IC Engines and Turbo-Machinery Laboratory

MEng (4203)

AMU
2015

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Pumps, Blowers and Turbines

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Pumps

 To transport water or liquid through pipes energy has to be fed to

the water.
 Pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into
fluid/hydraulic energy.
 It is driven by electricity or combustion engines or other sources.

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Classification of Pumps
Based on the method by which mechanical energy is transferred to the
fluid there are two broad classification.
1.Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps
• Transforms kinetic energy to static pressure – adds energy
via rotating impeller
• Fluid enters through the center of an impeller and is thrown
outwards by the vanes.
2. Positive displacement pumps
• These pumps discharge a given volume of fluid for each
stroke or revolution.
• Energy is added intermittently. 4
 PUMP

Rotodynamic Positive displacement

Centrifugal/
Radial flow Reciprocating
Rotary
Axial flow
Gear
Mixed flow Piston/
Plunger
Turbine
Lobe
Diaphragm

Screw

Sliding Vane
 Positive Displacement Pump (PD)
Principle of Operation

 PD pumps use some type of mechanical device to force the

liquid through the pump by applying pressure directly to the
liquid by a reciprocating piston, or rotating members.
 They have an expanding cavity on the suction side, and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
 Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the
suction side expands, and forced/displaced out of the pump as
the cavity on the discharge side collapses.

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 PD pumps actually have a fixed displacement volume
through each cycle of pump operation.
 The pressures they generate are determined by the system’s
resistance to this flow.
PD’s Pump Characteristics
 PD pumps can theoretically produce the same flow at a
given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.
 Therefore, PD pumps can be regarded as constant flow
devices.

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 Rotodynamic / Centrifugal Pumps
 Works on the principle of centrifugal force. This is the force that
pushes the liquid away from the center(in tangential direction).
 They are used to transport liquids/fluids by the conversion of
the rotational kinetic energy to the hydro dynamics energy of the
liquid flow.
 In dynamic pumps energy is added to the fluid continuously
through the rotary motion of the blades.
 The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric
motor or turbine.
 This increase in energy is converted to a gain in Pressure Energy
when the liquid is allowed to pass through an increased area.
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 Components of centrifugal pump
 Impeller
 Casing/volute
 Suction pipe
 Delivery pipe
 Shaft
 Air Relieve Valve

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Principle of operation 1. As the impeller stirs the water, it removes air from the
casing, then it creates an area of low pressure, or
partial vacuum, at the suction eye.
2. The weight of the atmosphere on the external body of
water pushes water rapidly though the hose and pump
casing toward the suction eye of the impeller.
3. Centrifugal force created by the rotating vanes pushes
water away from the eye, where pressure is lowest, to
the vane tips.
4. Due to impeller action the velocity head as well as
pressure head of the liquid are increased.
5. As the water is forced through the volute, its velocity
is getting slow down as volute area increases,
6. As the water slows down, its kinetic energy
decreases, that water's potential energy increases (to
conserve energy),
7. And discharged from the pump. 11
 Pump Performance Parameters

Pump Head
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at
equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of
gravity.
Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion to depth measured
from the surface because of the increasing weight of fluid
exerting downward force from above.
The height of this column is called the static head and is
expressed in terms of meter of liquid, and the pressure is called
static pressure.
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The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created
by the pump.
Head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the
pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.

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o Terminologies in Pumps

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 1. Static Suction Lift/Head, hS
 It is a Head resulting from elevation of the liquid to be pumped relative to the
pump center line.
 If the liquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative.
 Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a “suction lift” condition
 If the liquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive, and it is called “suction
head”,
Ambient
Pressure
Total Head

Static Suction Head

+ve
Ambient
Pressure
Static Suction lift -ve 15
2. Static Discharge Head, hd
It is the vertical distance in meter between the pump
centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the
liquid in the discharge tank.

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3. Friction Head, hf
Friction head is the amount of energy loss due to friction
of the fluid moving through pipes and fittings.

 where
• hf= pressure drop or friction loss in m,
• fD=friction factor,
• L=length of pipe (m),
• V=line velocity (m/s),
• D= pipe ID (m),
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4. Vapor pressure Head, hvp

Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid and its vapor

co-exist in equilibrium at a given temperature.
When the vapor pressure is converted to head, it is referred
to as vapor pressure head, hvp.
The value of hvp of a liquid increases with the rising
temperature, or lowering pressure.
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5. Pressure Head, hp

 Pressure head is an expression of energy, specifically it is energy per

unit weight of fluid displaced.

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6. Velocity Head , hv

Velocity head also known as “dynamic head”

It is a measure of a fluid’s kinetic energy, which refers to the
energy of a liquid as a result of its motion at some velocity ‘v’.
It is the equivalent head in meter through which the water would
have to fall to acquire the same velocity, or in other words, the
head necessary to accelerate the water.
hv = , (m)
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7. Total suction/dynamic suction Head, HS
 Total suction head is the summation of suction reservoir pressure head (hps) plus the static suction
head (hS) plus the velocity head at the pump suction flange (hvs) minus the friction head in the suction
line (hfs ).

