RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

INSTRUCTOR’S MATERIALS
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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Contents
• Image Data Representation
• Image Acquisition
• Image Processing
• Binary Image Processing
• Grayscale Image Processing
• Color Image Processing
• Image Output on Monitors
• Image Output on Printers
• Image File Formats
• Image Processing Software

INSTRUCTOR'S MATERIALS Chapter – 3 : 2

RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013
Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Image Data Representation

• Overview
– Pixel : Intensity (V) and Location (L)
– Binary image : 1-bit representation : 0 ≤ V ≤ 1
– Grayscale image : 8-bit representation : 0 ≤ V ≤ 255
– Color image : 24-bit representation : R (0 ≤ VR ≤ 255), G (0 ≤ VG ≤ 255), B (0 ≤ VB ≤ 255)

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Acquisition
• Scanner
– Light reflected from document falls on set of electronic sensors called CCD (charge coupled device)
– The sensors convert light into electrical signals which are fed to an ADC to convert to digital values
– A scanning software helps to save the values to a digital image file.
– The software also specifies parameters like image size, resolution, file type, color & tonal corrections
– The CCD produces signals proportional to the luminance information of a pixel
– For color scans, three CCDs per pixel is used along with optical splitters
– Generally 3 types of scanners used : flatbed scanners, drum scanners, bar-code scanners

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Acquisition
• Scanner software
– Software used to specify output path, file type, bit depth, dimensions, brightness/contrast, color etc.
– Graphical interface enables users to change/ set these values
– Certain transformation operations like invert, flip etc. might also be possible
– Users can preview output image before finally saving them

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Acquisition
• Scanned image
– Quality of scanned image is determined mostly by its resolution and bit-depth
– Resolution determines how closely pixel information is acptured
– Optical resolution refers to the actual number of sensor elements per unit inch of the scan head
– Interpolated resolution use interpolation techniques to increase resolution
– Color-depth indicates the total numbers of colors that can be represented

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Acquisition
• Digital Camera
– In a digital camera light from an object is focused by a lens onto a CCD array
– Electrical signals generated from CCD are digitized via an ADC
– To reduce space requirements images are compressed by passing through a signal processor
– A CAMERA mode enables one to capture images
– A PLAY mode allows one to browse through the stored images and manipulate them
– Other facilities might include self-timer, automatic flash, inbuilt microphones etc.

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Acquisition
• Interface Standards
– Provides standardized interfaces between hardware devices like scanner or digital camera, and
image capture software
– TWAIN and ISIS form an intermediate layer between software applications and devices, so that
these do not need to communicate directly with each other
– Applications send image acquisition request to the interface layer which are passed on to the
device
– The device sends the acquired image data to the interface layer which are passed on to the
application

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Processing
• Overview
– Low-level image processing involves reading pixel values of digital images and modifying their color
and tonal qualities like brightness and contrast
– Mid-level image processing involves generation of attribute values from image pixels e.g.
segmentation borders, histograms, edge contours etc.
– High-level image processing involves semantic recognition of objects from images e.g. sky, grass,
water, rock, buildings etc.
– Data analysis and visualization tools like MATLAB are frequently used in image processing tasks by
treating images as matrices of pixel values
– Image enhancement implies improving visual clarity of images
– Image restoration involves improving a degraded image to its original condition
– Image segmentation involves partitioning images into constituent parts
– Image compression involves a set of techniques to compress file size of images
– Image indexing is a set of techniques enabling quick and efficient searching of images

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RANJAN PAREKH Principles of MULTIMEDIA, 2E © 2013 Tata McGraw-Hill
Education

Image Processing
• Correlation and convolution
– Involves sliding a filter mask or kernel containing a set of coefficients over an image
– Kernel is moved in a sequential manner from left to right and top to bottom
– At any position of the kernel the image pixel below the center of the kernel is allotted a new value
– New value is generated by multiplying the neighbouring pixel values within the boundary of kernel
by coefficients of the kernel and adding them up.
– Correlation and convolution is similar except for the latter the kernel is first rotated by 90 degrees
– Associated MATLAB commands : imfilter

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