W Tle Sleleial Sysiem

W Tle Slull
W Tle Limbs
W Tle Veiiebiae and Sieinum
W Tle Musculai Sysiem
W Tle Plaiyngeal Appaiaius
O 1he skeleLal sysLem ls derlved from condensaLlon of mesenchyme formed from Lhree sources
O arax|a| mesoderm Lhe venLromedlal porLlon of Lhe somlLes called Lhe scleroLome forms
mesenchyme whlch can produce flbroblasLs chondroblasLs and osLeoblasLs
O omat|c |atera| p|ate mesoderm also forms mesenchyme whlch conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe bones of Lhe
shoulder and pelvlc glrdles ln addlLlon Lo Lhe bones of Lhe llmbs
O -eura| crest ce||s forms mesenchyme whlch conLrlbuLes a large porLlon of Lhe bones of Lhe skull
O ones are formed elLher by lnLramembranous osslflcaLlon or by endochondral osslflcaLlon
O lnLramembranous osslflcaLlon ls Lhe formaLlon of bone from membranous sheaLhs formed from mesenchyme lL
occurs malnly ln Lhe flaL bones of Lhe skull
O Lndochondral osslflcaLlon ls Lhe replacemenL of hyallne carLllage by bone cells lL occurs ln mosL long bones
O 1he skull ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo parLs Lhe |scerocran|um %faclal skeleLon) and Lhe neurocran|um %skull
base and case)
O 1he |scerocran|um ls derlved from Lhe neura| crest ce||s of Lhe 1
st
and 2
nd
pharyngea| arches Lhe
flrsL arch forms a dorsa| port|on Lhe max|||ary process whlch exLends forward beneaLh Lhe eye reglon
Lo form Lhe max|||a zygomat|c bone and parL of Lhe tempora| bone
O lL also glves rlse Lo a entra| port|on Lhe mand|bu|ar process whlch conLalns Mecke|'s cart||age
surrounded by mesenchyme Lhe mesenchyme undergoes |ntramembranous oss|f|cat|on Lo form Lhe
mandlble mosL of Meckel's carLllage dlsappears excepL for Lhe sphenomand|bu|ar ||gament
O 1he dorsa| t|p of the mand|bu|ar process and LhaL of Lhe 2
nd
pharyngea| arch laLer form Lhe Lhree
bones of Lhe mlddle ear |ncus and ma||eus from 1
sL
arch and stapes from Lhe 2
nd
arch
O 1he neurocranlum ls composed of Lwo parLs Lhe membranous part %whlch forms Lhe proLecLlve case
around Lhe braln) and Lhe cart||ag|nous part %or chondrocranlum whlch forms Lhe skull base)
O 1he chondrocranlum ls lnlLally composed of a number of separaLe carLllages LhaL laLer fuse Lo form Lhe
skull base Lhe mesenchyme for Lhese carLllages ls derlved from Lwo sources
O 1hose carLllages LhaL lle venLral Lo Lhe cranlal end of Lhe noLochord are derlved from neural cresL cells and Lhls
porLlon ls called Lhe prechordal chondrocranlum
O 1hose LhaL lle dorsal Lo Lhls end of Lhe noLochord are derlved from Lhe scleroLome of Lhe occlplLal somlLes and
Lhls porLlon ls called Lhe chordal chondrocranlum
O LaLer Lhese carLllages are replaced by bone Llssue by endochondra| oss|f|cat|on
O 1he membranous neurocranlum ls derlved from Lwo sources neura| crest ce||s and parax|a|
mesoderm Lhey form mesenchyme whlch lnvesLs Lhe braln and undergoes lnLramembranous
osslflcaLlon Lhls beglns by bone sp|cu|es LhaL radlaLe from Lhe pr|mary oss|f|cat|on centers Lhe bones
conLlnue Lo enlarge by depos|t|on of new bone t|ssue on Lhe ouLslde and resorpt|on of old bone
Llssue from lnslde by Lhe osteoc|asts
