Design and Development of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applications

Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,
Nagpur.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(2020-21)
Project Progress Seminar on
Design And Development of Hybrid Solar Dryers For
Domestic Applications
GROUP NO. : 15
PRESENTED BY : PROJECT GUIDE :
7053 - PURVESH RODE Dr. Sandeep S. Joshi
(Dept. of Mechanical Engg.)
7062 - SANGEET KHULE
7063 - SANNIDHYA SHEGAONKAR Course Code : MEP 370
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 1/103

INDEX
SR NO. CONTENT SLIDE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 03 - 19
2 COMMERCIAL ASPECT 20 - 22
3 LITERATURE REVIEW 23 - 39
4 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW 40 - 45
5 METHODOLOGY 46 - 48
6 DESIGN 49 - 73
7 CAD MODEL & SIMULATION 74 - 79
8 CONCLUSION 80 - 91
9 REFERENCES 92 - 103
SOLAR ENERGY [1]
 Solar energy is a major renewable energy source with the potential to meet several challenges we face as humankind.
 The amount of sunlight that strikes the earth's surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world's energy
consumption for a full year.
 Solar radiation can be used to store and generate
• Heat
• Electricity
 For the application of SOLAR DRYER we will use both heat and electricity according to need and type of solar dryer.
 Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that
concentrate solar radiation.
 Solar energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.
Fig 0. Solar Drying [2]

SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION IN HSD
Fig 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum [3]
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE INFRARED

(Heat) (Electricity) (Heat)
Solar Collector Solar Panel Solar Collector
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 Fig 2. Solar Dryer [4] Fig 3. Schematic Of Solar Greenhouse Dryer [5] 4/103
BASICS OF SOLAR THERMAL CONVERSIONS
 Wind forms when the sun heats one part of the atmosphere differently than another part. This causes expansion of warmer air,
making less pressure where it is warm than where it is cooler. Air always moves from high pressure to lower pressure, and this
movement of air is wind.
 Biomass contains stored chemical energy from the sun. Plants produce biomass through photosynthesis.
 The motion of the Earth and the moon around the Sun is responsible for creating waves and tides in oceans in the form of
kinetic energy, which is also a renewable source of energy.
Fig 4.Classification of Methods for Solar Energy Utilization [6]

BASICS OF SOLAR DRYERS [6]
 One of the traditional uses of solar energy has been for drying of agricultural products. Traditionally, drying is done on open
ground.
 The drying process removes moisture and helps in the preservation of the product.
 Drying can then be done faster and in a controlled fashion which leads to a better-quality product.
FORCED CIRCULATION DRYER

CABINET DRYER
• Large-scale drying.
• Suitable for small-scale used.
• Controlled Temperature.
• Temperatures ranging from 50 to 80°C.
• Time ranges - 2 to 4 days.
• Time range – 1 to 2 days.
Fig 5. Cabinet Dryer [6] Fig 6. Forced Circulation Dryer [6]

BASICS OF SOLAR DRYERS [7]
 (1) Cold dry air enters the drying chamber through the air inlet.
 (2) The solar rays enter the cabinet through the transparent cover material where they are converted into heat energy, thereby
increasing the temperature inside. The heated food gives out water vapor and dries up.
 (3) Gradually, the heated moist air goes up and leaves the drying chamber through the air outlet at the high end of the dryer.
SOLAR DRYER
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially food.
Fig 7. Drying process [7] Fig 8. Isometric view of solar dryer [8]
NEED OF DRYERS
DRYING AND FOOD PRESERVATION
The preservation of foods by drying is the time-honored and most common method used by humans and the food processing
industry.
 Drying : Removal of water from the food by non-conventional energy sources like sunlight and wind.
 Dehydration : The process of removal of water from the food under the controlled conditions like temperature, relative
humidity and air flow, etc.
 Drying is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. Removing moisture stops the growth of bacteria, yeasts & Moulds that
normally spoils the food.
The main benefit of dry food.

In the process of drying heat is necessary to evaporate
• Easy to measure.
moisture from the substance to be dried, and a flow of
• Easy to serve.
air is needed to carry away the evaporated moisture.
• Easy to store.
 Due to this transportation, handling and storage costs are reduced.

 Easy and economical way to save surplus food for a longer time.

NEED OF DRYERS [9]
• Heat intensity is double than open sun’s heat.
• Can be used even on rainy days.
• No color degradation due to UV rays.
• Product obtained are hygienic.
• Reducing the operational cost.
• It occupies less area. Fig 9. Indirect Solar Dryer [11]
NEED FOR AIR FLOW

Q. Why there is a need for airflow in the system ?
A. Key processes
 Heat transfer from the heating source to the target product.
 Mass transfer of moisture (water vapors) from the product to the air.
 To avoid condensation of water on glass or surface.
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 Fig 11. Direct Solar Dryer [10] Fig 10. Isometric view 9/103
MECHANISM OF DRYING [12]
 There are three factor that controls the rate of drying are air temperature, humidity, and air velocity.
 The boundary film acts as a barrier to both heat transfer and the removal of water vapor. The thickness of the film is
determined primarily by the air velocity.
 Low-velocity air produces thicker boundary films that reduce the heat transfer coefficient. When water vapor leaves the
surface of the food, it increases the humidity of the air in the boundary film. This reduces the water vapor pressure gradient
and hence slows the rate of drying.
There are two basic mechanisms

involved in the drying process :
• Migration of moisture from the interior
of the substance to be dried.
• Evaporation of moisture from the
surface to the surrounding air.
Fig 12. Movement of moisture during drying [12]

WORKING OF HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

• Greenhouse Effect
APPLICATIONS
• Convection
Some common applications of solar dryers
are
• Agriculture crop drying.
THE WORKING CONSIST [9] • Fruit and food processing.
• Air flow • Dairy industries.
• Seasoning of wood and timber.
• Heating • Textile industries.
• Drying • Fruits and Vegetables solar dryer.
• Solar hot air generation.
• Moisture removal • Solar Fish Dryer.
• Hot-air recirculation • Paper.
• Pharmaceutical.
• Temperature control

FOOD PRODUCTS
Fig 14. Various stages during grape drying [14]
Fig 13. Commercial production of some agricultural products in Thailand using

“Parabolic Solar Dome”: (A) Dragon fruit; (B) Lotus flowers; (C) Coffee beans;
(D) Kaempferia parviflora (Thai black ginger); (E) Lingzhi mushroom; (F) Chili;
(G) Pork meat; (H) Fish; and (I) Rice crackers [13]

TYPES OF SOLAR DRYER
SOLAR DRYER
DIRECT SOLAR INDIRECT MIXED MODE HYBRID SOLAR

DRYER SOLAR DRYER SOLAR DRYING DRYERS
Fig 15. Forced air solar dryer [15]

