of

 In UE, dedicated physical data channels (E-DPDCH, at most 4 for

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 New MAC-es/MAC-e entity is introduced to control E-DCH in UE

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

To MAC-d MAC – Control

E- TFC Selection Multiplexing and TSN setting

Associated ACK/NACK Associated Uplink

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MAC-d MAC-d PDU: DATA

Numbering Numbering Numbering MAC-es PDU: TSN DATA DATA

Multiplexing MAC-e PDU:

MAC-e header MAC-es PDU

Mapping info signaled over RRC

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MAC-e MAC-hs Configuration MAC-c/sh

E- DCH HS-DSCH HS-DSCH

Associated Downlink Associated Uplink Associated Downlink Associated Uplink

 In UTRAN side, MAC-e is located in Node B, MAC-es is located in SRNC.

MAC-es  Re-ordering queue distribution

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Five physical channels are added in radio interface to support

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 E-AGCH is only existing in serving E-DCH cell.

Tslot = 2560 chips

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

bi,0 bi,1 bi,39

Tslot = 2560 chip

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

bi,0 bi,1 bi,39

Tslot = 2560 chip

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

E-DCH active set:

 A set of cells that have E-DCH bearer between the UE.

Serving E-DCH cell:

Serving E-DCH RLS or Serving RLS:

Non-serving E-DCH RLS or Non-serving RLS ：非服务 E-DCH RLS

1 TNL bearer per MAC-d flow

NodeBs Iur/Iub FP NodeBd FP E-DCH

Establishing process of dedicated channel E-DCH

E-DPDCH Fixed reference channel 3 (FRC3)

Information Bit Payload NINF= 8100

CRC Addition NINF= 8100 24

Code Block Segmentation (8100+24)/2 = 4062 (8100+24)/2 = 4062

Turbo Encoding (R=1/3) 3 x (N INF+24)/2 = 12186 12 3 x (N INF+24)/2 = 12186 12

Physical Channel Segmentation 3840 3840 1920 1920

2ms subframe 2ms subframe

SF=2 SF=2 SF=4 SF=4

Category 4 2×SF2 10ms, 2ms 20000/5772 2Mbps/2.9Mbps

Category 5 2×SF2 10ms 20000 2Mbps

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 HSUPA Basic Principle

 HARQ is an error correction technology. The "hybrid" is the

 The forward error correction of uplink HARQ provides two modes,

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

The function of Node B scheduler: