FLUIDS MECHANICS II

UNIT OPERATIONS, TWO-PHASE MIXING AND AGITATION

PRESENTED

BY

JESUS MANUEL MORENO BARBOSA

TEACHER

JOSE PEREZ

UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLANTICO

PROG.ING.CHEMISTRY
2021
PRESSURE DROP EXERCISES
Example 1. Air and oil are in concurrent flow through a horizontal pipe. The following
pressure drop calculations were obtained from Theodore Consultants (a group of
engineers with limited technical capabilities):
Program code
#Alumno:Jesus M.Moreno Barbosa
#Calculation class 03 of the week 02
#Two phases flow
#Example 1. Method of Lockhart and Martinelli
#Air and oil are in concurrent flow through a horizontal pipe. The following pressure
drop calculations
#Were obtained from Theodore consultants(a group of engineers with limited
technical capabilities):
dpg <- 2.71 # psf/ft
dpl <- 7.50 # psf/ft
X <- sqrt(dpl/dpg); X
e_l <- 0.298 + 0.117*log(X); e_l
Result
> dpg <- 2.71 # psf/ft
> dpl <- 7.50 # psf/ft
> X <- sqrt(dpl/dpg); X
[1] 1.663589
> e_l <- 0.298 + 0.117*log(X); e_l
[1] 0.3575503
Example 2. (Turbulento - turbulento) Calculate the pressure drop total if the flow for
both phases is turbulent (example 1). Can one of two phases be considered
predominant?
Program code
#Example 2. Turbulent-Turbulent
Y_Gtt <- 5.80 + 6.7143*X+6.9643*X^2 - 0.75*X^3; Y_Gtt
Y_Ltt <- 18.219*X^(-0.8192); Y_Ltt
dpT1 <- Y_Gtt*dpg; dpT1
dpT2 <- Y_Ltt*dpl; dpT2
# Creating a vector
dpT_tt <- c(dpT1, dpT2); dpT_tt
mean(dpT_tt)
Result
> #Example 2. Turbulent-Turbulent
> Y_Gtt <- 5.80 + 6.7143*X+6.9643*X^2 - 0.75*X^3; Y_Gtt
[1] 32.79071
> Y_Ltt <- 18.219*X^(-0.8192); Y_Ltt
[1] 12.00725
> dpT1 <- Y_Gtt*dpg; dpT1
[1] 88.86281
> dpT2 <- Y_Ltt*dpl; dpT2
[1] 90.0544
> # Creating a vector
> dpT_tt <- c(dpT1, dpT2); dpT_tt
[1] 88.86281 90.05440
> mean(dpT_tt)
[1] 89.45861
Example 3. (Turbulento - viscoso) Calculate the pressure drop total if the flow for
both phases is turbulent (example 1).
Program code
#Example 3. Turbulent-Viscous
Y_Gtv <- 20 -21.81*X + 16.357*X^2 - 1.8333*X^3; Y_Gtv
Y_Ltv <- 11.702*X^(-0.7334); Y_Ltv
dpT1_tv <- Y_Gtv*dpg; dpT1_tv
dpT2_tv <- Y_Ltv*dpl; dpT2_tv
#craeting vector
dpT_tv <- c(dpT1_tv, dpT2_tv); dpT_tv
mean(dpT_tv)
Result
#Example 3. Turbulent-Viscous
> Y_Gtv <- 20 -21.81*X + 16.357*X^2 - 1.8333*X^3; Y_Gtv
[1] 20.54501
> Y_Ltv <- 11.702*X^(-0.7334); Y_Ltv
[1] 8.056473
> dpT1_tv <- Y_Gtv*dpg; dpT1_tv
[1] 55.67699
> dpT2_tv <- Y_Ltv*dpl; dpT2_tv
[1] 60.42355
> #craeting vector
> dpT_tv <- c(dpT1_tv, dpT2_tv); dpT_tv
[1] 55.67699 60.42355
> mean(dpT_tv)
[1] 58.05027
Example 4. Calculate the pressure drop total if the flow for both phases is viscous
(example 1)
Program code
# Example 4.
X <- 1.663589
Y_Gv <- 10 - 10.405*X + 8.06786*X^2 - 0.9167*X^3; Y_Gv
Y_Lv <- 6.499*X^(-0.556); Y_Lv
dpT1_v <- Y_Gv*dpg; dpT1_v
dpT2_v <- Y_Lv*dpl; dpT2_v
#creating a vector
dpT_v <- c(dpT1_tv, dpT2_v); dpT_v
mean(dpT_v
#coding a general program
# turbulent-turbulent
X <- readline(prompt= "Enter the X value: ")
X <- as.numeric(X)
{Yg <- if (X < 1) {1.71712 + 15.431*X + 3.931*X^2 - 2.2952*X^3}
else if (X > 1 & X < 10) {5.80 +6.7143*X + 6.9643*X^2 - 0.75*X^3}
else{131 + 1.4105*X + 1.9362*X^2 - 0.0087*X^3}}
dp_gas <- readline(prompt= "Enter the gas drop pressure: ")
dp_gas <- as.numeric(dp_gas)
Total_P1 <- Yg*dp_gas; Total_P1
{YL <- if(X < 1){11.745*X^(-1.4901)}
else if (X < 1 & X < 10 ) {18.219*X^(-0.8192)}
else{6.3479*X^(-0.3518)}}
dp_liq <- readline(prompt= "Enter the liquid drop pressure: " dp_liq <-
as.numeric(dp_liq)
Total_P2 <- YL_liq; Total_P2
print(mean(c(Total_P1.Total_P2)))
Result
> # Example 4.
> Y_Gv <- 10 - 10.405*X + 8.06786*X^2 - 0.9167*X^3; Y_Gv