O 1he membranous neurocranlum ls derlved from Lwo sources neura| crest ce||s and parax|a|
mesoderm Lhey form mesenchyme whlch lnvesLs Lhe braln and undergoes lnLramembranous
osslflcaLlon Lhls beglns by bone sp|cu|es LhaL radlaLe from Lhe pr|mary oss|f|cat|on centers Lhe bones
conLlnue Lo enlarge by depos|t|on of new bone t|ssue on Lhe ouLslde and resorpt|on of old bone
Llssue from lnslde by Lhe osteoc|asts
O L blrLh Lhe flaL bones of Lhe skull are separaLed by seams of connecLlve Llssue called suLures whlch
are derlved from Lhe same Lwo sources neural cresL %saglLLal suLure) and somlLes %coronal suLure)
when more LhaL Lwo bones meeL suLures are wlder and are called fonLanelles Lhe anLerlor fonLanelle
closes afLer abouL 1 year and a half afLer blrLh whlle Lhe posLerlor one closes afLer one year
O 1hese suLures and fonLanelles have many beneflLs
O uurlng dellvery Lhey allow Lhe flaL skull bones Lo mold over each oLher and allow Lhe large head of Lhe feLus Lo
pass Lhrough Lhe uLerlne canal
O 1hey allow enlargemenL of Lhe braln wlLh age
O lor Lhe lnlLlal years of llfe palpaLlon of Lhe anLerlor fonLanelle glves valuable lnformaLlon as Lo wheLher skull
osslflcaLlon ls normal or noL and wheLher lnLracranlal pressure ls normal
O lnlLlally Lhe slze of Lhe face ls small compared wlLh Lhe skull Lhls ls caused by
O bsence of paranasal alr slnuses ln Lhe bones
O Small slze of Lhe [aws
O WlLh appearance of Lhe LeeLh and alr slnuses Lhe face becomes larger
O uevelopmenL of llmbs beglns by formaLlon of llmb buds as ouLpockeLlngs from Lhe venLrolaLeral body
wall composed of a core of mesenchyme %from somat|c |atera| p|ate mesoderm) covered by
ectoderm Lhe mesenchyme forms Lhe bone and connect|e t|ssue %buL not the musc|e) whlle Lhe
ecLoderm forms Lhe ep|derm|s of the sk|n
O 1he ecLoderm aL Lhe dlsLal border of Lhe bud ls known as Lhe ap|ca| ectoderma| r|dge %ALk) and has
|nduct|e |nf|uence on Lhe under|y|ng mesenchyme Lo form a progress zone composed of
und|fferent|ated and rap|d|y pro||ferat|ng ce||s LhaL elongaLe Lhe llmb mesenchyme far away from
Lhe lnfluence of Lhe L8 beglns dlfferenLlaLlng lnLo bone llmb developmenL proceeds prox|mod|sta||y
O LaLer Lhe Lermlnal parL of Lhe llmb flaLLens Lo form Lhe hand or fooLplaLe Lhen a clrcular consLrlcLlon
separaLes Lhls porLlon from Lhe resL of Lhe llmb and anoLher consLrlcLlon separaLes Lhe proxlmal parL
lnLo Lwo parLs Lhus formlng Lhe characLerlsLlc parLs of Lhe adulL llmbs
O llngers form by four areas of ce|| death ln Lhe L8 Lo form f|e d|g|ts whlch elongaLe by conLlnuous
growLh developmenL of upper ||mb |s ahead of LhaL of Lhe lower llmbs by 1 to 2 days laLer Lhe upper
||mbs rotate |atera||y 90
o
Lo place Lhe thumb |atera||y and extensor musc|es postero|atera||y whlle
|ower ||mbs rotate med|a||y 90
o
Lo place Lhe b|g toe med|a||y and extensor musc|es |n front
O ln addlLlon Lo developmenL of exLernal shape Lhe underlylng mesenchyme condenses ln cerLaln areas
Lhen undergoes chondr|f|cat|on flrsL hyallne carLllage models are presenL by Lhe 6
th
week
O olnLs are formed ln o|nt |nterzones where chondrocyLes lncrease ln number and dens|ty Lhen Lhe