 Hs = hp(s) ± h(s) + hv(s)–hf(s) - h(i), and

 hp(s) =

 hv(s)= , then, hs is + for suction

head.
hs is - for suction lift.
 Hs = + h(s)+ - hf(s) - h(i)

 Where
• h(i)= entrance loss,
• Vi = flow velocity at entrance,
• p(s) = overpressure, other than atmospheric in suction tank in m. 21
 8. Total discharge/dynamic discharge Head, Hd
 It is the summation of discharge reservoir pressure head (hp(d)), static discharge head (h(d)),
the velocity head at the pump discharge flange (hv(d)) and the total friction head in the
discharge line (hf(d)).
 Hd=hp(d) + h(d) + hv(d)+ hf(d) + h(e), and
 hp(d) =
 hv(d) = , then,
 Hd= + h(d) + + hf(d) + h(e)
 Where
• h(e)= exit loss,
• Ve = flow velocity at exit ,
• p(d) = overpressure in discharge tank in m,

 Note: The friction loss is subtracted on the suction side but added on the discharge side. 22
9. Total Head/Total Dynamic Head, HT

 The difference between the pressure head at the discharge and

suction flange of the pump.

HT = H d – H s

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 2. Flow Rate (Q)

 The flow rate (capacity or discharge) of a pump is the volume

of liquid pumped per unit of time.

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3. Net positive suction head (NPSH)

A minimum amount of suction head that is needed for a pump to

operate without cavitating.
3.1 Net positive suction head required (NPSHr)
 NPSHr is the minimum amount of NPSH that the pump requires to
avoid cavitation.
 3.2 Net positive suction head available (NPSHa)
 NPSHa is the amount of NPSH available to the pump from the suction 25

line.
It is calculated based on system or process conditions.

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4. Power and Efficiency
a. Brake Horse Power (BHP)
 Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower delivered to
the pump shaft.
 Pump output or water horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower delivered by
the pump. These two terms are defined by the following formulas

Where
Q= discharge (m3/s)
H= total head (m)
ɳ= Pump efficiency 27

ρ= fluid density (kg/m3))

 The brake horsepower or input to a pump is greater than the
water horsepower or output due to the mechanical and
hydraulic losses incurred in the pump.
 Therefore the pump efficiency is the ratio of these two values.

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1.3 Pump Configurations

Series/parallel operation of pumps

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1. Series operation of centrifugal pumps

 In series operation, the pumps are connected one after the other
so that the developed heads can be added for a given flow rate.

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2. Parallel operation of centrifugal pumps

 Where one pump is unable to deliver the required flow Q at the

operating point,

Qparallel = Q1 + Q2 H1 = H2 = constant

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 Blowers and Fans
• Fans and blowers provide air for ventilation and industrial
process requirements.
• Fans generate a pressure to move air (or gases) against a
resistance caused by ducts, dampers, or other components in a
fan system.
• The fan rotor receives energy from a rotating shaft and
transmits it to the air.

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 Difference between Fans, Blowers and Compressor
• Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated by the method
used to move the air, and by the system pressure they must
operate against.

ASME
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 Fan classification
1. Centrifugal fans-airflow changes direction twice - once when entering
and second when leaving.
• Radial, forward and backward curved.
2. Axial fans-air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction
• Propeller, tube-axial and vane-axial.

Axial fan
Centrifugal fan

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 Blowers
Difference with fans
• Much higher pressures as high as1.20 kg/cm 2.
• Used to produce negative pressures for industrial vacuum
systems
Types
• Centrifugal blower
• Positive displacement

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 Positive displacement
Centrifugal blower
• Rotors trap air and push it
• Gear-driven impeller that through housing.
accelerates air.
• Constant air volume regardless
• Single and multi-stage of system pressure.
blowers. • Suited for applications prone to
• Operate at 0.35-0.70 kg/cm2 clogging.
pressure. • Turn slower than centrifugal
• Airflow drops if system blowers.
pressure rises. • Belt-driven for speed changes.

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 Turbines
Definition
• The device which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or
vice versa is known as Hydraulic Machines. The hydraulic machines
which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are known as
Turbines.
Classification
• Impulse turbines
– Pelton turbines
• Reaction turbines
– Radial flow: Francis turbines
– Axial flow: propeller (fixed blades) or Kaplan (variable pitch blades)
turbines
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 Pelton turbine
Kaplan turbine
Francis turbine • Available energy at the entrance
• Low head turbine
• Medium head turbine is completely kinetic energy.
• Large flow rate
• Moderate flow rate • High head and low discharges
• Low specific speeds
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