[1] 10.80018
> Y_Lv <- 6.499*X^(-0.556); Y_Lv
[1] 4.89674
> dpT1_v <- Y_Gv*dpg; dpT1_v
[1] 29.26848
> dpT2_v <- Y_Lv*dpl; dpT2_v
[1] 36.72555
> #creating a vector
> dpT_v <- c(dpT1_tv, dpT2_v); dpT_v
[1] 55.68930 36.72555
> mean(dpT_v)
[1] 46.20743
> #coding a general program
> # turbulent-turbulent
> X <- readline(prompt= "Enter the X value: ")
Enter the X value: X <- as.numeric(X)
Problema 1. Calculate the total pressure drop in the system shown in figure 1, for
air-water mixture flow with the following specifications:pipe diameter D=3.7 cm, liquid
mass flux L = 1500 Kg/m2-s and gas mass flux G=130 Kg/m2*s, temperature T = 25
°C, dPG = 28000 N/m2 and average pressure P = 10 bar by length meter. Calculation
methodology proposed 1) Pattern flow for each phase. 2) To select the flow
equations. 3) Calculate X. 4) Calculate drop pressure. 5) Results análisis
Program code
# problem 1.Drop pressure along a horizontal pipe.
#L: liquid flux(Kg/m2*s); G:gas flux(Kg/m2*s); D:diameter (m); h:
#dp_g :gas drop pressure (N/m2); rho_gas: gas density (Kg/m3); rho_l: liquid density
(Kg/m3);
#mu_g; gas viscosity (Kg/m*s);mu_: liquid viscosity (Kg/m*s); Flux=V*rho;
Re=v*D*rho/mu
#declaration of the parameters
L= 1500; G= 130; dp_g= 2800; rho_g=11.7; rho_l =997.5; mu_g = 1.85*10^-5; mu_l
= 8.93*10^-4; D = 3.7; h= 3.0
Re_l <- L*(D/100)/mu_l; Re_l
Re_g <- G*(D/100)/mu_g; Re_g
X1=((mu_l/mu_g)^0.111)*((rho_g/rho_l)^0.555)*(L/G);X1
Y_G1 <- 5.80 + 6.7143*X1 + 6.9643*(X1)^2 - 0.75*(X1)^3; Y_G1
dp <- Y_G1*dp_g; dp # N/m2
dph <- dp/h; dph #(N/m2)/m
Result
> L= 1500; G= 130; dp_g= 2800; rho_g=11.7; rho_l =997.5; mu_g = 1.85*10^-5;
mu_l = 8.93*10^-4; D = 3.7; h= 3.0
> Re_l <- L*(D/100)/mu_l; Re_l
[1] 62150.06
> Re_g <- G*(D/100)/mu_g; Re_g
[1] 260000
> X1=((mu_l/mu_g)^0.111)*((rho_g/rho_l)^0.555)*(L/G);X1
[1] 1.504814
> Y_G1 <- 5.80 + 6.7143*X1 + 6.9643*(X1)^2 - 0.75*(X1)^3; Y_G1
[1] 29.11849
> dp <- Y_G1*dp_g; dp # N/m2
[1] 81531.77
> dph <- dp/h; dph #(N/m2)/m
[1] 27177.26
STIRRING AND MIXING EXERCISES
Example 1. A fermentation broth with viscosity 0.01 Pa*s and density 1000 Kg/m3
is agitated in a 50 m3 baffled tankusing marine propeller 1.3 m in diameter.Calculate
the power requirement for a stirrer speed of 4 s-1. Repeat the calculations for
Rushton turbine and pinched blade turbine.
Code program
N1_i <- 4 #s^-1
rho1 <- 1000 # Kg/m3
D1_i <- 1.3 # m
mu1 <- 0.01 #pa*s
Rel_i <- N1_i*D1_i^2*rho1/mu1; Re1_i # 676000 (turbulent pattern)
Np1 <- 0.35
pwl <- Np1*rho*N1_i^5; pwl# 83.17 Kw
Result
N1_i <- 4 #s^-1
> rho1 <- 1000 # Kg/m3
> D1_i <- 1.3 # m
> mu1 <- 0.01 #pa*s
> Rel_i <- N1_i*D1_i^2*rho1/mu1; Rel_i # 676000 (turbulent pattern)
[1] 676000
> Np_1 <- 0.35
> pw_l <- Np_1*rho*N1_i^5; pw_l# 83.17 Kw
[1] 286720
Problems 9.1. A tank 1.2 m in diameter and 2m high is filled to a depth of 1.2 m with
a latex having a viscosity of 10 P and a density of 800 kg/m3. The tank is not baffled.
A three-blade 360 mm diameter propeller is installed in the tank 360 mm from the
bottom. The pitch is 1:1 (pitch equals diameter). The motor available develops 8 KW.
Is the motor adequate to drive this agitator at a speed of 800 rpmin?
Code program
u <- 10 #pa*s
NRPM <- 800 # RPM
hl <- 1.2 # m
NH <- NRPM/60 #s^-1
rho <- 800 #kg/m3
Di <- 36/1000 # m
do <- 0.36 #m
Re <- (rho*Di^2*NH)/(u); Re
Np <- 0.74
P <- Np*Di*NH^3*Di^5; p
Result
u <- 10 #pa*s
> NRPM <- 800 # RPM
> hl <- 1.2 # m
> NH <- 800/60 #s^-1
> rho <- 800 #kg/m3
> Di <- 36/1000 # m
> do <- 0.36 #m
> Re <- (rho*Di^2*NH)/(u); Re
[1] 1.3824
> Np <- 0.74
> P <- Np*Di*NH^3*Di^5; p
P <- 7.964
El motor no es adecuado porque produce muy poca potencia para alcanzar una
velocidad propuesta