TYPES OF SOLAR DRYER [16]
DIRECT SOLAR DRYER
The material to be dried is placed in a transparent enclosure of glass or transparent plastic. The sun
heats the material to be dried, and heat also builds up within the enclosure due to the ‘greenhouse
Fig 16. Direct Solar Dryer [17]
effect’.
INDIRECT SOLAR DRYER
The sun does not act directly on the material to be dried thus making them useful in
the preparation of those crops whose vitamin content can be destroyed by sunlight. The products
are dried by hot air heated elsewhere by the sun.
Fig 17. Indirect Solar Dryer [18]
MIXED MODE SOLAR DRYERS

The combined action of the solar radiation incident on the material to be dried and the air
preheated in solar collector provides the heat required for the drying operation.
HYBRID SOLAR DRYERS Fig 18. Mixed Mode Solar Dryers [19]
Although the sun is used to dry products, other technologies are also used to cause air movement
in the dryers. For example, fans powered by solar PV can be used in these types of dryers.
Fig 19. Hybrid Solar Dryers [20]

ADVANTAGES [14]
 A solar dryer can provide a faster drying period. By trapping heated air in an enclosed place.
 A solar dryer can secure a higher air temperature for the drying process than drying in an open-air condition.
 The drying process can also be shortened by applying a thermal energy storage facility which will help to supply heat energy
during off sunshine hours.
 Drying using a solar dryer is efficient since the process takes a shorter drying period while reducing waste production.
 A more significant percentage of quality dried crops can be produced.
 The enclosed drying surrounding can avoid attacks from the animals and It prevent the growth of micro-organisms ( bacteria,
yeasts, fungus).
 The nutritional value, such as vitamins and proteins, can be maintained by drying products at an optimum temperature.
• Early harvest • A higher price a few months after harvest

• Planning of the harvest season • The availability of seeds
• Long-term storage without deterioration • Selling a better quality product

REASONS FOR LIMITED USE IN INDIA [14]
 High capital cost of installation i.e. solar panels, insulation, building.
 Lack of government incentive to encourage the use of new technology.
 No premium price is given for better quality product dried using solar drying.
 Farmers are reluctant to learn new technique and replace the conventional one that has been used for decades.
 Difficulties in getting spare parts and lack of skilled personnel for periodic main tenancies job.
 Limited funding to carry out continuous and follow up extension work to promote the use of solar dryers.
DRYING REQUIREMENTS
• Temperature • Sun Light

• Humidity • Bulk density
• Pressure • Turning intervals
• Time • Velocity of air in contact
• Size and Shape • Thickness of the layer

VARIOUS METHODS OF DRYING
Fig 20. Various Methods of Drying Based on Heat Transfer Modes [11]
Fig 21. Solar cabinet dryer with open cover [21]

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSD & SOLAR DRYING [14]
Open Sun Drying Solar Drying
Traditional method More recent invention
Delayed drying Fast drying
Problems of contamination by birds, insects, etc. No contamination
Less hygienic & less clean Highly hygienic & very clean
Inferior quality products Best quality products
May not meet GMP Meets GMP requirements
Drying possible only on sunny days Drying possible on all days including cloudy and rainy days
with electrical backup
Poor sensory qualities to products - Highly acceptable sensory qualities to products -attractive
Appearance/Color & Textures appearance, color & Texture
Uneven drying Even/Uniform drying
More nutrient loss Better nutrient retention
Low profit margins Best profit margins due to quality products
Space required is higher Low space required

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSD & SOLAR DRYING [14]
Fig 22. Actual Model Setup [22] Fig 23. Comparison of open sun and solar dryer after Fig 24. Moisture percent removal
every 20 minutes [22] vs time [22]

ECONOMICAL VALUE [23]
Solar Dryer Add Economical Value to Fruits and Vegetables.
Fresh Tomatoes Dried Tomatoes Packed Dried Tomatoes
₹30/Kg ₹150/Kg ₹250 - 300/Kg
Fig 25. Tomatoes in Market [23]

ECONOMICAL VALUE [23]
• Selling price of dried food product is 2-3 times more than the non-dried food products.
• Life of dried food product increases dramatically.
• E.g. 15 days of non-dried food product to on an average of 1.5 years of dried food product.
• The dried food is supplied in to the countries where agriculture production is less from countries such as
India.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• In dried food product the is only 30% drop in the nutritional value of food product.

AVAILABLE SOLAR DRYERS IN INDIA
Solar Dryers For Agri Crops And Herbs by URJA MANDAL
1 ] Capacity: - 3 Kg [25]
• Air Heating Area - 0.5 sq. meter
• Operating Temperature - 50 to 70°C
Fig 26. 3 Kg Dryer [25]
• Price: - ₹ 4490
2 ] Capacity: - 10 Kg [26]
• Air Heating Area- 2 sq. meter
• Price: - ₹14,990 Fig 27. 10 Kg Dryer [26]
Multipurpose Solar Dryer by RUDRA SOLAR ENERGY [27]

3 ] Capacity: - 50 KG
• Air Heating Area - 36 sq. feet
• Operating Temperature - 55 TO 75°C
LITERATURE REVIEW

