Chapter 1

CONCRETE
MARQUE
Z
CASTILLO
VEGA
 Table of contents

01 02 03
PLAIN PRINCIPLES UNIT OF
CONCRETE OF CONCRETE MEASURES
MIXING
04
CONCRETE
PROPORTION
 01.
PLAIN
CONCRETE
 Plain Concrete
By definition, concrete is an artificial stone as a
result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and water.

The conglomeration of these materials producing a

solid mass is called plain concrete.
The different types of cement
used in the construction are:
● Ordinary Portland cement
● The Rapid Hardening Portland cement is
specified when high early strength is
required.
● Portland Blast Furnace or Sulphate is
used to resist chemical attack.
● Low Heat Portland cement is preferred
for a massive section to reduce the heat of
hydration.
● Portland Pozzolan cement is a slow
hardening concrete.
● High Alumina cement
 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT
• The High Alumina Cement is sometimes called
aluminous cement or “Cement Fundu”.
• It’s chemical composition is different from that of
portland cement with predominant alumina oxide contents
of at least 32% by weight.
• The Alumina lime ratio is within the limit of 0.85 to
1.3%. This type of cement has a very high rate of
strength development as compared to the ordinary
portland cement.
 The main composition of cement are:

1. 60-65% Lime 4. .5-5% Iron Oxide

2. 18-25%
Silica 5. 2-5% Magnesia
6. 1-5%
3. 3-8% Alumina
Sulfur
Trioxide
Aggregates
The aggregates used in concrete work are divided
into two categories:

a. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone,

crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles
retained on a 5 mm sieve.

b. Fine Aggregate such as crushed stone sand,

crushed gravel sand or natural sand with particles
passing on a 5 mm sieve.
 Size of Aggregates
• For course aggregate or gravel, the maximum
nominal size are usually 40 mm, 20 mm, 14
mm or 10 mm.
• The choice from the above sizes depends upon
the dimension of the concrete member,
however, a good practice demands that the
maximum size of the gravel should not
exceed 25% of the minimum thickness of
the member nor exceed the clear distance
between the reinforcing bars and the form.
 02
PRINCIPLES
OF
CONCRETE
MIXING
 CONCRETE MIXING

The purpose in concrete mixing is to select an optimum

proportion of cement, water, and aggregates to produce a
concrete that will satisfy the requirements of strength,
workability, durability and economy.
a. The water cement ratio
Is first chosen to meet the requirements of
strength and durability.

b. The aggregate cement ratio

Is then chosen to satisfy the workability
requirements.
The most important requirements of concrete are
summarized as follows:
1. Fresh concrete must be workable which means that it could freely
flow to fill all voids inside the form.
2. The hardened concrete must be strong enough to carry the
designed load.
3. The hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it
is exposed to serve.
4. Concrete should be economically produced.
Two Classification of Concrete Mix

Where the contractor is responsible

DESIGNED in selecting the mixture proportion
MIX to achieve the required strength and
workability.

Where the designing engineer

specify the mixture proportion.
The contractor’s responsibility is
PRESCRIBED
only to provide a properly mixed
concrete containing the right
MIX
proportion.
 04
UNIT OF
MEASURES
• Prior to the adoption of the metric measure which is
otherwise known as the System International (SI), solid-
concrete structure is estimated in terms of cubic meter,
while the components of concrete which are cement,
aggregates and water are measured in terms of pounds,
cubic foot and gallons per bag respectively.
• The 94 pounds per bag of cement which is equivalent to
42.72 kg was changed and fixed at 40 kilos per bag.
• Such changes requires adjustment of all measurements
relative to the proportion of concrete.
 CONCRETE
PROPORTION
Concrete Proportion
The reasons behind it’s traditional acceptance
and uses is the covenience in measuring and
fast handling of aggregates from the stock pile
to the mixer.
CONCRETE
It will be noted that the volume of sand
and gravel for all class of mixture is
constant at 0.50 cu.m. and 1.0 cu.m.
respectively.

IN ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION
WORK
There are several factors that might
affect the accuracy of the estimate
which needs special consideration.
Thanks!