Exercise 9.2. What is the maximum speed at which agitator of the tank described in
Prob. 9.1 may be driven if the liquid is replaced by one having a viscosity of 1P and
the same density?
Code program
rho <- 800; #Kg/m3
u2 <- 0.1 #pa*s
NH_2 <- 14 #rps
Di_1 <- 360/1000
Re_1 <- (NH_2*Di_1^2*rho)/u2; Re_1

#calculo de la potencia
Np <- 0.6
pmax <- (Np*Di_1^3*rho)/1000; pmax
Result

rho <- 800; #Kg/m3

> u2 <- 0.1 #pa*s
> NH_2 <- 14 #rps
> Di_1 <- 360/1000
> Re_1 <- (NH_2*Di_1^2*rho)/u2; Re_1
[1] 14515.2
> #calculo de la potencia
> Np <- 0.6
> pmax <- (Np*Di_1^3*rho)/1000; pmax
[1] 0.02239488

Exercise 9.3 What power is required for the mixing operation of Prob. 9.1 if a
propeller 360 mm in diameter turning at 15 r/s is used and if four baffles, each 120
mm wide, are installed?
Code program
rho_1 <- 800 #kg/m3
u <- 1 #pa*s
Di_1 <- 3600/1000 #m
NH_3 <- 15 #s^-1 rho <- 800; #Kg/m3
u2 <- 0.1 #pa*s
NH_2 <- 14 #rps
Di_1 <- 360/1000
e_1 <- (NH_2*Di_1^2*rho)/u2; Re_1
#calculo de la potencia
Np <- 0.6
pmax <- (Np*Di_1^3*rho)/1000; pmax
Re_2 <- (rho*Di_1^2*NH_3)/u; Re_2
Np <- 0.9
pmax_1 <- Np*rho_1*NH_3^3*Di_1^5;pmax_1
Result
> rho_1 <- 800 #kg/m3
> u <- 1 #pa*s
> Di_1 <- 3600/1000 #m
> NH_3 <- 15 #s^-1 rho <- 800; #Kg/m3
> u2 <- 0.1 #pa*s
> NH_2 <- 14 #rps
> Di_1 <- 360/1000
> e_1 <- (NH_2*Di_1^2*rho)/u2; Re_1
[1] 14515.2
> #calculo de la potencia
> Np <- 0.6
> pmax <- (Np*Di_1^3*rho)/1000; pmax
[1] 0.02239488
> Re_2 <- (rho*Di_1^2*NH_3)/u; Re_2
[1] 1555.2
> Np <- 0.9
> pmax_1 <- Np*rho_1*NH_3^3*Di_1^5;pmax_1
[1] 14693.28