DIRECT SOLAR DRYER
SR PRODUCT & YEAR REMARKS
NO.
1 Mango Moisture content reduced from 95% to 13% in 12 sunshine hours. [28]
(1985)
2 Mango Dryer had a collector area of 16.8 . They dried 195.2 kg of [29]
(1999) fresh mangoes from 81.4% to 10% wet basis.
3 Food products Dryer equipped with wooden plenum and chimney which were [30]
(2000) accelerated the drying rate 5 times over the drying.
4 Cassava and sweet banana Moisture content was reduced from 80% to 13%. They concluded [31]
(2007) that the drying rate increases with drying air temperature and drying
air mass flow.
5 Prospect & Future of Solar drier The objective of this paper is the design and performance analysis of [32]
(2011) different types of solar dryer.
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DIRECT SOLAR DRYER
NO.
6 Review on development of solar drying They review the role of the drying system in industry and agriculture, [33]
applications the energy consumption capacity, and the availability of the required
(2013) energy for the products to be dried.
7 Tomato, okra and carrot For tomato, okra and carrot dryers achieved 54.55, 52.88 and [34]
(2014) 50.98 percent gain in drying time and 21.80%, 21.18% and 24.95%
system drying efficiencies respectively.
8 Solar drying technology: A Review For drying the food in the various techniques of food drying such as – [35]
(2015) (1)Direct food drying (2)Indirect food drying.
9 Review on direct solar dryers This paper is focused on direct type solar dryers. On its various [36]
(2015) design and modification.
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DIRECT SOLAR DRYER
NO.
10 Tomatoes They had a performance of a newly designed solar dryer for [37]
(2016) drying osmotically dehydrated cherry tomatoes. This solar dryer
consists of a heat exchanger, water type solar collector, water type
heat storage unit and drying cabinet.
11 Design and Construction of Solar Dryer Performance of existing solar food dryers and still be improved upon [38]
for Drying Agricultural Products especially in the aspect of reducing the drying time and probably
(2017) storage of heat energy within the system.
12 Cassava chips The performance investigation of a solar dryer (SD) and a solar [39]
(2017) assisted heat pump dryer (SAHPD) for drying of cassava chips. The
average Coefficient of Performance of the heat pump was 3.38 in a
range of 3.23 to 3.47.
13 Coffee beans The solar greenhouse dryer investigated for a thin layer of [40]
(2020) coffee beans dehumidification with hot water storage. The thermal
energy in the form of hot water can be used and reused at a time of
sunset.
26/103
NO.
1 Maize The dryer consisted of a single glazed passive solar air heater with 1 m2 single flat-plate [41]
(1981) collector. Moisture content reduced from 20% to 12% within 3 days and has capacity 90 kg.
2 Sliced Pineapple Solar dryer integrated with collector storage and biomass-backup heaters. Moisture pickup [42]
(2007) efficiency was 13% in solar-biomass modes of operation.
3 Onion slices Moisture content reduces from 86% to 7% (wet basis). They concluded that by doing [43]
(2007) recirculation of exhaust air, the maximum saving in total energy up to 70.7% was
achieved and energy required per unit mass of water removed was found between 12.040
and 38.777 MJ/kg water.
4 Bitter gourd Moisture content reduced from 95%, to 5% within 6 h with 4 kg capacity. 1kg of bitter [44]
(2008) gourd as Rs. 17.52, while, in case of an electric dryer it was Rs. 41.35.
27/103
NO.
5 Pepper, yam Chips Average air velocity and daylight and efficiency was 1.62 m/s and 46.7%. The maximum [45]
(2008) drying air temperatures was found to be 64oC inside the dryer. The weight losses were
obtained 80% to55% in the drying of pepper and yam chips, respectively.
6 Papad Collector efficiency without load was enhanced from 40.0% to 58.5%. They dried papad to a [46]
(2011) moisture content of 12 in 5 h. dryer has collector area of 1.8 and loading capacity of 3.46 kg.
7 Sunflower seed They compared the results of the physical model and the mathematical model and concluded [47]
(2011) that the percentage of the avg error and the standard deviation for the dryer thermal
efficiency was 0.78% and 1.33%, respectively.
8 Marine products The collector, drying system and pick-up efficiencies are found to be 35, 27 and 95 %, [48]
(2011) respectively. Moisture reduced from 90 % to 10 % in 15 h.
9 Sliced Cabbage Moisture content reduced from 95% to 9% in five days. The overall dryer efficiency [49]
(2012) was 17.68%, with a moisture extraction efficiency of 79.15% and airflow of 9.68 m3 /hr.
28/103
NO.
10 Hill food products The solar dryer of 25kg capacity was attached with a solar cell for running the fan. Bulbs [50]
(2012) were also provided in the solar collector for heating air during cloudy days, evenings
and mornings for faster drying, thereby reducing the drying time.
11 Food products Collector efficiency to be 46.4% while system efficiency was 78.73%. The collector had [51]
(2013) moisture removal efficiency of 77.5% that was achieved in 20 hours.
29/103
MIXED-MODE SOLAR DRYER
NO.
1 Red chili The dryer consists of (1.air inlet;2.fan;3.solar module;4.solar collector;5.side metal [52]
(2005) frame;6.outlet of the Collector;7.wooden support; 8.plastic net;9.roof
structure;10.base structure for supporting The dryer;11.rolling bar;12,outlet of the
drying tunnel). Moisture content was reduced from 2.85to 0.05 kg/kg(db.) in 20°C.
2 Crops Collector area of 42.4 and expected drying efficiency of 12.5%. Under average [53]
(2006) ambient conditions of 28.2 and 72.1% relative humidity with solar irradiance of
340.4W/m2, a drying time of 35.5 h was realized and the drying efficiency was
evaluated as 12.3%.
3 Yam chips The drying rate, collector efficiency and percentage of moist removed (dry basis) for [54]
(2008) drying yam chips were 0.62 kgh-1, 57.5 and 85.4% respectively. The temperature
rise inside the drying cabinet was up to 24°C.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
SR PRODUCT & REMARKS
NO. YEAR
1 Tobacco leaves The loading capacity of the dryer was 1000 kg. The results indicated that solar energy accounted [14]
(1995) for 25–30% of the total energy consumed.
2 Tea Solar dryer with the V Groove type solar collectors, The fresh tea leaves are dried from an [14]
(2000) initial moisture content of 87% (wet basis) to 54% (wet basis) at a drying temperature of
50ºC and flow rate of 15.1 m3/min.
3 Tea The total energy required to maintain a drying chamber temperature of 50ºC is 60.2 kWh. The [14]
(2003) auxiliary energy contribution is 17.6 kWh. Hence, solar energy contributes 42.6 kWh during the
process and contributes approximately 70.2% of the overall energy requirement.
4 Turmeric Open sun drying had taken 11 days to dry the rhizomes while solar biomass drier hybrid took [14]
rhizomes only 1.5 days.
(2006)
31/103
HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
5 Onion slices Onion slices dried from initial moisture content of about 86% (w.b.) to final moisture content of [54]
(2007) about 7% (w.b.), The maximum savings in total energy up to 70.7% can be achieved with
recycling of the hot exhaust air.
6 Pineapple The dryer reduced the moisture content of pineapple slices from about 66% to 11% (d.b.) and [54]
(2007) yielded a nutritious dried product. The average values of the final-day moisture pickup efficiency
were 15%, 11% and 13% in the solar, biomass and solar–biomass modes of operation,
respectively.
7 Banana slices The dryer has 1.50 m of length, 1.20 m of width and 0.20 m of internal height. The [55]
(2007) drying chamber has 0.90 m of length, 1.20m of width and 0.96 m of height. The auxiliary heating
system is composed of 20 incandescent lamps of 100 W each. Diameter chimney was 0.20 m,
eight trays (0.74 m x 0.52 m) were put inside the drying chamber, corresponding to an area
of 3.08 m2.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
8 Fresh sliced This paper describes the design considerations followed and presents the results of calculations of [56]
mango design parameters. A minimum of 16.8m2 solar collector area is required to dry a batch of 100kg
(2007) sliced mango (195.2kg fresh mango at 51.22% pulp) in 20hours (two days drying period). The
initial and final moisture content considered were 81.4% and 10% wet basis, respectively. The
average ambient conditions are 30ºC air temperature and 15% relative humidity with daily global
solar radiation incident on horizontal surface of about 20MJ/m2/day.
9 Cashew nut The system is capable of attaining drying temperature between 50ºC and 70ºC. Moisture content [57]