cenLral cells undergo cell deaLh formlng Lhe o|nt ca|ty whlle Lhe perlpheral cells form Lhe o|nt
capsu|e ||gaments and syno|a| membrane
O Lndochondra| oss|f|cat|on of long bones of Lhe llmbs beg|ns by Lhe end of the embryon|c per|od and
pr|mary oss|f|cat|on centers are presenL ln Lhe d|aphys|s of all Lhe long bones by the 12
th
week
oss|f|cat|on beg|ns ln Lhe d|aphys|s of Lhe bone and proceeds Lowards boLh exLremlLles aL blrLh
d|aphys|s |s usually compleLely oss|f|ed buL Lhe ep|phys|s are sLlll cart||ag|nous
O econdary oss|f|cat|on centers Lhen appear ln Lhe ep|phys|s an ep|physea| p|ate of carLllage remalns
beLween Lhe osslfled dlaphysls and eplphysls and a||ows further e|ongat|on of bones bone growth
stops when Lhls plaLe dlsappears and Lhe d|aphys|s and ep|physes fuse %compleLed by Lhe age of 20)
O Lyplcal verLebra conslsLs of a ertebra| arch ertebra| foramen body transerse processes and a
sp|nous process
O IerLebrae form from Lhe sc|erotome porLlon of Lhe somlLes whlch m|grate around Lhe neural Lube
and noLochord and [oln wlLh Lhose of Lhe opposlng somlLes
O 1he fused scleroLome porLlons of Lhe Lwo sldes around Lhe neural Lube and noLochord undergo a
process of resegmentat|on ln whlch Lhe cran|a| ha|f of each segmenL of fused scleroLome grows lnLo
and fuses wlLh Lhe cauda| ha|f of lLs adacent segmenL Lhe verLebrae form from Lhls new comb|nat|on
O 1he mesenchyme |n the center of Lhe or|g|na| scleroLome porLlons does noL prollferaLe and remalns
beLween Lhe new precart||ag|nous ertebra| bod|es Lo conLrlbuLe Lo |nterertebra| d|scs Lhe
notochord d|sappears ln Lhe ertebra| bod|es enLlrely buL pers|sts ln Lhe reglon between them Lo
laLer form Lhe nuc|eus pu|posus surrounded by annu|us f|brosus Lo form Lhe |nterertebra| d|sc
O s a resulL of resegmenLaLlon
O 1he myoLomes brldge Lhe lnLerverLebral dlscs whlch glves Lhem Lhe capaclLy Lo move Lhe splne
O 1he lnLersegmenLal arLerles pass mldway over Lhe verLebral bodles
O 1he splnal nerves lle near Lhe lnLerverLebral dlscs and leave Lhe verLebral column Lhrough Lhe lnLerverLebral
foramlna
O 8lbs develop from Lhe costa| processes of Lhe thorac|c ertebrae and Lhus are derlved from Lhe
sc|erotome porLlons of Lhe thorac|c som|tes
O 1he sLernum ls derlved from two ert|ca| mesenchyma| bands ln Lhe venLrolaLeral body wall derlved
from Lhe somat|c |atera| p|ate mesoderm Lhese bands grow medlally unLll Lhey begln Lo fuse
cran|ocauda||y Lo form Lhe manubr|um sternebrae and Lhe x|pho|d process
O 1he muscular sysLem ls malnly derlved as follows
O ke|eta| musc|es from parax|a| mesoderm %le somlLes)
O mooth musc|e from sp|anchn|c mesoderm
O ard|ac musc|e from sp|anchn|c mesoderm%from Lhe card|ac progen|tor ce||s)
O SmooLh muscle ln Lhe wall of dorsa| aorta |arge arter|es and coronary arter|es also derlves from
neura| crest ce||s ln addlLlon pup|||ary musc|es mammary g|and musc|es and sweat g|and musc|es
are derlved from ectoderm
O SkeleLal muscles are derlved from somlLes %le paraxlal mesoderm) Lhe entro|atera| ||p (VLL) of Lhe
dermomyoLome forms Lhe hypomere %or hypaxlal musculaLure) whlch develops lnLo Lhe venLral
muscles of Lhe body Lhe dorsomed|a| ||p (DML) of Lhe dermomyoLome forms Lhe ep|mere %or
