Flat Plane Equations in

Three Dimensions
GROUP 2
A. Flat Plane Vector Equations
To determine the vector equation of a flat plane, we must understand and do it following steps:
1. Suppose there are three points on a flat plane, namely P(
2. Take any point X(x, y, z) which is on the flat plane V, meaning point X(x,y,z)
3. Look at the following picture:
A. Flat Plane Vector Equations
4. Determine the length of , , , and
5. For any point X(x, y, z) on a flat plane V, = λ + 𝜇 where λ and 𝜇 are flat plane parameters with and .
6. It is clear from the picture that
Based on the activity above, if we find the length . In step 6 we find a the equation , if substituted the
equation = λ + 𝜇 in the equation , so we get a vector equation of a flat plane V passing through three
points is:
+λ+𝜇
The two vectors PQ and PR are called field direction vectors (any two vectors that
not in line with the plane are the direction vectors of the plane).
In general :
If and are field direction vectors flat V, then the equation of the flat plane V through point P() is:
V]+ λ + 𝜇
V]+ λ + 𝜇
With −∞ < λ < ∞, −∞ < 𝜇 < ∞.
Based on equation, a plane parameter equation is obtained
the average V is:
𝑥 = + λ + 𝜇 ……..(1)
y = + λ + 𝜇 ………(2)
z = + λ + 𝜇 ……….(3)
Example
The vectorial equation of a flat plane through points P(1,1,2), Q(2,3,5) and
R(1,3,7) is?
Solution:
To find the vector equation of a flat plane we use the equation
has been explained, namely:
[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] ]+ λ + 𝜇
[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = [1, 1, 2] + λ [(2 − 1) , (3 − 1), (5 − 2)] + 𝜇 [(1 − 1), (3 − 1), (7 − 2)]
[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = [1, 1, 2] + λ [1, 2, 3] + 𝜇 [0, 2, 5]
The parameter equation is:
𝑥= +λ +𝜇
y= +λ +𝜇
z= +λ +𝜇
So we get:
𝑥=1+λ
𝑦 = 1 + 2λ + 2𝜇
𝑧 = 2 + 3λ + 5𝜇
B. Plane Linear Equations
If we eliminate λ and 𝜇 from equations 1 and 2,
obtained:
λ = C= - = …..(4)
𝜇=
If we substitute λ and 𝜇 into equation (3), we obtain:
𝐶(𝑧 − ) − { (𝑥 − ) − (𝑦 − )} − { (𝑦 − ) − (𝑥 − )} = 0
(− )(𝑥 − ) + (− )(𝑦 − ) + 𝐶(𝑧 − ) = 0
𝐴 = (− ) = dan 𝐵 = (− ) =
So we can obtain an equation for the flat plane V that passes through the point
𝑃() is:
𝑉 = 𝐴(𝑥 − ) + 𝐵(𝑦 − ) + 𝐶(𝑧 − ) = 0 ……(5)
B. Plane Linear Equations

The equation (5) above can be written as:

𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑧 − 𝐶 = 0
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 − 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0
−𝐴−𝐵−𝐶=D
where 𝐷 = constant
So we get:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0 ……(6)
Equation (6) is called the linear (general) plane equation.
Example
Determine the linear equation of the plane V that passes through points P(3, 2, 1), Q(4,1, 5),
and R(2, 4, 3)
Solution:
First we find the vector equation of the flat plane V, namely:
[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] ]+ λ + 𝜇
[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = [3, 2, 1] + λ [1,− 1,4] + 𝜇 [− 1,2,2]
The linear equation of a flat plane is 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
A = = (− )
A= =(-2-8)=-10
B = = (− )
B= =(-4-2)=-6
C= -
C= =(2-1)=1 D=
= 30+12-1
=41
So, the linear equation of the plane V is:
−10𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 𝑧 + 41 = 0
C. Flat Plane Normal Vector V
We have found that the general equation for a plane 𝑉 is
+++D=0
To prove the truth that the equation is plane equation, then pay attention to the following steps:
1. We determine any point, for example the point 𝑃(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) which lies on that field. So we get
that 𝐴𝑝 + 𝐵𝑞 + 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐷 = 0, then 𝐷 = −𝐴𝑝 − 𝐵𝑞 − 𝐶𝑟.
2. Substitute the values into the general equation for the plane 𝑉, namely:
+ 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + (−𝐴𝑝 − 𝐵𝑞 − 𝐶𝑟) = 0
𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑝) + 𝐵(𝑦 − 𝑞) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 𝑟) = 0
3. Note that
𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑝) + 𝐵(𝑦 − 𝑞) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 𝑟) = 0
If and only if
(𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘). ((𝑥 − 𝑝) + (𝑦 − 𝑞) + (𝑧 − 𝑟) ) = 0
This means that 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 is a vector that has certain magnitude and direction, while
(𝑥 − 𝑝) + (𝑦 − 𝑞) + (𝑧 − 𝑟) is a vector that originates at 𝑃(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) and is always perpendicular to
the vector 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 and changes direction depending on position (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
C. Flat Plane Normal Vector V
4. So it can be concluded that (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). are the coordinates of the points
lies in the plane passing through the point 𝑃(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) and perpendicular to 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘, which is
hereinafter referred to as the flat plane normal
symbolized by .
Look at Figure below:

The conclusion we can get from the process above is that if a flat plane passes through
𝑃() and has a normal 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 then the equation of the flat plane is
𝐴(𝑥 − ) + 𝐵(𝑦 − ) + 𝐶(𝑧 − ) = 0
5. It is proven that the general equation of a plane 𝑉 is a vector the normal is
+ 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪𝒛 + 𝑫 = 𝟎 with the normal vector being = [𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪].

EXAMPLE
Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point 𝑃 (3, −1,7) and is perpendicular to the
vector 𝑛 = (4, 2, −5)

Solution:

𝐴(𝑥 − ) + 𝐵(𝑦 − ) + 𝐶(𝑧 − ) = 0

4(x-3)+2(y-(-1))+(-5)(z-7)=0
4x-12+2y+2-5z+35=0
4x+2y-5z+25=0
D. Flat Plane Normal Equation
To determine the normal equation of a plane, understand the Steps below.
1. Suppose is the distance from point O(0,0,0) to the plane V , while and 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the angles of
direction of perpendicular to the plane V . As shown in Figure
We take = [cos , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 ] whose length is equal to = 1, as the unit normal vector of the flat
planeV.

2. Consider . The projection of 𝑂𝑇 on is . = = (must be positive or 𝑝 > 0). So that a The HESSE
Normal Equation of a Flat Field is
Notes: If the plane is flat through O(0, 0, 0) then
It can be concluded that the normal equation of a flat plane is
D. Flat Plane Normal Equation
3. To convert the general equation of the Flat Field + + + 𝐷 = 0 to normal form is as follows:
The relationship between the direction numbers A, B, C and the cosine of the direction is:
For example =
So that an equation is obtained:
then obtained value,

𝑝=
The ± sign is chosen so that the value of 𝑝 is positive.
Example
Find the equation of the normal of the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 - 9 = 0.

Solution:

The normal equation of the plane V is x cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 cos 𝛽 + 𝑧 cos 𝛾 = .

First we find the value of each of the above equations, is:
𝑝=
= ,
So, the normal equation of a flat plane is obtained
E. Angle Between Two Planes
The angle between two flat planes is the angle between their normal vectors. Suppose the planes ≡
and ≡ , then the normal vectors are = [, , ] and = [, , ].

The angle between two flat planes is :

E. Angle Between Two Planes
a) Two Flat Planes that are Perpendicular to Each Other
If is perpendicular to then their normal vectors will be mutually perpendicular. This means ∙ = 0.
Thus an equation is obtained
=0
b) Two parallel planes
If is parallel to then the normal vector 𝑛1 will be equal to the normal vector . normal vector . This
means = . Or it can also be written
= = =
Example
Find the angle between the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 and the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 +2𝑧 - 11 = 0.