(2007) reduced from 9% to 3% is achieved within 7 hours and the average system efficiency is estimated
as 5.08%.
10 Banana slices The efficiency of the solar dryer was raised by recycling about 65% of the drying air in the solar [58]
(2010) dryer. The capacity of the dryer was to dry 30 kg of banana slices in 8 hrs. in sunny day from
moisture content of 82% to t 18% (wb).
33/103
HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
11 Fish For the analysis purpose different types of solar dryers were designed. The study shows the [59]
(2012) drying rate obtained by the natural convection solar dryer is not satisfactory An indirect heating
natural convection solar dryer was constructed and evaluated. The system consists of 1.83 m long
90.91 m wide 90.34 m high natural convection aluminum solar air heater coupled to an all-round
insulated drying chamber. The latter measured 1 m 9 1 m 9 2 m high and was provided with 6
vertically stacked trays, each capable of holding up to 7.84 kg of paddy of 2.54 cm deep. Also for
different types of solar dryer the temperature of 74°C was achieved and in some cases the
temperature of a dryer was above the simulations.
12 Grape, Carrot & This case study is adapted from research work carried out in Advanced Drying Lab, Mumbai, [14]
Garlic India. A solar cabinet dryer (M/s NRG Technologies, Baroda, India) is used for drying of garlic
(2012) slices. The solar cabinet dryer has 32 number of perforated aluminum trays. Each tray is having
area of 0.46 m2 with raw material loading density 4 kg/m2 in the cabinet. The air was heated by
non-tracing solar collector panel with 40 m2 collector area and the heated air was distributed in
drying chamber by a blower fitted in a duct located at the left side of cabinet. The air velocity, air
temperature and relative humidity in the cabinet were in the range 0.9-1.0 m/s, 53-57°C and 35-
45%, respectively.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
13 Banana The main object of the present invention is to provide an improved solar dryer with an enhanced [60]
(2012) efficiency of drying. Another object of the present invention is to provide the solar reflectors to
enhance the solar insolation on the collector and, consequently, the drying air temperature. Yet
another object of the present invention is to provide a foldable reflector assembly on the drying
cabinet which enables the unit to be operated in direct or indirect mode. Yet another object of the
present invention is to provide forced air convection through DC fans at the inlet and outlet
points. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide synchronization the fan speed,
and consequently, the mass flow rate of air with the solar radiation incident on the solar dryer.
14 Saffron The effect of air mass flow rate at three levels (0.008, 0.012, and 0.016 kg/s), drying air [61]
(2012) temperature at three levels (40, 50, and 60C), and two different dryer modes (with and without
the heat pump unit) on the operating parameters of the dryer was investigated. Applying a heat
pump with the dryer led to a reduction in the drying time and energy consumption and an
increase in electrical efficiency of the solar collector. The average total energy consumption was
reduced by 33% when the dryer was equipped with a heat pump. Maximum values for electrical
and thermal efficiency of the solar collector were found to be 10.8 and 28%, respectively.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
15 Maize The design and construction of a domestic passive solar dryer. The dryer is composed of solar [62]
(2012) collector (air heater) and a solar drying chamber constraining rack of three cloth (net) trays both
being integrated together. The air allowed in through air inlet is heated up in the solar collector
and channeled through the drying chamber where it is utilized in drying. Available material were
used for the construction, chiefly comprising of wood (gmelina), glass, aluminum metal sheet,
copper and net cloth for the trays. The optimum temperature of the dryer is 50.50°C with a
corresponding ambient temperature of 34.50°C. The moisture content removal of 43.2% and
40.6% in maize and plantain respectively using the solar dryer was achieved as against 28.2%
and 27.89% in maize.
16 Yam chips Maximum tray temperature of 53°C. An optimal drying rate of 0.0142 kg/hr was achieved with [63]
(2013) the combined solar and biomass dryer, compared to the lower drying rate of 0.00732 kg/h for the
solar drying and 0.0032 kg/h for the biomass drying.
17 Tomato Dryer has 3 m2 solar panel and electric resistances. At the outlet of the tray dryer 80 or 90% of [64]
(2014) the air was recycled and the air temperature was adjusted 50 or 60ºC. The solar energy input
resulted in 6.6-12.5% energy saving.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
18 Cashew nut The system is capable of attaining drying temperature between 50ºC and 70ºC. Moisture content [65]
reduced from9% to 3% is achieved within 7 hours and the average system efficiency is estimated
as 5.08%.
19 Pineapple and An indirect type solar dryer integrated with a charcoal burning stove that can be used for drying [66]
Mango fruits was designed, constructed and evaluated. The study mainly tried to address the problem
(2015) associated with the fact that solar dryers are efficiently operational only when there is sufficient
solar energy. The dryer mainly consists of a solar collector panel, drying chamber, chimney and a
charcoal stove. The solar collector is made up of 5 mm thickness single layer glass, 2 mm black
painted aluminum absorber plate and 3 mm fiber glass insulation which is enclosed in a casing
made from wood. The drying chamber is made from plywood with 2 cm thickness. Galvanized
metal sheet of 1 mm thickness was rolled and welded to make the chimney. Different tests were
carried out in order to evaluate the performance of the dryer. No load test, i.e. test without
keeping any material to be dried, was performed and it indicated temperature could rise up to
53.3 ºC in the dryer. Average collector temperature recorded was 56.4 ºC. In the evening, the
dryer temperature was kept above the ambient and collector temperature by burning charcoal
using the backup stove. As a result, after three hours of heat supply the drying temperature
reached 50.8 ºC.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
20 Tomato This research paper shows the study on different types of drying techniques were discussed. Also, [67]
(2017) the research gaps were found and in overcame this gaps the mixed mode solar dryer was
designed. The dryer consist of solar collector, drying chamber, solar collector and solar
photovoltaic system. The maximum temperature achieved by the dryer was 40.1 °C. Result shows
the dryer can reduce moisture content of tomato from 95% to 14% in 45 hours.
21 Mint leaves The low cost solar dryer was designed for drying of mint leaves collector material used was U.V [68]
(2019) stabilized polycarbonate sheet of capacity of up to 2.3 kg the initial moisture content was 81.25%
and was reduced to 10.34 %. The temperature obtained by the dryer was 69 °C and maximum
tray temperature was obtained to be 79 °C at no load condition and 72 °C in load condition. The
time taken by mint leaves to dry was found to be 380 mins. The efficiency was drying was found
to be good.
22 Fresh scotch In this project, a solar dryer was designed, constructed and its performance was evaluated. The [69]
bonnet pepper dryer dimensions are 1000mm by 410mm by 700mm. The inner part of the dryer compartment
(2019) was lagged with aluminum foil to act as an insulator. The solar collector made of galvanized
sheet and the glass on top of it have an area of 800mm by 380mm. Fresh scotch bonnet pepper
was used as the produce of choice.
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HYBRID SOLAR DRYER
NO. YEAR
The pepper was dried in 2 experiments for 3 weeks each. 200g of pepper was used and weighed
to measure weight loss periodically. Temperature and humidity of the drying chamber and the
surrounding were measured with data loggers throughout the periods of the experiments. The
results showed that the ambient temperature during the experiments was higher than the
temperature of the drying chamber in the early hours of the morning between 4am and 10am.
During every other period, the temperature in the drying chambers was higher than the ambient
temperature. An average moisture content of 81.3%w.b. was removed from the pepper during the
experiments. The average efficiency of the dryer was 28.4%.
CONCLUSIONS

