Forces

Unit 1
Force: the push or pull.
Force changes…
• Motion (the change in the position of an object)
• Deformation (the change in the shape of an object)
 Motion
+ chapter 1 (movement and position)
Motion is the change in the position of an object.
Two ways to describe the motion of an object:
• Distance
• Speed
• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• frame of reference to an observer
AVERAGE SPEED
Average speed =
Speed is a scalar quantity.
| Units:
SLOPE = SPEED slope = rise run= y2-y1x2-x1
Uniform/Constant speed:
If an object covers an equal distance in equal intervals of time it is moving at uniform speed.
Non-Uniform:
If an object covers an unequal distance in equal intervals of time it is moving at a non-uniform speed.

under the d-t graph

DISTANCE - TIME GRAPH
VELOCITY
Velocity =
Velocity is a vector quantity.
| Difference between distance and displacement:
The complete length of the path between any two points is
called Distance.
The direct length between any two points when
measured along the minimum path between them is called
Displacement.
ACCELERATION (speeding up) DECELERATION (slowing down)

Same formula for deceleration.

Negative answer means deceleration.
unit: Objects thrown upwards from earth
Objects falling towards decelerate at -10
earth accelerate at 10
 | Equation Of Uniformly Accelerated Mot ion:
v2=u2+2as v2- u2= 2as
or v- u2= 2as
or
 VELOCITY - TIME GRAPHS

SLOPE = ACCELERATION
under the v-t graph

under the v-t graph AREA = DISTANCE

Deformation
+ chapter 2 (forces and shape)
Change in shape due to force is called deformation.

An object can be deformed by bending, compressing, stretching an object, or doing a combination of them at once.

Brittle objects might break when force is applied.

Plastic deformation (permanent deformation): when an object cannot attain its original shape once the applied force is removed.

Elastic deformation (temporary deformation): when an object can regain its original shape when applied force is removed.

This ability of regaining shape is called elasticity.

Note: elasticity ≠ flexibility

Objects with this ability are called elastic.

(e.g.: spring and rubber band)
Objects without this quality are called plastic.
(e.g.: metal)
Hooke’s law:
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not
exceeded. The graph is constant (F=x) and passes through the origin
(0N=0cm).
It obeys Hooke’s law till the limit of proportionality.
The spring stays elastic till the elastic limit and then starts to deform plastically.

Investigating Hooke’s law:

 Measure the initial length of the spring using a ruler.
 Suspend the spring from a stand and place the ruler vertically next to the spring using set square.
 Add load to the spring and measure the new length by taking the reading at eye level to avoid parallax er
 Calculate the extensions using the equation:
new length - original length.
 Repeat the experiment for different loads and measure the corresponding lengths.
 Tabulate the values and plot the graphs of force vs extension.
 If the graph is a straight line, then obeys the Hooke’s Laws.
 Independent variable:
 Dependent variable: extension
 Control: temperature (for rubber band) & the spring or rubber band.
Momentum
+ chapter 4 (momentum)
 Moment
+ chapter 5 (turning effect of forces)