Deformable Bodies

Syllabus
1. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

2. Simple Stress
• Normal Stress
• Shear Stress
• Bearing Stress
• Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
3. Strain
• Stress-Strain Diagram
• Axial Strain
• Shear Strain
• Statically Indeterminate Problem
• Thermal Stress
4. Torsion
• Torsion of Circular Shafts
• Flanged Bolt Couplings
• Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes
• Helical Springs
5. Shear and Moment in Beams
• Shear and Moment Diagram
NORIEL M. PURIGAY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
A structural system is not only effected by external
conditions, but also by the properties and behavior of the
materials which comprise it. These also determine the
nature of the system's reaction(s) to external forces.
Strength of Materials is concerned specifically with the

following issues:
1.the internal forces of a member caused by the

external forces acting on that member or system.
2. the changes in dimension of a member caused by
these
forces.
3. the physical properties of the material in the member
FEATI UNIVERSITY – PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS / AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER NORIEL M. PURIGAY
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES
Components of Internal Effects of the Applied Loads

y
Mxy
F1
Pxy
x
Pxx
Pxz Mxx
F2
z Mxz
Analysis of Internal Forces
Axial force. This force measures the pulling (or pushing ) action
Pxx
perpendicular to the section.
Pxy Pxz Shear force. These are components of the total resistance to
sliding the portion to one side of the exploratory section past the
other. The resultant force is usually designated by V and
its components by Vy and Vz.
Torque. This components measures the resistance to twisting
Mxx
the member and is commonly given the symbol
T.
Bending moments. These components measure the
Mxy,Mxz
resistance to bending the member about the y or z axes and are
often denoted merely by My or Mz.
Analysis of Internal Forces
NORIEL M. PURIGAY
NORMAL STRESS
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area
or unit strength. It is the force on a member divided by
area, which carries the force, commonly expressed in psi or
in N/mm2 or MPa.
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the

area in mm2. The maximum stress in tension or
compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
NORIEL M. PURIGAY
Normal Stress
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and

bearing stress.
• Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular

to the cross-sectional area of the material.
• Shear stress is developed if the force is applied parallel to the

resisting area.
• Bearing stress is the contact pressure between two bodies.
Normal Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.

Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under
tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Compressive force will tend to shorten the member.

Tension force on the other hand will tend to lengthen the
member.
Normal Stress
Centroidal (Axial Loading)
when the loading is uniform, its

resultant passes through the
centroid of the loaded area.
Normal Stress
Saint Venant’s Principle

The difference between the effects of two different but statically
equivalent loads becomes very small at sufficiently large distances
from the load.
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must

carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of
the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a

cable as shown in figure below. Calculate the smallest area of
each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120
MPa in steel.
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a

smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the
smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached

between steel and bronze sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the
cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in
each section.
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in

members CE, DE, and DF. The cross-sectional area of each
member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
Normal Stress
SHEAR STRESS
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause
shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive
stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the
area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as
tangential stress.
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes

through the centroid of the area A being sheared.
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Stresses on Inclined Planes
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate

that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Shear Stress
As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a

shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in
which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the
plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest
hole that can be punched.
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis
shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the
bolt is 300 MPa.
BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the
separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is
an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress
The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in.
diameter. Find the maximum load P that can be applied if the
working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for
bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction between the
plates.
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress
Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that

are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa
for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of
rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate;
and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress
In the clevis shown, find the

minimum bolt diameter and the
minimum thickness of each yoke
that will support a load P = 14 kips
without exceeding a shearing
stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress
of 20 ksi.
Bearing Stress
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
JOINT FAILURE MODES
Joint Failure Modes
Joint Failure Modes
COMPRESSION FAILURE MODES
Compression Failure Modes
Compression Failure Modes
DEFINITION
Displacement can be defined as the movement of

individual points on a structural system due to various
external loads.
Displacement can be classified into:

• Translation of points
• Rotation of lines
• Change of length, i.e., elongation and contraction
• Distortion, i.e., angle change between lines
NORIEL M. PURIGAY
Strain Definition
When displacement induced by applied loads cause the size and/or

shape of a body to be altered, individual points of the body move
relative to one another. The change in any dimension associated
with these relative displacements is defined as deformation.
Strain is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a

body. It is the ratio of deformation per unit length.
NORIEL M. PURIGAY
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression-
testing machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in
increments, the total elongation over the gauge length is measured
at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of
the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area
and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the
strain ε can be obtained.
The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and
the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram.
The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The
diagram shown is that for a medium-carbon structural steel.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Metallic engineering materials are classified as

either ductile or brittle materials.
A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to

the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas
brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of
rupture like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05
mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two
classes.
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-
strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between
elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir
Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of

Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the
stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it
is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely
removed.
Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an
appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength.
Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is
also known as the breaking strength.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in N·m/m3.
This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve
from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the
figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent distortion.
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material
as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in N·m/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to
R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a
given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is
termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited
to values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since
proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable
tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a
factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength)
to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material
as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in N·m/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to
R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a
given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is
termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited
to values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since
proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable
tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a
factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength)
to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.
Proof Stress – is a stress a material can withstand without resulting in
permanent elongation of more than 0.0001 inch per inch of gage
length after complete release of stress.
Elongation – is the difference in gage length before being subjected to

any strength and after rupture.
Reduction of Area – is the difference between the original cross-

sectional area and the least cross-sectional area after rupture.
Permanent Set – (also called set, permanent deformation, plastic

strain, or plastic deformation). This is any strain remaining after
removing the stress.
Ultimate Factor (Factor of Safety) – is the ratio of ultimate stress to

limit stress. For nearly all aircraft design, the ultimate factor is 1.5
Margin of Safety – ultimate factor minus 1
Stress Ratio – the ratio of maximum to minimum stress applied in one

cycle of loading in fatigue test.
Stiffness Ratio – is the ratio of applied load per deformation
Poisson’s Ratio – is the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain
μalum = 0.33 μsteel = 0.3
Moduli within the Proportional Limit (Elastic Range)

1. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) - is a number that
measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed
elastically when a force is applied to it.
Ealum = 10x106 psi ECRES = 26x106 psi
Esteel = 29x106 psi Etita = 16x106 psi
2. Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus) - is the coefficient of elasticity
for a shearing force.
Galum = 4x106 psi Gtita =
6x106 psi Gsteel = 12x106 psi
Moduli above the Elastic Limit (Plastic
Range)
1. Tangent Modulus – slope of tangent to the stress-strain curve
2. Secant Modulus – slope of secant to the curve that passes through
the origin and a point on the curve
Et < Es < E
Resilience – capacity of a material to absorb energy in the elastic

range
Modulus of Resilience – ratio of maximum energy absorbed per unit
volume
Toughness – energy absorption in the plastic range
Modulus of Toughness - Amount of work per unit volume of a
material required to carry that material to failure under static loading.
Equal to the area under the entire stress-strain curve.
AXIAL STRAIN
The normal strain or axial strain ε is the elongation per unit length.
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain`
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
SHEARING STRAIN
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
Shearing Strain
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEM
Statically Indeterminate Problem
THERMAL STRESS
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
Thermal Stress
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS
Torsion of Circular Shafts
FLANGED BOLT COUPLINGS
Flanged Bolt Couplings
TORSION OF THIN-WALLED TUBES
Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes
HELICAL SPRINGS
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
Helical Springs
DEFINITION
Beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse

loading; that is, the applied forces are perpendicular to the
bar.
In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear

force and a bending moment acting on the cross section of
the bar.
A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie in a

plane containing the longitudinal section of the bar.
According to determinacy, a beam may be determinate or
indeterminate.
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
Shear and Moment Diagram
BEAMS
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams
Beams

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Syllabus

1. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

Strength of Materials is concerned specifically with the

1.the internal forces of a member caused by the

Components of Internal Effects of the Applied Loads

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the

Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and

• Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular

• Shear stress is developed if the force is applied parallel to the

• Bearing stress is the contact pressure between two bodies.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member.

Centroidal (Axial Loading)

when the loading is uniform, its

Saint Venant’s Principle

A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must

A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a

The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a

A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached

For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes

Stresses on Inclined Planes

What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate

As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a

Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that

In the clevis shown, find the

Displacement can be defined as the movement of

Displacement can be classified into:

When displacement induced by applied loads cause the size and/or

Strain is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a

Metallic engineering materials are classified as

A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety

Elongation – is the difference in gage length before being subjected to

Reduction of Area – is the difference between the original cross-

Permanent Set – (also called set, permanent deformation, plastic

Ultimate Factor (Factor of Safety) – is the ratio of ultimate stress to

Margin of Safety – ultimate factor minus 1

Stress Ratio – the ratio of maximum to minimum stress applied in one

Stiffness Ratio – is the ratio of applied load per deformation

Moduli within the Proportional Limit (Elastic Range)

Resilience – capacity of a material to absorb energy in the elastic

Beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse

In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear

A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie in a

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