The hybrid dryer discussed in these papers is a practical technology which can be used to dry various crops under all weather
conditions. Temperatures in the drying cabinet can be expected to range between 40 to 70 ºC. The hybrid dryer produces a better
quality product and can reduce the drying time by up to 50 to 70 % compared to traditional drying.

OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW
 In the papers the authors reviewed, recent innovative techniques which are used for developments of different types like direct,
indirect, mixed mode, and Hybrid solar dryers are discussed.
 From the duration of previous two to three decades lots of researchers have designed and developed efficient solar collectors,
drying chambers, solar dryers.
 We have focused on the fruits and vegetables solar dryer in agriculture and for domestic uses.
 To minimize food losses many solar dryers are designed and developed across world according to climate and location too.
 We have also seen development and research in the areas of relative humidity, a drying time, loading capacity, etc. Which lead
to the increase in the performance and efficiency of solar dryer.
 Farmers or anyone in need of solar dryers can use the locally available material for construction of solar dryers.
FUTURE SCOPE
FUTURE SCOPE
• Use of transparent PV module (10% efficiency).
• Addition of solar panels.
• Night PV module.
• A solenoid valve can be attached at the recirculation duct.

SUMMARY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRYERS [66]

RESEARCH GAP
Dryer Gaps
Direct • Longer drying period when used during wet season.
Indirect • Corrosion of tools used to construct the drier affecting its modification.
• Difficulty in handling and moving the dryer due to large size.
Mixed Mode • Drier sometimes not completely rely on renewable energy source.
• Difficult to control and good for large scale application only.
Hybrid • Higher cost of construction.
• Insulation problems.

RESEARCH GAP
• The dehydration process is interrupted at low insolation or at night when solar radiation is unavailable, resulting in a bad
quality of the dried product.
• Less efficiency as compared with modern dryer with energy source as fossil fuels and electricity.
• A backup heating system is necessary for products require continuous drying.
• Initial capital investment for solar dryer is too high.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
To design economic and efficient Solar dryer for domestic purposes.
EXPERIMENTS
• Performance analysis of solar dryer using various absorber materials and different air flow rate to increase efficiency.
(BUT SHOULD FOLLOW DESIGN CRITERION)

AIM
Design And Development Of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applications.
OBJECTIVES
• To apply the concept of the solar dryer and build a solar dryer for domestic/household application.
• Providing a backup heating system which is necessary for products for having continuous drying.
• To design an efficient solar dryer.
• To design a cost-effective solar dryer.
• To do performance analysis on a solar dryer.

MATERIALS LIST [66]
Fig 29. Solar dryer
Fig 31. (a) Schematic of the airflow inside the

Fig 30. Schematic Of Photovoltaic/Thermal Dryer proposed indirect system,
[71] (b) The rear side view of the indirect solar dryer
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 [70] 46/71
45/103
METHODOLOGY
START
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Need of dryers
• Various methods of drying
• Basics of solar drying technique
• Various types of solar dryers
• Design of solar dryers
• Performance analysis of solar
dryers
• Cost estimation and payback
period
Identification
of research gaps
Selection of food
products
Framing design criterion
Selection of solar dryers

type
DESIGN OF SOLAR DRYER

• Estimation of moisture removal rate
• Estimation of available solar energy
• Estimation of absorber surface area
• Determination of specifications of all
components
Detailed geometric modeling of all the

components, part drawings, assembly drawing,
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021
bill of materials 47/103
Fabrication of the experimental set up
Performance analysis of the

system
Discussions on commercial
product
Conclusion
END

DESIGN CRITERION
This is our designing criteria of hybrid solar dryers for domestic applications.
1. Fabrication Cost
2. Space and Volume
3. Assembly and Disassembly
4. Portability
5. Ease of Fabrication
6. Weight
7. Corrosion Resistance
8. Mechanical Properties
9. Maintenance
10. Reliability
11. Durability
12. Footprint Area

DESIGN DETAILS
DESIGN OF SOLAR DRYER ELECTRICAL DESIGN

• Estimation of moisture removal rate • Air flow requirements for the fans
• Estimation of available solar energy • Sizing the resistive element
• Estimation of absorber surface area • Sizing the Photovoltaic solar system components
• Determination of specifications of all components
STRUCTURAL DESIGN IDENTIFIED PERFORMANCE PARAMETER

• Tilt angle and insolation assessment • Absorber coating material
• Computation of moisture to be expelled • Flow rate or Velocity of Drying Air
• Quantity of air needed for drying • Relative Humidity
• Heat energy required for drying • Temperature in dryer
• Total solar collector area • Drying Layer Thickness

SELECTION OF SOLAR DRYERS TYPE [72][73]
We choose HYBRID SOLAR DRYERS for domestic applications and its reasons are as follows:
 Color and Aroma remain intact.
 Higher drying temperatures result in shorter drying times and the ability to dry to lower final moisture content.
 Protection from contamination by dust and from rain showers.
 Total independence from weather conditions.
 Better control of the drying process.
 Food is not exposed to direct rays of the sun, which reduces the loss of colour and vitamins.
 High hygiene standards (no dust, no pollution, no fungus, no animals, no foreign materials, etc).
 Higher durability and transparency over time (important for green-house effect).
 UV protection of Solar Dryers maintains the colour and nutrients of fruits and vegetables.
 Better product quality (colour, skin, taste).
Fast drying, Small in size, Controllable, etc.

DESIGN OF SOLAR DRYERS [74]
• The moisture content of fresh foods ranges from 20% to 90%. Foods require different levels of dryness for safe storage. For
example: the moisture content of rice must be reduced from 24% to 14% of the total weight.
• Safe storage generally requires reducing the moisture content to below 20% for fruits, 10% for vegetables, and 10-15% for
grains. If food is properly dried, no moisture will be visible when it is cut.
Fig 32. Moisture Content in Parts [74]

FOOD PRODUCTS
Fig 33. Texture changes during different drying methods. (a) dried banana slices i) oven-dried ii) open sun-dried iii)
Solar cabinet dried [75]
Fig 34. Color changes during different drying methods (a) chili (b) apple [75]
FOOD PRODUCTS
Fig 35. Solar Dried Garlic Flakes and Garlic Powder [14]
Fig 36. Solar drying of fenugreek leaves [14]

AIM
Design And Development Of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applications.
OBJECTIVES
• To apply the concept of the solar dryer and build a solar dryer for domestic/household application.
• Providing a backup heating system which is necessary for products for having continuous drying.
• To design an efficient solar dryer.
• To design a cost-effective solar dryer.
• To do performance analysis on a solar dryer.