eplmerlc musculaLure) whlch develops lnLo Lhe muscles of Lhe back
O 1hese cells dlfferenLlaLe lnLo myob|asts whlch fuse Lo form musc|e f|bers whlch laLer develop
myof|br||s and crossstr|at|ons tendons for Lhe muscles are derlved from sc|erotome
O attern|ng of musc|e format|on ls conLrolled by Lhe connect|e t|ssue lnLo whlch Lhe myoblasLs
mlgraLe neura| crest ce||s %head reglon) som|tes %cervlcal and occlplLal reglons) and |atera| p|ate
mesoderm%body wall and llmbs)
O 1he ep|mere glves rlse Lo Lhe extensor musc|es of Lhe verLebral column
O er|ca| hypomere glves rlse Lo sca|ene gen|ohyo|d and preertebra| musc|es
O er|ca| hypomere glves rlse Lo sca|ene gen|ohyo|d and preertebra| musc|es
O er|ca| hypomere glves rlse Lo sca|ene gen|ohyo|d and preertebra| musc|es
O @horac|c and abdom|na| hypomere ls separaLed lnLo three |ayers aL Lhe venLrolaLeral body wall
because of Lhe presence of the r|bs Lhe Lhoraclc hypomere cells reta|n the|r segmenta| character
whlle Lhe abdom|na| hypomere cells fuse Lo form large sheeLs of muscle
O @horac|c hypomere glves rlse Lo externa| |ntercosta|s |nterna| |ntercosta|s and |nnermost
|ntercosta|s %or Lransversus Lhoracls)
O @horac|c hypomere glves rlse Lo externa| |ntercosta|s |nterna| |ntercosta|s and |nnermost
|ntercosta|s %or Lransversus Lhoracls)
O @horac|c hypomere glves rlse Lo externa| |ntercosta|s |nterna| |ntercosta|s and |nnermost
|ntercosta|s %or Lransversus Lhoracls)
O Abdom|na| hypomere glves rlse Lo Lhe externa| ob||que |nterna| ob||que and transersus abdom|n|s
O ln addlLlon Lo all Lhe prevlous muscle derlvaLlves a entra| |ong|tud|na| band of hypomere develops aL
Lhe venLral body wall whlch glves rlse Lo |nfrahyo|d musc|es %ln Lhe neck) rectus abdom|n|s %ln Lhe
abdomen) and a varlable sterna||s musc|e %ln Lhe Lhorax)
O ln addlLlon Lo all Lhe prevlous muscle derlvaLlves a entra| |ong|tud|na| band of hypomere develops aL
Lhe venLral body wall whlch glves rlse Lo |nfrahyo|d musc|es %ln Lhe neck) rectus abdom|n|s %ln Lhe
abdomen) and a varlable sterna||s musc|e %ln Lhe Lhorax)
O ln addlLlon Lo all Lhe prevlous muscle derlvaLlves a entra| |ong|tud|na| band of hypomere develops aL
Lhe venLral body wall whlch glves rlse Lo |nfrahyo|d musc|es %ln Lhe neck) rectus abdom|n|s %ln Lhe
abdomen) and a varlable sterna||s musc|e %ln Lhe Lhorax)
O Lumbar hypomere cells glve rlse Lo Lhe quadratus |umborummuscle
O ypomere from Lhe sacra| and coccygea| reglons forms Lhe pe||c d|aphragm and str|ated musc|es of
the anus
O A|| the musc|es of Lhe head are derlved from parax|a| mesoderm %somlLomeres and occlplLal somlLes)
pattern|ng ls dlrecLed by neura| crest ce||s Lhe on|y except|on ls Lhe pup|||ary muscles derlved from
Lhe opt|c cup ectoderm
O ones of Lhe llmbs are derlved from somaLlc laLeral plaLe mesoderm whlle Lhe musc|es are derlved
from Lhe hypomere myotomes of Lhe somlLes muscle Llssue Lhen spllLs lnLo f|exor and extensor
comparLmenLs and laLer fuse Lo form large muscles derlved from seera| segments
O Dpper ||mb buds lle opposlLe @2 segments whlle |ower ||mb buds lle opposlLe L22 segments
entra| pr|mary ram| from Lhe correspondlng splnal nerves penetrate Lhe buds lnlLlally havlng
