THEORIES OF GROWTH

CONTROL

Zari Danielle Torres

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D E T E R M I N A N T S O F C R A N I O FA C I A L
GROWTH
o Bone
o directly

o Cartilage
o genetic control is expressed in the cartilage, while bone responds passively to being displaced as
cartilage grows

o Soft Tissue Matrix

o outside the skeletal system and that growth of both bone and cartilage is controlled epigenetically,
occurring only in response to a signal from other tissues
 LEVEL OF GROWTH
CONTROL: SITES
VERSUS CENTERS

A site of growth is merely a location at which growth occurs, whereas a center is

a location at which independent (genetically controlled) growth occurs

All growth centers are also growth sites, but not all growth sites are growth
centers
THEORIES OF
GROWTH
CONTROL 1. Genetics
2. Sutural
3. Cartilaginous
4. Functional Matrix
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G E NE T I C T H E O RY
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SUT URAL T H E O RY
o the sutures between the membranous bones of the cranium and jaws were
considered growth centers

o The mechanism for translation of the maxilla was considered to be the result of
pressure created by growth of the sutures, so that the maxilla was literally pushed
downward and forward
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SUT URAL T H E O RY
o SUTURES ARE NOT PRIMARILY DETERMINANTS OF CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH:

1. Lack of innate growth potential

2. Sutures must be considered areas that react--not primary determinants.

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SUT URAL T H E O RY
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CART I L AG I NO US T H E O RY
o cartilage does the growing while bone merely replaces it

o cartilage at the condyle of the mandible could be considered as a

pacemaker for growth and the modeling of the ramus

o other surface changes could be viewed as secondary to the primary

cartilaginous growth.
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CART I L AG I NO US T H E O RY

o Cartilage at the ends representing mandibular

condyles and act as a growth center

o From this perspective, the mechanism of

downward and forward growth of the
mandible would be a “cartilage push” from
growth at the condyle.
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CART I L AG I NO US T H E O RY
o no cartilage in the maxilla itself, there is
cartilage in the nasal septum, and the
nasomaxillary complex grows as a unit

o cartilaginous nasal septum serves as a

pacemaker
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o no cartilage in the maxilla itself, there is

cartilage in the nasal septum, and the
nasomaxillary complex grows as a unit

o cartilaginous nasal septum serves as a

pacemaker

Cartilaginous
Theory
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CART I L AG I NO US T H E O RY
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F U N C T I O N A L M AT R I X T H E O R Y
o By Melvin Moss
o ‘‘the origin, growth and maintenance of all skeletal tissues and
organs are secondary and compensatory responses to events
and processes, occurring in related non-skeletal tissues, organs
and functioning spaces, called the functional matrices’’
o ‘’all skeletal units arise, exist, grow are maintained, and
respond morphologically while totally embedded within their
periosteal functional matrices’’
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F U N C T I O N M AT R I X
Skeletal Unit Functional Matrix
o Composed of bone, cartilage,
tendinous tissues
o Micro-Skeletal Unit: single bone
composed of number of skeletal
unit
o Macro-Skeletal Unit: adjoining
number of neighbouring bones
to function as a single cranial
component

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SCHEMAT I C RE PRE SENTAT I O N O F T HE F UNCT I O NAL

MATRI X HYPO THESI S OF CRANI OFACI AL GROW TH
 TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL
M AT R I X

Periosteal Capsular

• Consists or muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands • Neurocranial capsules: neural region
adjacent to the skeletal unit • Orofacial capsules: facial region
• cause changes in related osseous tissue by indirectly
causing selective deposition and resorption of bone
 NEURAL CAPSULE: consists of the brain, leptomeninges
and cerebrospinal fluid.
NORMALLY GROWING CHILD-> expanding brain leads
to sutural growth, resorption of the neural surfaces and
deposition at the outer surfaces of the bones surrounding the
brain.
HYDROCEPHALIC -> is little sutural growth due to
excessive intra-cranial pressure, and the result is a translation
of calvarial bones through space without adaptive changes in
contour or maintenance of sutural contact.
 Condylar cartilage -> primary growth centre.

Bilateral removal of condylar cartilage in growing

animals did not inhibit growth of the mandible or alter
its spatial relationship with other bones provided proper
function be maintained.

Similar results were seen during the treatment of

patients who lost their condyles due to trauma.

Rigorous physiotherapy in such patients led to

regeneration of the complete condyle
F U N C T I O N A L M AT R I X T H E O R Y
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THANK YOU
Proffit, Contemporary Orthodontics
Kharbanda, Orthodontic Diagnosis