Enhancing the Performance of Sustainable Pavement Quality Mixtures

through the Incorporation of Recycled Steel Fibers from Scrap Tyres

Under the Supervision of :

Presented By:
Monu Kumar Thakur Prof. Solomon Debbarma
22M0547 Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

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 Contents

 Issues related to concrete pavements

 Tire waste generation
 Experimental study: Methodology and Materials
 Testing strategy
 Mechanical strength testing
 Conclusion and recommendations
 Time line
 References

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 Issues related to concrete pavements
Solutions??

Costlier and huge quantity

required

Steel reinforced bar

Ex: CRCP, PCP

Shrinkage cracks

Microfibers
Steel fibers

 High cost of production

 World wide 0.3million tons of Steel Fibers are sold
every year and estimated amount is increases by 20%
each year.
 In production of Steel fiber there is huge emission of
Fatigue crack
Greenhouse gases, that adversely affect the environment.
 Tire Waste Generation statistics

Stockpiled tire wastes

BCSD report, 2019 CPCB Report, 2020

Recycling

Rubber Chips Rubber crumbs Rubber powder Recycled steel fiber

 Pyrolysis Advantages:
 Cryogenic  Direct use
 Cost-effective
 Shredding  Waste to wealth
 Sustainable construction
 Reduce global warming gases
RSFs Sample
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 Literature Review
Impact of RSFs on Concrete in Fresh and Hardened state.

Properties Findings
Workability Workability is affected by the type and content of fibers, as well as their aspect ratio and geometrical
characteristics. There is balling effects, which can be mitigate through the planetary vertical mixture.

Bulk Density It has been observed that adding RSF makes concrete more dense in volume.

Flexural strength The RSF may increase flexural strength by up to 55% when compared to regular concrete with a 2.5%
fibre content. Rate of rising the flexural strength in concrete is high, when %age of RSF is in
between .5% to 1%.
Compressive Strength The inclusion of RSF helps to increase compressive strength. More than 0.5% of fibre content in
concrete can result in strength loss compared to plain concrete, primarily because of poor compacting
and balling effects. Furthermore, compressive strength will not increase with RSF level higher than
2.5%.
Split Tensile strength In the comparison of splitting strength to plain concrete, 5% RSF fibre content can improve strength by
a maximum of 213%. Furthermore, retaining a high fibre content (1%), the efficiency of improvement
will not be reduced.
Durability The behaviour of shrinkage, impact resistance, and fracture propagation have all improved as a result of
the addition of recycled steel fibres to concrete. Corrosion resistance testing has shown RSF to be
weaker than ISF. Concrete's durability is increased by the combination of fresh and recycled steel fibres.

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Experimental study

Methodology

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Flow chart
 Experimental study : Materials

Recycled steel fiber

Geometric characterization

(a) (b)

Table: RSFs properties

Average (mm) Min.(mm) Max.(mm) CV(%)

Length 22.71 6.81 110 39.11

Diameter 0.30 0.10 1.73 58.28

(c)
Aspect ratio l/d 86.55 11.97 232 44.21
(mm/mm)

RSF characteristics:(a) Representative 1200 fiber sample (b) types od steel fiber observed (c) Effective length
consideration
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 Experimental study : Materials

(a) Length distribution (b) Diameter distribution

Residual rubber content (RRC)

 Sample was conditioned in an ignition oven at a temperature of 500°C and change in weight is noted.

Table : RRC content in RSFs

Sample Mass before ignition(g) Mass after ignition(g) RCC(%)
name

A1 10.4 10.27 1.25

A2 9.7 9.52 1.86
A3 8.1 8.0 1.23
 The average RRC content of RSFs is 1.45%.
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 Experimental study : Materials

Aggregates : Grading and Blending

% Passing
Sieve size Obtaine Upper
20 mm 10 mm Sand d
grading Lower
26.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 100
19 91.04 100.00 100.00 96.59 95 75
9.5 1.66 100.00 100.00 62.63 70 50
4.75 0.38 7.61 100.00 41.82 55 30
2.36 0.38 1.46 86.52 35.07 42 17
0.6 0.38 0.84 32.42 13.30 22 8
0.3 0.38 0.81 20.32 8.45 17 7
0.15 0.38 0.77 13.90 5.87 12 2
0.075 0.38 0.58 5.97 2.66 8 0
pan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Proportion 0.38 0.22 0.40

Table : Properties of aggregates

Property Results
Coarse(20mm) Coarse(10mm) Fine
Aggregate crushing value (%) 27.34 - -
Aggregate Impact value(%) 22.12 24.76 -
Water absorption(%) 1.56 2.02 -
Specific gravity 2.66 2.57 2.57
 Cement: OPC 53 used , Fly Ash : 20% of cementitious materials used, Water: Fresh 9
water, Chemical admixture: Superplasticizer of doge 0.7% of cementitious content.
 Experimental study : Strategy

Strategy followed

MIX DESIGN MIXING

1 2
DEMOULDING CASTING
4 3

CURING TESTING
5 6

Mix Design Mix design of M40 PQC concrete is done according to Indian standard code IRC 44 to
achieve 28th days designed flexural and compressive strength.
Table :Mix design for M40 PQC control mix
Mix Type Fiber (%) w/c Water SP(0.7%) Fly Cement CA FA Steel
Vol. ash fiber

20mm 10mm

Co_mix 0 0.35 144.34 2.85 81.42 325.68 703.13 407.07 740.13 0 10

 Experimental study on control mix

Workability(Slump)
Fresh state
properties
Fresh density

Flexural strength
Mechanical
properties Compressive strength

Split tensile strength

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 Experimental study on control mix

Slump Test:

(a)

a) Fresh mix (b) frustum filling and (b) (c)

levelling (c) Slum value measurement

Result: The slump value after 3 trials with different sp content is coming 26 mm.

