RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

INSTRUCTOR’S MATERIALS
PowerPoint Slides

Chapter - 6

Video

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission. 1
RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Contents
• Analog Video
• Analog Video Signals
• Television Systems
• Video Color Spaces
• Digital Video
• Video Standards
• Digital Video Processing
• Video Recording and Storage
• Video File Formats
• Video Editing Concepts
• Video Processing Software

INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 2

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog Video
• Motion Video
– Set of still images called frames played back at a specific speed called frame rate (frames/sec)
– Persistence of vision of human eye merges frames together creating illusion of motion
– Audio is added and synchronized with apparent movement of images
– Motion picture is recorded on celluloid film while motion video is represented as electrical signals
– Motion video uses camera to capture real-world images, while animation uses synthetic drawings

• Analog Video Camera

– Tube type analog video camera uses electron beams and raster pattern scanning
– Light and color information is converted to electrical signals
– Consists of a vacuum tube with an electron gun and a photosensitive semi-conductor target
element

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 3

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Analog Video
• Analog Video Camera (contd.)
– A lens in front of target element focuses light from object onto the target
– Positive terminal of battery is connected to lens side
– Light falling on target cause charge separation
– Charge pattern of object is created with –ve charges on lens side, +ve charges on gun side
– Electron beam from electron gun scans the target in a raster pattern
– Electrons are decelerated so that they do not have sufficient energy to hit the target element
– But when beam is over the charge pattern, additional electrostatic forces enable it to hit target
– Electrons of beam combine with positive charges on target, and a current flows out of the target
– This current collected across a resistor forms the output of the camera

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 4

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © Tata McGraw-Hill Education
2013

Analog Video
• Color Video Camera
– Consists of three target elements and three cathode ray tubes
– White light from source object is split using optical splitter into RGB components
– The primary colored lights pass through color filters to form precise color images on targets
– Colored images are scan converted by electron beams to form corresponding output signals
– RGB signals have intensities proportional to the colored light images formed
– The three signals fed to a monitor help to recreate the original color image on the screen

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 5

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-
Hill Education

Analog Video Signals

• Transmission of Color Signals
– Color signals from a color video camera may need to be transmitted over large distances
– This requires three separate cables which might be expensive
– Very difficult to make all three signals arrive exactly at same moment at receiver end
– For TV transmission, a single signal cannot cater both to B/W and color TV sets
– To overcome these problems, RGB signals are converted to YC form
– Y contains the luminance or brightness, C contains the chrominance or color part of the information

• Color Perception Curve

– Plots the sensitivity of the human eye against the wavelength of light
– Shows that human eye is most sensitive to the green-yellow range of the spectrum
– Based on this relative intensities of primary colors for transmission if fixed
– Reference white for color TV transmission is Y = 0.3R + 0.6G + 0.1B

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 6

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-
Hill Education

Analog Video Signals

• Luminance and Chrominance
– Perceptual response to luminance is called lightness and denoted as L*
– Chrominance C is denoted by two sub-components : hue and saturation
– The luminance and chrominance portions when superimposed form the final perceived image
– The unit for luminance is candela per square meter (cd/sq. m)
– A studio monitor has a white reference of 80 cd/sq. m and denoted as Y=1
– Luminance is calculated as weighted sum of RGB signals Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B

• Luma and Chroma

– To take into account non-linear response of CRTs, gamma correction needs to be applied
– Gamma corrected forms of R G B are denoted as R’ G’ B’
– The corresponding form of luminance is called luma : Y’ = 0.299R’ + 0.587G’ + 0.114B’
– The color difference chroma signals are denoted as : Cb = B’ – Y’, and Cr = R’ –Y’
– For simplification in representation the hash marks are omitted

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 7

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-
Hill Education

Analog Video Signals

• Generating YC signals from RGB
– RGB signals generated from a camera is combined to YC using a combination circuit
– YC signals are transmitted to TV sets over a large distance
– For a color TV the YC signals are converted back to RGB using a splitter circuit
– For a B/W TV a filter circuit is used to discard the C signal and utilize only the Y part
– The Y signal is generated by passing RGB signals through a resistor bridge
– The C signal is generated by subtracting Y from R and B

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 8

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Television Systems
• NTSC
– NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) a
broadcasting standard used in USA, Canada, Japan etc
– Uses 525 horizontal lines at 30 fps, 4:2:2 sub-sampling
– Signal components are called YIQ
– Due to technical considerations color signals are
transmitted at 29.97 frames per second

• PAL
– PAL (Phase Alternation Lines) a broadcasting
standard using in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa etc.
– Uses 625 horizontal lines at 25 fps, 4:2:2 sub-
sampling
– Signal components are called YUV

• SECAM
– SECAM (Sequential Color and Memory) a broadcasting
standard used in France, Russia, Middle East
– Uses 625 horizontal lines at 25 fps, 4:2:2 sub-sampling
– Signal components are called YDbDr

CONTENTS INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 6 : 9