PROCEDURE
OPEN THE SOLAR DRYER
PUT FOODS IN IT FOR DRYING
TEST THE SOLAR DRYER IN TERMS

DIFFERENT SELECTIVE COATING
AIR VELOCITY OF DRYING TIME AND MOISTURE
MATERIALS
REMOVAL RATE
1. NOTE THE TIME REQUIRED FOR DRYING
2. EFFICIENCY OF DRYER
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
• Let's see calculations in excel
EXCEL LINK
https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=8C4817D6AAB2FED0!8209&ithint=file%2cxlsx&authkey=!AKtmaR016CpscBc
Fig 37. a) 3D flow streamlines inside the domain and (b) 2D streamlines inside the middle plane
of the drying chamber [70]

39 FOOD PRODUCTS
Mushroom Mango Powder Apple Red Bell Pepper Chillies Potato Papad Coriander
Onion Dates Amlas Peaches Coffee Beans Oregano Papaya Guava Slices
Banana Curry Leaves Grapes Cashew Kernel Fishes Black Currants Almonds Blueberries
Cranberries Strawberries Raspberries(red) Pasta, Noodles Cherries Tomato Green Bell Pepper Pumpkin
Aloe vera Basil Neem Tusli Apricot Carrots Spinach etc

POWER REQUIREMENT
2. Moisture content 3. Amount of moisture
1. Name of Food Product
in Percentage removed(Mw)
[89]
5. Quantity of heat required

4. Ct = Specific heat capacity
to remove the moisture (Ea) 6. Power P (KJ/hr)
of product (KJ /KgK)
in KJ (5 kg)
[89]
[89]
QUANTITY OF HEAT REQUIRED
Energy Required
14,000.0
12,000.0
10,000.0
8,000.0
6,000.0
4,000.0
2,000.0
0.0
r r s d r n s s s s o a s a s s l s s s s s ) s s r n a il li t s h
oom de pple ppe illie tato apa nde nio ate mla che ean gan pay lice nan ave ape rne ishe ant ond ries rrie rrie (red dle rrie ato ppe pki ver Bas em Tus rico rrot nac
hr ow A l pe Ch Po P ria O D A Pea e b re Pa va s Ba y le Gr ke F curr lm ber nbe be ies noo he Tom l pe um loe Ne Ap Ca Sp
i
us o p l C o e O a r r e w k A ue a a w r r a , C l P A
M ng
a be C off Gu Cu sh l ac Bl Cr Str pbe ast be
d a B s P n
M Re C
Ra ee
Gr
Quantity of heat required to remove the moisture (Ea) in KJ (5 kg)
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 X-Axis : Food Product, Y-Axis : Energy Required(KJ) 60/103
POWER (P) IN KJ/hr
Power Required
800.000
700.000
600.000
500.000
400.000
300.000
200.000
100.000
0.000
r r s d r n s s s s o a s a s s l s s s s s ) s s r n a il li t s h
oom de pple ppe illie tato apa nde nio ate mla che ean gan pay lice nan ave ape rne ishe ant ond ries rrie rrie (red dle rrie ato ppe pki ver Bas em Tus rico rrot nac
r w A pe Ch Po P ria D a s e r e r r o
F ur lm be be be ies no he om pe um oe e i
h
us o p
o
l l o
O A e e b re Pa a Ba
P e O v r yl G wk c A ue an aw rr a, C T ll P Al
N Ap Ca Sp
e C ff a r e k e
M ng
a d
b Co Gu Cu as
h
la
c Bl Cr Str pbe ast n
b
M e C B s P e
R Ra Gr
e
Power in KJ/hr
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 X-Axis : Food Product, Y-Axis : Power(KJ/hr) 61/103
The angle of incidence θi
The zenith angle θz
The solar altitude angle αa
The slope β
The surface azimuth angle ɣ
The solar azimuth angle ɣS
Fig 38. Illustration of angles [6]

OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE CALCULATIONS
2. Using The Following 3. β - Inclination of Solar
1. Declination Angle δ°
Formulas Collector and PV Module
21.166 o
[6]
[6]
[6]
SOLAR COLLECTOR CALCULATIONS
2. β - Inclination of Solar 3. Angle of Incidence of
1. Zenith Angle θz
Collector and PV Module Beam Radiation
21.166 o
[6]
4. ASHRAE Model 5. IT Model 6. Flux on Tilted Surface
6. AVG IT OF WHOLE
YEAR = 3477.895 KJ/m2hr
[6]
[6]
ZENITH ANGLE θz
Angle of Incidence of Beam Radiation at 11 AM Angle of Incidence of Beam Radiation at 12 PM

50.00 50.00
45.00 45.00
40.00 40.00
35.00 35.00
30.00 30.00
25.00 25.00
20.00 20.00
15.00 15.00
10.00 10.00
5.00 5.00
0.00 0.00
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113129145161177193209225241257273289305321337353 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 257 273 289 305 321 337 353
θz in Degrees θz in Degrees
X-Axis : No. Of Day, Y-Axis : Degrees

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE θi
Angle of Incidence of Beam Radiation at 12 PM
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 201 209 217 225 233 241 249 257 265 273 281 289 297 305 313 321 329 337 345 353 361
θi in Degrees
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 X-Axis : No. Of Day, Y-Axis : Degrees 66/103
SUN'S RADIATION IN KJ/m2hr
Flux on Tilted Surface
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 201 209 217 225 233 241 249 257 265 273 281 289 297 305 313 321 329 337 345 353 361
At 8 AM At 9 AM At 10 AM At 11 AM At 12 PM At 1 PM At 2 PM At 3 PM At 9 PM
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 X-Axis : No. Of Day, Y-Axis : Solar Irradiance(KJ/m 2hr) 67/103
SOLAR COLLECTOR AREA [6]
Solar collector efficiency is Solar irradiance is 3477.895 Solar collector area came to
35%. KJ/m2hr. be 1 m2.
Power Required
Drying
Solar Collector =
Area
35% of Solar
Irradiance

SOLAR COLLECTOR MATERIALS
Different Absorbing Material for Absorber Absorber Material Property
Thermal conductivity
Absorber Material Absorptivity Availability
Sr. No Material Absorptivity K (W/mk)
Aluminum 205 0.15 Easy

1 Black paint 0.98
Tin 67 0.65 Easy
2 Cu Powder 0.84
Concrete 1.73 0.6 Easy
3 Graphite powder 0.64

Black Paint
__ 0.98 Easy
(Non-Glowing)
4 Silicon carbide 0.92-0.94

FAN / BLOWER CALCULATIONS
1. Mass flow rate in Kg/s 2. Volumetric flow rate 3. Enthalpy of dry air
[89]
[89]
[89]
4. Total energy required
[89]
FAN / BLOWER CALCULATIONS

COMPONENTS
[89]
Group No. 15 72/103

INSULATION
[89]

CAD MODEL
Fig 39. Top view Fig 40. Front view

CAD MODEL
Fig 42. Side view Fig 43. Back view

CAD MODEL
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 Fig 44. Isometric view 76/103
CAD MODEL
Fig 45. Dimensions

SIMULATION
Convective Heat Transfer Simulation
OLD DESIGN
Fig 46. Velocity variation inside a dryer Fig 47. Temperature variation inside a dryer

SIMULATION
NEW DESIGN
Fig 48. Velocity variation inside a dryer Fig 49. Temperature variation inside a dryer