 As per IRC 44, the slump value for M40 pavement quality concrete should be 25 ± 10 mm .
 Fresh density of the concrete is coming ____kg/m^3.

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 Experimental study: Compressive strength Test

 150 mm concrete cubes were casted for Co_mix and compressive strength were evaluated on 7th day and
will be evaluated on 28th day according to IS-516 & IRC-44.
 The cast specimens were then stored at moist air of at least 90 percentages relative humidity and 27 ± 2℃
for 24 hours
 7th day compressive strength test has done in CTM machine with loading rate of 140 kg/cm^2/min (0.229
MPa/sec).

(a)

(c) (d)
(b)
(c)Cubes under CTM (d)Failed cube under loading
(a) Casted cubes (b) Curing of cubes after Demoulding

Result: The 7th day average compressive strength of three cubes is 30.702 MPa.
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 Experimental study: Flexural tensile strength Test

 Finding the concrete's flexural strength, which is important when a road slab that doesn't have enough subgrade
support is subjected to wheel loads or volume changes brought on by temperature changes or shrinking.
 The 7th day flexural strength of the specimens was evaluated by a for-point bending test as per IS 516-1959.
Beam specimens of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 700mm were casted, and loading applied to the uppermost surface
as per marking on the beam as shown in fig3.8. The rate of loading in this case is 400 kg/min (65.4 N/s)

(a) (b)
(c)

(a) Casted beam (b) Beam under 4 point loading (a) Failed beam under loading

Result: The 7th day flexural tensile strength of beam is 2.514 MPa.

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 Experimental study: Split tensile strength Test
 Tensile strength is a fundamental property of concrete. Tensile strength is used as a design input for
several structures like pre-stressed concrete structures, liquid retaining structures, roadways, and
runway slabs.
 As the direct tensile strength is not possible to determine the split tensile strength is often calculated.
The applied loading rate is 0.7MPa/min on cylindrical sample of diameter 150mm and length
300mm.

(a) Casted cylinders

(b) Cylinder under CTM (a) Failed cylinder under loading
Result: The 7th day split tensile strength of cylinder is 2.41 MPa. 15
 Conclusion and recommendations

The key conclusions that can be derived from the current stage of this research are as follows.
 The geometric distribution of RSFs is being done and the mean length is 22.7 mm, and the mean diameter is
0.30 mm respectively.
 The residual rubber content was tested for randomly collected samples of RSFs and is around 1.45%.
 The 7th day compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of normal concrete are 30.702 MPa, 2.514 MPa,
and 2.41 MPa respectively

Work to be completed

 Determination of mechanical properties (compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests) of casted control mix
on the 28th day.
 The casting of the concrete specimens for different percentages of RSFs and testing of fresh and hardened
properties.
 Writing of the thesis

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 TIME LINE

2023 2024

September

November

December
February

February
January
Task

January

October
August
March

march
April

April
June

June
May

May
July
Literature review

Materials
characterization

Mix Design of co_mix,

casting and testing.

Concrete with different

%age of RSFs and ISFs,
casting and testing

Results comparison
and discussion

Thesis writing

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 References

1.http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/tyre-pyrolysis-plants-CPCB-report-NGT.pdf
2.The recent progress of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 232, 117232, Liew, K. M.,
& Akbar, A. (2020).
3.Environment-friendly recycled steel fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 327, 126967., Qin, X., &
Kaewunruen, S. (2022).
4.Sengul, O. (2016). Mechanical behavior of concretes containing waste steel fibers recovered from scrap tires. Construction and
Building Materials, 122, 649-658.
5.Onuaguluchi, O., & Banthia, N. (2018). Scrap tire steel fiber as a substitute for commercial steel fiber in cement mortar:
Engineering properties and cost-benefit analyses. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 134, 248-256.Hl
6.Fracture Properties and Restrained Shrinkage Cracking Resistance of Cement Mortar Reinforced by Recycled Steel Fiber from
Scrap Tires.
7.Bensaci, H., Menadi, B., & Kenai, S. (2019). Comparison of some fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating concrete
composites containing rubber and steel fibers recovered from waste tires. In Nano Hybrids and Composites (Vol. 24, pp. 8-13). Trans
Tech Publications Ltd.
8.E. Martinelli, A. Caggiano, H. Xargay, An experimental study on the post cracking behaviour of Hybrid Industrial/Recycled Steel
Fibre-Reinforced Concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (2015) 290–298.
9.Simalti, A., & Singh, A. P. (2020). Comparative study on direct shear behavior of manufactured and recycled shredded tyre steel
fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 101169.
10.Martinelli, E., Caggiano, A., & Xargay, H. (2015). An experimental study on the post-cracking behaviour of Hybrid
Industrial/Recycled Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 94, 290-298.
11.H. Bensaci, B. Menadi, S. Kenai, Comparison of some fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating concrete composites
containing rubber and steel fibers recovered from waste tires, Nano Hybrids Compos. 24 (2019) 8– 13
12. Marianovella Leone, Giuseppe Centonze, Daniele Colonna, Francesco Micelli, Maria Antonietta Aiello, Experimental Study on
Bond Behavior in Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Low Content of Recycled Steel Fiber, Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering 28 (9) (2016) 04016068, https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000153.
13. Marianovella Leone, Giuseppe Centonze, Daniele Colonna, Francesco Micelli, Maria Antonietta Aiello, Experimental Study on
Bond Behavior in Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Low Content of Recycled Steel Fiber, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
28 (9) (2016) 04016068, https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)MT.1943-5.
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Thank You

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