1.

Types of Gerunds
There are several types of gerunds.

➔ Simple Gerunds
V-ing

➔ Perfect Gerunds
having + past participle

➔ Passive Gerunds
being + past participle

➔ Negative Gerunds
not + -ing

➔ Combinations
negative perfect, negative perfect passive
Simple Gerunds
● Before cooking, you should wash your hands.
Flying makes me nervous.
The main problem today is rising prices.
Your new book sounds very interesting.
The children can be really annoying.
 Perfect Gerunds having + past participle
(after you have done something)

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.

Having finished their training, they were fully qualified doctors.
Having worked in the hotel industry for many years, two
years ago she decided to return to full time study.
Having spent over £100 on repairs, she wasn’t expecting any
more problems.
Perfect Gerunds having + past
participle
● Perfect participle clauses show that the action they
describe was finished before the action in the main
clause. Perfect participles can be structured to make
an active or passive meaning.

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.

Having finished their training, they were qualified doctors.
Having spent many years working in the hotel industry, two
years ago she decided to return to full time study.
Perfect Gerunds having + past
participle
● Having lived in ● I lived in Rome for several
years. I can tell you it’s a good
Rome for several place to raise kids.
years, I can tell you
it’s a good place to
raise kids.
Perfect Gerunds having + past partici

● Having read the ● I read the report. I can give

you some suggestions.
report, I can give you
some suggestions.

● I didn’t read the report. I can’t

● NOT having read the give you any suggestions.
report, I can’t give you
any suggestions.
Combination 1 (negative perfect)

● NOT having read the

● I didn’t read the report. I can’t
report, I can’t give you
give you any suggestions.
any suggestions.
Combination 1 (negative perfect)
● He regrets not having completed
medical school.
● Not having taken his passport, he had
to go back home.
● Not having had previous experience in
sales, I found my first week at work very
challenging.
Combination 2 (negative perfect passive having been done)

● Many employees complained about not having been informed

earlier about the changes to the company’s structure.

● There is no solid evidence of any work having been done

related to the new hospital.

● Having been warned of the risk, he didn’t accept the offer.

● Having been recommended by friends, I went into agreement

with them.
Passive Gerunds being + past
participle
● I absolutely despised being given menial
tasks with limited responsibility just
because I was an intern.
● Nobody likes being rejected.
● I saw him being taken to hospital.
 Passive Gerunds being + past
participle
● Being motivated by the financial incentives, they
worked overtime without complainig.
● I look forward to being interviewed on the current
affairs programme.
● I am tired of being taken for granted and expected
to do all the housework.
 Passive Gerunds being + past
participle
( I found that his friends were laughing at him) Active

(I found that he was being laughed at by his friends) Passive

I found him being laughed at by his friends.

(Passive Gerund)
Passive Gerunds being + past participle
Negative Gerunds not + -ing

● Speaking English is not optional if you want that job.

● Not speaking English well is one of the problems in this
country.
Negative Gerunds not + -ing

● Jack turned down the internship in London, not realising

what an interesting experience he was missing.
Negative Gerunds not + -ing
Negative Gerunds not + -ing
Functions of Gerunds
 1. as the subject of a sentence

● Studying online is very convenient.

● Using online practices helps students who don't have books.
● Working from home allows a person to work in comfort.
● Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity.
● Swimming in the winter can boost your immune system.
● Travelling might be dagerous on rainy days.
● Not having regular hours in an office has some pros and cons.
● Not using a computer will cause a waste of time.
2. after some verbs
 2. after some verbs

● I really enjoy being in charge of a large group of people.

● I prefer listening to the news on the radio than watching it on TV.
● The manager postponed handing in her notice until the following week.
3. to indicate an incomplete action
● feel + obj
● hear + obj
● overhear + obj
● listen to + obj
● see + obj
● notice + obj
● watch + obj
 3. to indicate an incomplete action
● I saw Betty giving her speech.
● feel + obj
●
(I saw part of it)
hear + obj
● overhear + obj
● listen to + obj ● I saw Betty give her speech.
● see + obj (I saw all of it )
● notice + obj
● watch + obj
 3. to indicate an incomplete action
● feel + obj
● hear + obj ● I heard them discussing the new project.
● overhear + obj (I heard part of the discussion)
● listen to + obj
● see + obj
● I heard them discuss the new project.
● notice + obj
●
(I heard the whole discussion)
watch + obj
4. after all prepositions
4. after all prepositions
5. After on
6. in complex sentences (A)
7. in complex sentences (B)
8. in complex sentences (C)
9. after certain expressions
● a waste of money/time
● can’t help
● can’t stand
● have difficulty in
● it’s (not) worth
● it’s no good
● its no use
● spend/waste/lose time or money
● there’s no point in
 9. after certain expressions

● It’s no good applying for jobs you haven’t got the relevant experience for.
● For the first month the new employee had difficulty in fulfilling his duties.
● Robert spent hours trying to revise his CV.