BILL OF MATERIALS
Sr no. Component Material Used Quantity Unit Price Amount
1 Collector Aluminium 11 700 7700 Material Used Unit price Quantity Amount
Copper 3,150 11 34650
2 Drying Cabinet Aluminium
Copper 3,150
Glass 30/ft 2
1170
3 Tray Aluminium Net 7 32/ft2 809 Copper 2600 7 18200
4 Black Paint 1 275 275

ALTERNATE DESIGN PRICE
5 Steel Rods Steel 4 513 2052
(Al to Cu)
6 Electric Fan 1 200 200
7 PV Module 1 1800 1800
8 Battery 1 2900 2900
9 ADC Adapter 1 240 240
10 Nichrome Wire Nichrome 1 80 80
Solar Charge
11 1 600 600
Controller
TOTAL : RS. 18,000
Total : Rs. 17925

COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION
Sr no. Component Specifications
1 Aluminium [76] 300 X 300 X 2 mm
2 Glass [77] 304.8 X 304.8 X 4 mm
3 Tray [78] 304.8 X 304.8 X 2 mm
4 Black Paint [79] Black Acrylic Paint 300ml
5 Steel Rods [80] Diameter : 8mm
Length : 1000mm
6 Electric Fan [81] Operating Voltage: 12VDC
Power Consumption: 1.44 W
7 PV Module [82] 430 X 670 X 22 mm
50 Watt 12 Volt Mono PERC
8 Battery [83] 255 x 170 x 235 mm
20Ah 12 Volt
9 ADC Adapter [84] 2.1 X 5.5 mm 12 Volt 2 Amp
10 Nichrome Wire [85] 3m
11 Solar Charge Controller [86] 150 X 78 X 35 mm
12-24 V 30 A

COMPONENTS
Fig 50. Aluminium sheet [76] Fig 51. Glass [77] Fig 52. Aluminium net [78]
Fig 53. Black paint [79] Fig 54. Stell rods [80] Fig 55. Fan [81]

COMPONENTS
Fig 56. Solar panel [82] Fig 57. Nichrome wire [85] Fig 58. Copper sheet [87] Fig 59. Copper net [88]
Fig 60. 12 V Adapter [84] Fig 61. Solar charge controller Fig 62. Battery [83]
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021
[86] 83/103
SOLAR DRYER FOR FARMERS / SELLERS
The payback period

is the time you need to
recover the cost of your
investment
Fig 63. Packed dried tomatoes Fig 64. Solar dryer Payback Period =
Initial investment/
Cash flow per time
1 KG FOR ₹ 250 – 300 1 SOLAR DRYER FOR
10KG FOR ₹ 2,500 ₹ 18,000
PP = (18000 X 3)/
10 KG PRODUCTION
2500
PER 3 DAYS
PP = 21.6 Days
FARMER CAN GET RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN

JUST 22 DAYS.
OTHER LOCATIONS
Location where are Solar dryer will work in most optimal way  Surat, India 21.19 N, 72.83 E
 Cancún, Mexico  Bombay, India 19.0 N, 72.48 E
21.17 N, -86.84 E
 León de los Aldama, Mexico  Calcutta, India 22.34 N, 88.24 E

21.12 N, -101.67 E
Zhongshan, China
21.31 N, 110.57 E
 Honolulu, United States
21.30 N, -157.85 E
 Canton, China
23.7 N, 113.15 E
 Havana, Cuba
23.8 N, 82.23 W
 Hong Kong, China
22.20 N, 114.11 E
 Johannesburg, South Africa
26.12 S, 28.4 E
 Kingston, Jamaica
17.59 N, 76.49 W
 La Paz, Bolivia
16.27 S, 68.22 W
 Mazatlán, Mexico
23.12 N, 106.25 W
 Mexico City, Mexico
19.26 N, 99.7 W
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
22.57 S, 43.12 W
Group No. 15 | Solar Dryer | 1/11/2021 Fig 65. India's map [90] 85/103
DISCUSSIONS ON COMMERCIAL PRODUCT
Solar Dryers For Agri Crops And Herbs by URJA MANDAL
1 ] Capacity: - 3 Kg [25]
• Air Heating Area - 0.5 sq. meter
• Price: - ₹ 4490
2 ] Capacity: - 10 Kg [26]
• Air Heating Area- 2 sq. meter
Multipurpose Solar Dryer by RUDRA SOLAR ENERGY [27]

• Air Heating Area - 36 sq. feet
• Price: - ₹62,500 Fig 0. S Fig 68. 50 Kg Dryer [27]
Group No. 15 86/103
Solar Dryer for Mushroom by RUDRA SOLAR ENERGY
• Price: - ₹16,000
• Power: - 3 Watt for fan
Solar Dryer With Fan by ECO

• Air Heating Area - 4 ft x 3 ft
• Price: - ₹15,000
Group No. 15 87/103

 Solar Dryers exist in many different designs. Originally these dryers are 20m long. Some people adapted them to a size of
2mx1m for the use in private gardens and for the starting phase of solar drying projects.
 Solar dryers are designed in compliance with international industry standards and norms. The solar dryers that are made find
usability in various industries and sectors.
 India is one of the hungriest countries in the world–yet it wastes a huge amount of food. Production of vegetables and fruit
totals about 220 million tons a year. About 30% of that never reaches the table.
 The main reason for this waste is a lack of storage infrastructure, particularly at harvest-time. Without electricity or electric
freezers, farmers have to sell everything immediately, which inevitably means it’s not sold at all.
 Domestic solar dryer is intended for the small landholder or a family. With a capacity of 10 - 20 kg of sliced wet fruit or
vegetables, depending on type of fruit and numerous other factors, this dryer is ideal for high-quality natural preservation in a
micro-enterprise setting. Depending on size of dryer multiple units provide a significant commercial production volume at a
cost which remains economical and substantially lower than large commercial solar dryers.
 Additionally, this system will be of interest to entrepreneurs looking to provide dried food products in markets where food
security is not an issue. The very low production costs associated with dried foods make this method highly cost-competitive
compared with foods preserved through other methods.
 Dried fruits and vegetables are also regarded as premium specialty foods in many markets. In addition, the system can process
many other kinds of food products.
88/103
CONCLUSION
 A hybrid solar-energy dryer using photovoltaic (PV) solar panel to power the heating element coil and charging the battery
which had a storage energy system was developed and constructed with materials readily available in the market.
 The design of dryer is such a way that it is easy to operate and handle.
 The hybrid solar dryer has a modular design with a number of useful features has been developed. These features include
inclined absorber to capture more solar energy, option to dry the product under shade or without shade as per requirement,
heating of air in-between the trays for uniform drying in all the trays, and portable as it can be dismantled during off-season.
 A comprehensive review of the fundamental principles governing the drying process with classification of the practically
realized various designs and selection of solar dryers for drying of agricultural and marine products has been presented.
 The classification clearly illustrates that the solar dryer designs can be grouped systematically according to their operating
temperature ranges, heating sources/modes and operational modes.
 It is difficult to have one single criteria for the selection of a solar dryer for a specific region or a product as solar insolation
and other parameters change frequently with geographical location.
 It was found that the hybrid solar dryer can dry high initial moisture content foods such as tomato, and mango, etc to the
recommended value of moisture content for safe storage within 2 days.