Solution:

= .79
F. Distance of Points on a Flat Plane
To derive the equation for the distance between a point and a plane plane, consider and understand
the steps below.

1. Suppose the equation of the flat plane where 𝑝 is the distance of the point to the flat plane . Take
any point .
2. To determine the distance of point to plane = 0 by creating a plane = 0 through point which is
parallel to = 0.
3. Suppose d is the distance of the plane = 0 to the point then the distance 𝑂(0,0,0) to = 0 is p + d
meaning that (a) if in between 𝑂(0,0,0) in = 0 then the distance 𝑂(0,0,0) to = 0 is p - d, and (b) if 𝑅(,
, ) is not between 𝑂(0,0,0) in = 0 then the distance of
F. Distance of Points on a Flat Plane
4. As a result of statement no.3, a plane equation because the point Or

5. Distance of a point to a flat plane V_1 ≡ 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 cos 𝛽 + 𝑧 cos 𝛾 - 𝑝 = 0 is

6. If , then the distance of the point 𝑅(, , ) to the plane 𝑉1 is

Example
Find the distance between the plane 𝑉 ≡ 6𝑥 - 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 - 13 = 0 and the point (7,3,4).

Solution:

Thus, the distance of the point (7,3,4) to the plane 𝑉 ≡ 6𝑥 - 3𝑦 = 2𝑧 - 13 = 0 is 4

G. Distance Between Two Parallel Planes
The distance between two parallel planes is the distance measured perpendicularly to these two fields.
Two planes are said to be parallel if they have the same direction and never meet. So, the distance between
two Parallel planes are the same at every point on both planes.
For example, if we have two parallel planes, for example planes A and plane B, then the distance between
these two planes is the perpendicular distance from one field to another field. To measure the distance
between two parallel planes, we can select two points on different planes, then measure the distance
between these two points with a perpendicular line on both planes. This distance will be the same at every
point in both planes, because both planes parallel and will never meet.
Next, to determine the distance between two parallel planes, then pay attention to the following steps.
1. For example V1≡ A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 and V2 ≡ A2x + B2y + C2z + D2 = 0
2. If plane V1 is parallel to plane V2 then the distance between V1 = 0, for example the point is 𝑅(0,0, 𝑧) .
Then, we can calculate the distance of the points 𝑅(0,0, 𝑧) to the plane V 2 = 0.
3. Likewise, if we look for a point at V2 = 0, for example the point is 𝑃(𝑥, 0,0). Then, we can calculate the
distance of the points 𝑃(𝑥, 0,0) to the plane V 1 = 0.
4. Keep in mind that, the distance of the point 𝑅(0,0, 𝑧) to the plane V 2 = 0 and the distance of the point
𝑃(𝑥, 0,0) to the plane V1 = 0, will have the same distance, because both the planes are parallel.
 Example
Calculate the distance between the planes:
V1 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8 and plane V2 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10

Solution:
The planes 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 have the same normal vector𝑛𝑉1 = 𝑛𝑉2
Taking any point in the 𝑉2 plane, namely 𝑄 = (0, 𝑦, 0), we obtain:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
2.0 + 𝑦 + 3.0 = 10
𝑦 = 10
So, point 𝑄 = (0,10,0)
Distance Q to 𝑉1 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8

So, the distance between the planes 𝑉1 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8 and 𝑉2 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10 is

H. Flat Field File
A flat field file is a collection of lines or vectors that are on the same plane. A flat plane file can be
expressed as a set of parallel vectors or as a set of lines passing through one and the same point, called the
origin.

A flat plane beam has several properties and characteristics, among them:
1. Parallel: The lines in a flat plane beam are always parallel and never converge.
2. Single origin: The lines in a flat plane beam always go through the same point of origin.
3. Same-way or unidirectional: The lines in a flat plane beam have the same or unidirectional direction.
4. Same length: The lines in a flat plane beam are the same length.
5. Perpendicular: If two flat plane beams are perpendicular to each other, then the lines that make up the
beam are perpendicular to each other as well.

