B.

History of
Computers:
Basic Computing Periods
A. Computer

A computer is an electronic
device that manipulates
information, or data. It has
the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data.
What does it do

Receives data and

instructions during the Applying instructions to
INPUT stage of the data takes place during
information cycle. the PROCESSING stage.

can save information in a to which it is followed

temporary holding place by the expected result of
called the memory. Saving the user in the OUTPUT
information on a computer stage.
occurs during the
STORAGE phase
 HARDWARE vs. SOFTWARE

Hardware is any part of your computer that has

a physical structure, such as the keyboard or
mouse. It also includes all of the computer’s
internal parts

Software is any set of instructions that tells the

hardware what to do and how to do it.
Examples of software include web browsers,
games, and word processors.
PARTS OF A COMPUTER

A computer monitor is an output device

that displays information in pictorial or
textual form.

A computer mouse is a hand-held

pointing device that detects two-dimensional
motion relative to a surface.
 A computer keyboard is a peripheral input
device modeled after the typewriter keyboard
which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys
to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches

A computer speaker is a piece of hardware

attached to a computer system used to
produce sound.
printer, also called computer printer, electronic
device that accepts text files or images from a
computer and transfers them to a medium
such as paper or film.
A system unit is the part of a computer
that houses the primary devices that
perform operations and produce results
for complex calculations.
Different Types of Computers
Desktop Computers

• stationary location, more precisely, placed on a desk, where

all of its components fit on or under a desk or table.
• computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

Laptops
• battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops
• Designed to fit on your lap and for easy transport,
• Most laptops can operate on batteries or a power supply or both.
Tablets

• handheld computers that are even more portable than

laptops.
• touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation.
The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Servers

• A server is a computer that serves up information to other

computers on a network.
• supports from two to several thousand connected computers
and device at the same time.
Mobile and Game Devices

• is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand.

• Popular types of mobile devices are smartphones, digital
cameras, portable and digital media players, e-book read-
ers, and wearable devices.
Earliest Computer
Tally Stick
ancient memory aid device to record and document
numbers or messages.
Fingers- counted by fingers

• One of the earliest and most well-known devices was an

abacus.
• 3000 years ago.
• Beads represent digits, rods represent places and units, tens,
hundreds, and higher multiples of ten.
• Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C
Earliest Computer
Napier’s Bone
• John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square
and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing
them in specially constructed boards.

Slide Rule
• William Oughtred in 1622.
• Based on Napier's idea about logarithms.
• Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithm,
trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
Earliest Computer
Pascaline
• Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive

Stepped Reckoner
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multi-
ply and divide automatically
Earliest Computer
Jacquard Loom
• Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards

Arithmometer
• Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
• first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
Earliest Computer
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer

First Computer Programmer

In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Bab-
bage that he use the binary system.
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
Earliest Computer
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.

Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information
and accounting.
Earliest Computer
Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936
to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert
punch tape into a punch tape reader and all
output was also generated through punch tape.
Earliest Computer
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.

ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
Earliest Computer
The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer
1) was the first commercial computer.
Designed by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly

EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program
as well as data.
Earliest Computer

The First Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Com-
puter Corporation.
 Generations of Computer

• First generation – 1946 to 1958 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms

• Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes

• Third generation – 1965 to 1970 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

• Fourth generation – 1971 to today. The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small
computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually
led to the development of the Internet

• Fifth generation – Today to Future. Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development.
Applications of ICT(Computer) in our Daily Lives

Business- Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be

employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects,
track inventory, create presentations and reports.

Education- Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages,

interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet.
They can be used to access educational information from intranet and internet
sources, or via e-books.

Healthcare- Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as

digitized medical information making it easier to store and access patient data,
complex information can also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of
diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases.
Applications of ICT(Computer) in our Daily Lives

Retail and Trade- Computers can be used to buy and sell products online
- this enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and
buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences.

Government- Various government departments use computers to improve

the quality and efficiency of their services. Examples include city planning,
law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers can be used to store
information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, as
well as for routine administrative purposes.

Marketing- Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise

through the analysis and manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation
of websites and promotional materials