separate entra| and dorsa| branches laLer Lhe branches of dlfferenL nerves o|n Lo form |arger neres
llke radlal ulnar and medlan nerves %for Lhe upper llmb) whlch estab||sh |nt|mate contact wlLh Lhe
dlfferenLlaLlng muscle mesenchyme Lhls conLacL ls essent|a| for compleLe funct|ona| d|fferent|at|on
motor |nnerat|on and sensory |nnerat|on of Lhe developlng muscles
O ardlac muscle %myocard|um) ls derlved from Lhe splanchnlc mesoderm surroundlng Lhe endocardlum
%derlved from card|ac progen|tor ce||s) myoblasLs don't fuse buL adhere Lo one anoLher by speclal
aLLachmenLs %laLer formlng |nterca|ated d|scs) laLer some muscle cells wlLh fewer myof|br||s and
|arger d|ameter become urk|ne f|bers
O SmooLh muscle ls derlved as follows
O ln Lhe wa|| of the gut and lLs der|at|es lL ls derlved from Lhe surroundlng sp|anchn|c laLeral plaLe mesoderm
O ln Lhe wa|| of dorsa| aorta and |arge arter|es lL ls derlved from |atera| p|ate mesoderm and neura| crest ce||s
O ln Lhe wa|| of coronary arter|es lL ls derlved from neura| crest ce||s and proep|card|a| ce||s
O 1he excepLlons from smooLh muscles are Lhe puplllary muscles sweaL gland muscles and mammary
gland muscles whlch are derlved from ecLoderm
O Mesenchyme for Lhe developmenL of Lhe head reglon ls derlved from parax|a| and |atera| p|ate
mesoderm neura| crest ce||s and ectoderma| p|acodes
O Slx pharyngea| arches begln Lo form ln Lhe head and neck reglon ln a cranlocaudal sequence Lhese
arches are bars of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm externa||y and endoderm |nterna||y Lhey are
separaLed by pharyngea| c|efts externa||y and laLer by pharyngea| pouches |nterna||y slnce Lhe
pouches and clefLs don'L esLabllsh conLacL flsh gllls %branchla) are never formed ln humans
O lrom each arch musc|e component ls derlved from Lhe paraxlal mesoderm bone component from
neural cresL paraxlal mesoderm and laLeral plaLe mesoderm each arch has lLs own cran|a| nere and
lLs own artery
O Lach pharyngeal arch has lLs own arLerlal branch whlch arlses from Lhe aorLlc horns and passes
backward Lhrough Lhe arch mesenchyme Lo reach Lhe lpsllaLeral dorsal aorLa
O 1
st
Arch lL has a dorsa| max|||ary process whlch forms Lhe max|||a zygomat|c bone and part of
tempora| bone Lhe entra| mand|bu|ar process forms Mecke|'s cart||age whlch glves rlse Lo Lhe
|ncus ma||eus Lhe anter|or ||gament of ma||eus and Lhe sphenomand|bu|ar ||gament Lhe mand|b|e
forms by |ntramembranous oss|f|cat|on and not from Meckel's carLllage
O 2
nd
Arch lL glves rlse Lo ke|chert's cart||age whlch forms Lhe stapes sty|o|d process of Lhe Lemporal
bone sty|ohyo|d ||gament |esser horn of hyold bone and Lhe upper part of the body of hyold bone
O
rd
Arch lL forms Lhe greater horn and Lhe |ower part of the body of hyold bone
O
th
and 6
th
Arches 1hey fuse Lo form all of Lhe |aryngea| cart||ages %Lhyrold crlcold aryLenold
cornlculaLe and cunelform) except for the ep|g|ott|s %derlved from hypopharyngeal emlnence)
O
th
Arch lL ls rud|mentary wlLh no derlvaLlves
O 1he ep|g|ott|s ls derlved from Lhe hypopharyngea| em|nence whlch ls a swelllng formed by Lhe
mesenchyme of the