Flat plane files have many applications in mathematics, physics, and engineering. Examples of its
application are in calculating the forces acting on an object, or in making the design of building structures
or bridges.
To obtain the field file equation, consider the steps below.
Suppose there are 2 fields 𝑉1 ≡ 𝐴1𝑥 + 𝐵1𝑦 + 𝐶1𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0 intersects with
𝑉2 ≡ 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐵2𝑦 + 𝐶2𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0 , then the intersection is in the form of a straight line as seen in the
following Figure.

Each point on the intersection satisfies the equation 𝜆1𝑉1 + 𝜆2𝑉2 = 0 , where 𝜆1 dan 𝜆2 is a parameter. The equation
above is the set of planes through which the line intersects 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 Been 𝜆1 ≠ 0 , so that it can be written,
becoming:
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 0𝑉1 + 𝜆𝑉2 = 0
So, the equation of the field file through the intersection between the planes 𝑉1 = 0 and 𝑉2 = 0 be
𝑽𝟏 + 𝝀𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎 …(*)
If field 𝑉1 = 0 inline with the plane 𝑉2 = 0 then the flat field file equation is written, becoming :
𝑨𝟏𝒙 + 𝑩𝟏𝒚 + 𝑪𝟏𝒛 =𝒌 atau 𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑩𝟐𝒚 + 𝑪𝟐𝒛 = 𝒌 …(**)
Example
Determine the flat plane equation V through the point O as well as through the plane intersection
𝑉1 ≡ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 24 = 0 dan 𝑉2 ≡ 𝑥 – 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 12

Solution:

Suppose the field equation V is 𝑉1 + 𝜆𝑉2 = 0 boulder 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 24+𝜆 (𝑥 – 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 12) = 0. Perhatikan bahwa
persamaan bidang 𝑉1=0 through a central point O(0,0,0) then the equation satisfies : 2 ∙ 0 + 3 ∙ 0 + 24 + 𝜆 (0 – 0
+ 2 ∙ 0 − 12) = 24 − 12𝜆 = 0 72

So that 𝜆=2.
From 𝜆=2 Substituted to the initial equation so that it is obtained that:
𝑉 ≡ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 24 + 𝜆(𝑥 – 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 12)
𝑉 ≡ 2𝑥+ 3𝑦 + 24 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 24
𝑉 ≡ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧
So the flat plane equation is 𝑉 ≡ 4 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 𝑧 = 0
I. Flat Plane Networks
Look at the planes 𝑈 = 0, 𝑉 = 0 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑊 = 0 which do not lie in the same bundle (do not intersect on one
line parallel to each other.) Equation: 𝑈 + 𝜆𝑊 + 𝜇𝑊 = 0 is a set of planes that pass through the point of
intersection of the three planes (in the image below is through point T, and the set of planes that pass
through that point is called a Plane Network.
Example
Determine the equation of the plane V which is parallel to the plane 𝑈 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =1, and passes through
the intersection point of the planes 𝑊1 = 𝑥 − 3 = 0, 𝑊2 = 𝑦 − 4 = 0, and 𝑊3 = 𝑧 = 0?

Solution:

The plane 𝑉 has the form: 𝑊1 + 𝜆𝑊2 + 𝜇𝑊3 = 0

𝑥 − 3 + 𝜆(𝑦 − 4) + 𝜇𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜇𝑧 − 3 − 4𝜆 = 0,
because 𝑉 is parallel to 𝑈 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,
then the normal of the plane 𝑉 = [1, 𝜆, 𝜇], then: [1,1,1] = [𝑥, 𝜆, 𝜇],
means 𝜆 = 1 and 𝜇 = 1.
So the equation of the 𝑉 plane is:
𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜇𝑧 − 3 − 4𝜆 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3 − 4.1 = 0
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−7=0
THANKS