LAS

ER
i
n
 PHYSICS
PROJECT
PRESENTED BY :-
S.No. Roll No. Name
1. 22446 Rahul Gupta
2. 22447 Raj Gahlaut
3. 22448 Ritik Yadav
4. 22449 Rohit Singh
5. 22450 Rudresh Kumar Pandey

Submitted to :- Mr. Kapil Saxena

Sir
 Content Outlines
 What is Laser?
 Historical developments
 Real-life Applications
 Properties of laser
 Principles of Laser
 Einstein’s Coefficients
 Types of Laser
 Laser Applications
 Laser Hazards & Safety
measures
 What is
Laser?

An Acronym for

“ Light Amplification by Stimulated mission of Radiation “

i.e. its a device that generates light by process called

STIMULATED EMISSION of Electromagnetic Radiation.
 Brief History About
laser
Charles H. Townes (1915- 2015 )
,
Born in Greenville, South Carolina

• 1917 : Einstein predicted theoritical foundation for laser and maser via rederivation of Max-Planck’s
radiation. law of
• 1952 Charles H Townes, J. Gorden & H. Zeiger in USA and N. Basov & A. Prokhorov in USSR –
: indepes
nudgeg
netly
sted the principle of generating and amplifying microwave oscillations
based on stimulated radiations.
• 1954 : Invention of Maser [but here maser was unable to produce continuous output]
• 1958 : Dr. Charles Town & Prof Schawlow calculated the conditions for visible laser light
theory of stimulated emission of radiation.
 Townes, Basov and Prokhorov awarded Nobel Prizes for thier work in this field.
At Same time; Basov & Prokhorov independently expanded thier idea about extension of maser concept to
optical program in laser.
Arthur L. Schawlow (1921-99) Born in Mount Vernon, N.Y.
 Laser operate in the ultraviolet,
visible and infrared region

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Development of First
Laser

Theodore Maiman (1927-2007)

Los Angeles, California

 In 1960, Dr.T. H. Maiman for the First time demonstrated the phenomenon of
Laser Action using Ruby Crystal and
 L AS E R I N E VE R Y D A Y L I F
E
Military and Space
Airplanes are
aircraft are equipped
equipped with
with laser guns
laser radar

CD-Rom discs Tattoo removal is

done using lasers Dentists use
are read by lasers
laser drills

Laser tech. is used in printers,

copiers, and scanners
DVD players read
DVD’s using lasers

Bar codes in
CD-Audio is grocery stores are Video game systems such as
read by a laser scanned by lasers PlayStation 2 utilize lasers
 g h t Source Properties of laser
n Li
Com
mo
light

•
– Laser light is concentrated in a narrow range of wavelengths
 Many Wavelenghts •
Multi directonal – All the emitted photons bear a constant phase relationship with
Incoherent each other in both time and phase

•
– laser light is usually low in divergence
 Mechanisms of Light
• Emission
For atomic systems in thermal equilibrium with their
surrounding,
the emission of light is the result of:
•  Absorption
•  And subsequently, spontaneous emission of energy
• There is another process whereby the atom in an upper energy level can 3 processes
• be triggered or stimulated in phase with the an incoming photon. This
• process is:
•  Stimulated emission
•  It is an important process for laser 1. Absorption
action 2.Spontaneous Emissiom
3. Stimulted Emission
Three basic steps :-
 Stimulated Emission
IT IS POINTED OUT BY EINSTEIN THAT :-
1. The atoms must be excited to the higher
state. That is, an
inverted population is needed, one in which
more atoms are
in the upper state than in the lower one, so
that emission of
photons will dominate over absorption.
2. The higher state must be a metastable state – a state
in which the electrons remain longer than usual so
that the transition to the lower state occurs by
stimulated emission rather than spontaneously.
Under thermal
equilibrium
Mean population N1 and N2 in the lower and upper energy levels must remain constant
Condition requires that
Number of transitions from E2 E1 must be equal to the number of
transitions from E1 E2

Number of atoms absorbing photons =

per second per unit volume Number of atoms emitting photons
per second per unit volume

B12 ( ) = A21N2 + B21 ( ) N2

N1
= A21N2 A21N2
( )(B12N1-
B21N2) = A21N2/(B12N1-B21N2)
Major Components:

• Active medium
• Pumping Source
• Mirrors
CLASIFICATION OF
LASERS
RUBY
LASER
HE-NE
LASER
LASER APPLICATIONS
LASER HAZARS & SAFETY
MEASURES