CONCLUSION
 The solar dryer can be used during any time and season as a result of the heat provided using the nichrome wire. Hence, it can
provide a means of preserving agricultural produce that are harvested in the rainy season.
 The use of solar dryers for preservation of various crops is an area of growing interest for the agricultural sector and is
especially useful for small holder farmers.
 Good quality shelf stable products were produced using the hybrid drying method and which performance was influenced by
effective drying time by reducing the period of the drying cycle and relatively higher drying temperature.
 It also proved that the efficiency of agricultural dryers could be increased through the use of a combination of solar and
heating element coil powered by photovoltaic (PV) solar panel, compared to conventional dryers with only solar heating
sources.
 The average collector temperature reached 57.4 oC and that of the dryer reached 63.75oC while the average ambient
temperature was 30.00oC. This indicated that the temperature in the dryer was raised above the ambient temperature creating a
suitable condition for drying.
SOLAR DRYERS ARE A GREAT EXTRA SOURCE OF INCOME FOR FARMERS.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Although being an efficient dryer, there are always scope for further improvements and developments such as by bridging the
communication gap between the solar researchers and food technologists.
 However, some suggested future technical improvements are:
• A solenoid-valve can be attached at both the ends of recirculation duct and being controlled by a programmable humidity
controlled and a humidity sensor, a display panel being set behind the solar dryer, to display the inside the humidity. It will
help in stopping the entering of air, when the amount of moisture in the air exceeds a certain value as this help in proper
drying of food.
• Using transparent PV module for electricity generation.
• Using Night PV module for electricity generation.
• Drying time can be reduced using the same system with heat storage materials and also can be accelerate by using sensible or
latent heat storage media during night time and low intensity solar radiation period.
• River sand can absorber material for the dryer.
• Phase change material can be used.
• Silica Gel or heat exchanger can be used for recirculation of waste heat.
• The gap on the drying chamber where the backup heater is attached should be well covered using insulation material when the
solar dryer is used with only solar energy as a heat source.

REFERENCES
[1] https://www.vikramsolar.com/basics-of-solar-photovoltaic-panels/
[2] https://energypedia.info/wiki/Solar_Drying
[3]https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/weather/photosynthetically-active-radiation/
[4] Om Prakash, Anil Kumar, " Historical Review and Recent Trends in Solar Drying Systems", International Journal of Green
Energy 10(7) (2013)
[5] Serm Janjai, "A greenhouse type solar dryer for small-scale dried food industries: Development and dissemination",
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[6] Book - Solar Energy by Sukhatme
[7] Chandrakumar B Pardhi, Jiwanlal L Bhagoria ," Development and performance evaluation of mixed-mode solar dryer with
forced convection", Pardhi and Bhagoria International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering (2013)
[8] Saloni Spall, V.P. Sethi, "Design, modeling and analysis of efficient multi-rack tray solar cabinet dryer coupled with north wall
reflector", Solar Energy (2020)
[9]
https://aspirationenergy.com/7-reasons-why-solar-dryers-are-better-than-opensundrying/#:~:text=Heat%20intensity%20is%20dou
ble%20than,times%20faster%20than%20sunlight%20heating

REFERENCES
[10] https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/solar-dryer-208767/
[11] https://moisturecontrol.weebly.com/drying-methods.html
[12] https://moisturecontrol.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/5/3/53532707/book_ch5-_dehydration.pdf
[13] Patchimaporn Udomkun , Sebastian Romul, Steffen Schock , Busarakorn Mahayothee , Murat Sarta, Tesfamicheal Wossen ,
Emmanuel Njukwe, Bernard Vanlauwe, joachim Müller, "Review of solar dryers for agricultural products in Asia and Africa: An
innovation landscape approach " ,Journal of Environmental Management (2020)
[14] C.L. Hii, S.V. Jangam, S.P. Ong and A.S. Mujumdar, "Solar Drying: Fundamentals,Applications and Innovations" , ISBN:
978-981-07-3336-0 (2012)
[15] Mahesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sansaniwal, Pankaj Khatak, "Progress in solar dryers for drying
various commodities", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2016)
[16] https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/2251-6832-4-23.pdf
[17] DR Pangavhane, "Review of research and development work on solar dryers for grape drying" Energy conversion and
management 43 (2002)
[18] Ahmed Zoukit, Hicham El Ferouali, Issam Salhi, Said Doubabi ,Naji Abdenouri, "Modeling applied to an indirect solar
dryer operated in both natural and forced convection" Renewable Energy (2018)
[19] M. A. Boda, T. B. Shaikh, S. S. Kale, R. H. Bochare , "Recent Innovative Techniques for Developments of Solar Dryer
(2019)" e-ISSN: 2395-0056 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

REFERENCES
[20] Dronachari M. and Shriramulu, "Application of Different Types Solar Dryers in Agriculture Crops- A Review", International
Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 7 (2): 303-326 (2019)
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Design and Development of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applications

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Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,

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4 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW 40 - 45

7 CAD MODEL & SIMULATION 74 - 79

Fig 0. Solar Drying [2]

Fig 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum [3]

ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE INFRARED

Fig 4.Classification of Methods for Solar Energy Utilization [6]

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FORCED CIRCULATION DRYER

Fig 5. Cabinet Dryer [6] Fig 6. Forced Circulation Dryer [6]

The main benefit of dry food.

 Due to this transportation, handling and storage costs are reduced.

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NEED FOR AIR FLOW

There are two basic mechanisms

Fig 12. Movement of moisture during drying [12]

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BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

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Fig 14. Various stages during grape drying [14]

Fig 13. Commercial production of some agricultural products in Thailand using

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DIRECT SOLAR INDIRECT MIXED MODE HYBRID SOLAR

Fig 15. Forced air solar dryer [15]

MIXED MODE SOLAR DRYERS

Fig 19. Hybrid Solar Dryers [20]

• Early harvest • A higher price a few months after harvest

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• Temperature​ • Sun Light​

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Fig 21. Solar cabinet dryer with open cover [21]

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Fresh Tomatoes Dried Tomatoes Packed Dried Tomatoes

₹30/Kg ₹150/Kg ₹250 - 300/Kg

Fig 25. Tomatoes in Market [23]

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Multipurpose Solar Dryer by RUDRA SOLAR ENERGY [27]

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Direct • Longer drying period when used during wet season.

• Difficulty in handling and moving the dryer due to large size.

• Difficult to control and good for large scale application only.

Hybrid • Higher cost of construction.

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To design economic and efficient Solar dryer for domestic purposes.

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Design And Development Of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applications.

• To design an efficient solar dryer.

• To design a cost-effective solar dryer.

• To do performance analysis on a solar dryer.

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Fig 29. Solar dryer

Fig 31. (a) Schematic of the airflow inside the

Framing design criterion

Selection of solar dryers

DESIGN OF SOLAR DRYER

Detailed geometric modeling of all the

Performance analysis of the

• Temperature • Sun Light