SLIT LAMP

Presented by :
Krishnapriya. S
JR1 ophthalmology
TDMC Alappuzha
HISTORY

• The Swedish ophthalmologist and self taught mathematician ALLVAR

GULLSTRAND invented the slit lamp to illuminate the anterior
segment of the eye in 1911
FEATURES
• It consist of a low powered binocular compound microscope linked
to a lighting system have a common focal plane lies in their axis of
rotation.
There is considerable distance between the microscope itself and
the patients eye.
• The microscope tubes themselves are shortened by the incorporation
of prisms, which also invert the image vertically and horizontally so
that it appears erect and the right way round to the observer.

• A bank of Galilean telescopes of different powers is incorporated in

most slit lamps toallow the magnification of the observation system
to be varied.
ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES
• 1.DIFFUSE ILLUMINATION

Achieved by full height, broad, low brightness, slightly out of

focus beam onto the ocular surface under inspection, from either nasal
or temporal side.
• DIRECT FOCAL ILLUMINATION

Achieved by directing obliquely a medium beam accurately focused

upon part under illumination
3.SPECULAR REFLECTION

• In this manner, the anterior lens capsule and the corneal endothelium
may be investigated.
• The patient looks in a direction that halves the angle formed by the
illumination axis and the microscope's axis.
4.SCLEROTIC SCATTER

When the slit beam is directed on the limbus at, for example, the 9
o'clock position, the whole limbal area glows. The maximum glow will
be at the 3 o'clock.
• The slit beam is reflected backwards and forwards between the two
limiting surface of cornea and is scattered all around cornea

• This technique needs to decentre the slit lamp

RETRO ILLUMINATION

• This is a method of examining a particular part of the eye by light

reflected from a surface behind it

• A good example of retro illumination is when areas of iris atrophy are

identified by light which is reflected from the choroid
LATERAL ILLUMINATION

• the light is directed just to the side of the lesion to be examined>

some ;light enters the lesion causing it to glow internally

• it is most useful for transluscent lesions, such as corneal opacities and

iris nodules
FILTERS

• BLUE COBALT FILTER- APPLANATION TONOMETRY

• BLUE AND RED FRESS FILTERS – EXAMINATION OF VITREOUS

(scattering of light is greatest when incident light is of shorter
wavelength)
FUNDUS EXAMINATION
• USING ADDITIONAL LENSES
HRUBY LENS
90D
78D
FUNDUS VIEWING CONTACT LENS
PAN FUNDOSCOPE CONTACT LENS
HRUBY LENS
• POWERFUL PLANO CONCAVE LENS,-58.6D and is held immediately in
front of the eye, when its concave surface towards the eye
• Image – virtual erect and diminished image
90 D and 78D

• In indirect ophSthalmoscope ,high power condensing lens are used

inorder to shorten the light path and bring the real image of the retina
formed by the condensing lens within the focal range of the slit lamp

• Indirect ophthalmoscopy gives the excellent view of the posterior pole

of the fundus
FUNDUS VIEWING CONTACT LENS

• Its is a planoconcave contact lens , designed by Goldman ,made of

material with a higher refractive index than eye,it works same as
hruby lens

• It is used in vitrectomy

• The central zone of both gonioscopy lens and three mirror contact
lens may also be used as fundus viewing lens
PAN FUNDUS CONTACT LENS

Has high power convex contact lens which act as condensing lens and it
forms a real diminished inverted image of the fundus located within a
spherical glass element incorported within panfundoscope
references
• 1.Elkington of clinical optics
• 2. parsons
THANK YOU