rd
and
th
arches on Lhe floor of Lhe embryonlc pharynx
O Lach has lLs cran|a| nere whlch supplles Lhe connecLlve Llssue and muscles derlved from Lhe arch Lhe
nerves are mand|bu|ar and max|||ary dlvlslons of Lhe Lrlgemlnal nerve %1
st
arch) fac|a| nere %2
nd
arch) g|ossopharyngea| nere %
rd
arch) super|or |aryngea| branch of vagus nerve %
th
arch) and
recurrent |aryngea| branch of vagus nerve %6
th
arch)
O 1
st
Arch lL glves rlse Lo Lhe muscles of masLlcaLlon %med|a| and |atera| pterygo|ds masseter and
tempora||s) my|ohyo|d anter|or be||y of d|gastr|c tensor tympan| and tensor e|| pa|at|n|
O 2
nd
Arch lL glves rlse Lo musc|es of fac|a| express|on staped|us sty|ohyo|d poster|or be||y of
d|gastr|c and aur|cu|ar|s muscles
O
rd
Arch lL glves rlse Lo Lhe sLylopharyngeus
O
th
Arch lL glves rlse Lo Lhe cr|cothyro|d |eator e|| pa|at|n| and pharyngea| constr|ctors
O 6
th
Arch lL glves rlse Lo a|| the |ntr|ns|c musc|es of Lhe |arynx %except crlcoLhyrold)
O |e pharyngea| pouches appear ln a cran|ocauda| sequence beLween Lhe pharyngeal arches Lhe flfLh
pouch may be consldered rudlmenLary and lLs derlvaLlve ls lncluded ln Lhose of Lhe 4
Lh
pouch
O 1he 1
st
pouch ls called Lhe tubotympan|c recess lLs endoderm approches Lhe eplLhellum of Lhe flrsL
pharyngeal clefL %or groove) and laLer Lhey form Lhe tympan|c membrane Lhe d|sta| part of Lhe recess
forms Lhe m|dd|e ear %or tympan|c) ca|ty whlle Lhe prox|ma| port|on forms Lhe eustach|an tube
O 1he endoderm of the 2
nd
pouch prollferaLes and forms buds LhaL peneLraLe Lhe surroundlng
mesenchyme Lo form Lhe crypts of the pa|at|ne tons||s laLer Lhe mesenchyme forms |ymphat|c t|ssue
whlch |nades the tons||s Lhe remnanL of Lhe pouch lLself ls vlslble as Lhe tons|||ar fossa
O 1he d|sta| part of Lhe 1
st
pouch forms Lhe m|dd|e ear ca|ty whlle Lhe prox|ma| port|on forms Lhe
eustach|an tube Lhe 2
nd
pouch glves rlse Lo Lhe pa|at|ne tons|| and perslsLs as Lhe tons|||ar fossa
O 1he
rd
and
th
pouches have dorsa| and entra| w|ngs Lhe dorsa| w|ng of Lhe 3
rd
pouch forms Lhe
|nfer|or parathyro|d g|and whlle Lhe entra| w|ng forms Lhe thymus Lhe Lhymus deLaches from Lhe
pharyngeal wall and m|grates caudomed|a||y Laklng Lhe |nfer|or parathyro|d wlLh lL unLll lL resLs ln Lhe
anLerlor Lhorax whlle Lhe lnferlor paraLhyrold lles on Lhe dorsa| aspect of Lhe Lhyrold gland
O 1he dorsa| w|ng of the
th
pouch forms Lhe super|or parathyro|d g|ands Lhe entra| w|ng ls used Lo
refer Lo Lhe
th
pharyngea| pouch whlch forms Lhe u|t|mobranch|a| bod|es LhaL are |ncorporated lnLo
Lhe thyro|d g|and Lo form Lhe parafo|||cu|ar or ce||s whlch secreLe ca|c|ton|n
O our pharyngea| c|efts %or grooves) appear externa||y beLween Lhe flrsL flve pharyngeal arches Lhe 1
st
c|eft peneLraLes Lhe underlylng mesenchyme Lo form Lhe externa| aud|tory meatus and lLs eplLhellal
llnlng esLabllshes conLacL wlLh Lhe endoderm of Lhe 1
sL
pouch Lo form Lhe tympan|c membrane
O 9rollferaLlon of Lhe mesenchyme of the 2
nd
arch causes lL Lo overlap Lhe 3
rd
and 4
Lh
arches and fuse
w|th the ep|card|a| r|dge Lhus Lhe remalnlng three c|efts Lemporarlly form a closed ectoderm||ned
cer|ca| s|nus whlch laLer dlsappears