SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Eyad alsmadi 160119 Mohammad alrashdan 173835

Montasir billah nasir 173823 Mohammad alshdaifat 172065
 1 Introduction of PV.

2 Construction of PV.

3 Characteristic Curves.
AGENDA
4 Major Types of Silicon Solar Cells.

5 Conversion efficiency of PV-Solar types

6 Types of PV Systems.
1
Introduction of PV.
 A solar cell or photovoltaic cell (PV
cell) is an electronic device that
converts the energy of light directly
into electricity by means of the
photovoltaic effect.
 Power generation from solar PV has
long been seen as a clean sustainable
energy technology.
 Commonly known as “solar cells or
PV.”
Growth of photovoltaics
 2
Construction of solar cell

Solar cell ( crystalline Silicon ) consist of a

n- type semiconductor (emitter) layer
and p-type semiconductor layer (base).
The two layers are sandwiched and
hence there is formation of p-n junction.
The surface is coated with anti-reflection
coating to avoid the loss of incident light
energy due to reflection
 How Does solar cell Work?

 Sunlight consists photons. As a PV cell is exposed to this

sunlight, many of the photons are reflected, pass right
through, or absorbed by the solar cell.
 When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer
of the photovoltaic cell, electrons are freed from the
negative semiconductor material.
 these freed electrons naturally migrate to the positive
layer creating a voltage differential.
 The interface between the two layers (P and N) produces
an electric field and forms the so-called a “cell junction”.
Characteristic I-V characteristic curves of solar cells
Curves

 Solar Cells are rated at peak/maximum

watt (Wp) delivered under standard
tset conditions(stc) (1000 W/m2 , 25
C, AM1.5) .
 At P1 V ≈ 0.52 V and I ≈ 3.8 A .So,
power ≈ 2 W (This cell has a maximum
power of 2 Wp at 1000 W/m2 , 25 C,
AM1.5).
 Power at P2 >P3 > P4 (750W/m2 >
500W/m2 > 250W/m2 )
 At P2, P3, P4 power is less than 2 W
(Insolation is less than 1000W/m2 ).
Characteristic
Power curve
Curves

 MPP (maximum power point) is

obtained by operating the cell at
slightly below max voltage and
below max current.
 At MPP: Pmp = Imp * Vmp
 Power = 0 at either open voltage
(Isc =0) or short circuit (Voc =0).
Characteristic Fill Factor (FF)
Curves

 A measure of performance that

reflects the overall quality of the cell.
 FF = Area of small rectangular / Area
of large rectangular.

- FF = (Imp Vmp)/ (Isc Voc)

- An ideal cell has FF = 1 (It is constant
at Isc and suddenly goes to zero).
Characteristic
Temperature Effect
Curves

 As temperature of the cell

increases, Voc decreases (large
effect) and Isc increases (small
effect).
 Cell loses power as its temperature
increases.
 Major Types of Silicon Solar Cells

Mono-crystalline solar cells Polycrystalline (multicrystalline) cells Amorphous cells

 Single crystal.
 Expensive than polycrystalline
 Pseudo-square shape
 Commercial efficiency: 10 – 17 %
 Module surface area: 7 m2 /kWp
 Irregular random multicrystal
 Cheaper than monocrystalline
 Square or rectangular shape
 Commercial efficiency: 10 – 13 %
 Module surface area: 8 m2 /kW
 Very thin layer (thin film) of
silicon
 Cheaper than crystalline cells
 easy to manufacture.
 commercial efficiency: 6 – 8 %
 Module surface area: 16 m2 /kW
 Types of PV Systems

1- Grid-connected systems:
interfaced to an electricity grid.
 Major advantage:
• Output of PV array is fed into the
grid when not required in the home.
• Output of PV array is not enough
(home needs power that cannot be
provided the PV array) , power is
imported from the grid.
 Types of PV Systems
2- stand-alone (off-grid)
An off-grid PV system refers to an
installation that is not connected to
the electricity grid. This means that all
the energy produced is stored and
used on site. Essentially, off-grid
photovoltaic systems operate from
the energy stored in a battery bank.
Very expensive to connect from local
electricity utility (grid network) to
your location.
Comparison
 Applications of PVs
Commercial Lighting: PV powered lighting systems are reliable
and low cost alternative. Security, billboard sign, area, and
outdoor lighting are all viable applications for PV.

 Consumer electronics: Solar powered watches, calculators,

and cameras are all everyday applications for PV technologies.

Residential Power: A residence located more than a mile from

the electric grid can install a PV system more inexpensively
than extending the electric grid
 Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of Solar PV:
Renewable Energy.
Reduces Electricity Bills.
Low Maintenance.
Long Lifespan.
Disadvantages of Solar PV:
Increases Home Value. High initial Cost.
Weather Dependence.
Battery Storage.
Space Requirements.
Not for Everyone.
Thank you