Exercise 9.4. The propeller in Prob. 9.1 is replaced with a six-blade turbine 400 mm
in diameter, and the fluid to be agitated is a pseudoplastic power-law liquid having
an apparent viscosity of 15 P when the velocity gradient is 10 s-1. At what speed
should the turbine rotate to deliver 1 kW/m3 of liquid? For this fluid n’ = 0.75 and rho
= 950 kg/m3
Code program
Di_2 <- 400/1000 # m
u <- 15 # pa*s
n <- 0.75
rho_2 <- 950 #Kg/m3
Dt <- 1.2 #m
h2 <- 1.2 #m
Gv <- 10 #s^-1
W <- 1000 #w/m3
t <- u/Gv
V <- (pi/4)*Dt^2*h2;V
P <- W*V; P
pw <- P*1000;Pw
W4 <- (P/(rho_2*Di_2^5*t))^(1/3); W4
#pseudoplastic liquid Re_3=((Ni^(2-n))*Di^2*d)/((11^(n-1))*K
K <- u/(Gv^(n-1));K
Pkwm4 <- (w4*60);Pkwm4
Result
Di_2 <- 400/1000 # m
> u <- 15 # pa*s
> n <- 0.75
> rho_2 <- 950 #Kg/m3
> Dt <- 1.2 #m
> h2 <- 1.2 #m
> Gv <- 10 #s^-1
> W <- 1000 #w/m3
> t <- u/Gv
> V <- (pi/4)*Dt^2*h2;V
[1] 1.357168
> P <- W*V; P
[1] 1357.168
> W4 <- (P/(rho_2*Di_2^5*t))^(1/3); W4
[1] 4.53078
> #pseudoplastic liquid Re_3=((Ni^(2-n))*Di^2*d)/((11^(n-1))*K
> K <- u/(Gv^(n-1));K
[1] 26.67419

MIXING TIME EXERCISES

Example 1. An agitated vessel in 1.83 m in diameter contains a six-blade straight-
blade turbine 0.61 m in diameter, set one impeller above the vessel floor, and
rotating at 80 rev/min. It is proposed to use this vessel for neutralizing a dilute
aqueous solution of NaOH at 21 °C with a stoichiometrically equivalent of
concentrated nitric acid. Assuming that all the acid is added to the vessel at one
time. Liquid density 62.3 lb/ft3 Liquid viscosity 6.6x10-4 lb/ft*s How long will it take
for the neutralization to be complete?
Code program
D2T <- 1.83 # m
D2_i <- 0.61 # m
N2_i <- 80/60 # s^-1
rho2 <- 997.95 # Kg/m3
mu2 <- 9.821*10^-4 # pa*s
Re2_i <- N2_i*(D2_i^2)*rho2/mu2;Re2_i # 504140.4(turbine pattern)
Np2 <- 1.3
tm2 <- (5.4/N2_i)*((1/Np2)^(1/3))*(D2T/D2_i)^2; tm2 #33.40s
Result
> D2_i <- 0.61 # m
> N2_i <- 80/60 # s^-1
> rho2 <- 997.95 # Kg/m3
> mu2 <- 9.821*10^-4 # pa*s
> Re2_i <- N2_i*(D2_i^2)*rho2/mu2;Re2_i # 504140.4(turbine pattern)
[1] 504140.4
> Np2 <- 1.3
> tm2 <- (5.4/N2_i)*((1/Np2)^(1/3))*(D2T/D2_i)^2; tm2 #33.40s
[1] 33.39769

Example 2. Scale up. An agitation system uses a curved-blade disc turbine with six
blades. The given conditions are sizes are DT1=1.83 m, Di1=0.61 m, WB1=0.0915
m, LB1=0.171 m, WBF=0.183 m, N=90 rev/min, liquid density 929 Kg/m3 and liquid
viscosity 0.01 Pa*s. It is desire to scale up these results for a vessel whose volume
is three times as large. a) Equal liquid motion. b) Equal power per unit volume
Code program
A) D3T <- 1.83
D3_i <- 0.61
rho3 <- 929
mu3 <- 0.01
N3_i <- 90/60; N3_i
Vsamll <- pi*D3T^3/4;Vsamll
Vlarge <- 3*Vsamll;Vlarge
R <- (Vlarge/Vsamll)^(1/3);R
#sizing
D4T <- R*D3T; D4T
D4_i <- R*D3_i; D4_i #0.880 m
B) #To finish the calculations for other dimensions of the stirred tank
N4_i <- N3_i/R; N4_i # 1.04 s^-1
Re4_i <- N4_i*D4_i^2*rho3/mu3;Re4_i #74783.7(turbulent pattern)
Np3 <- 1.5
pw4 <- Np3*rho3*N4_i^3*D4_i^5; pw4 # 0.826 Kw
#to do the calculations for b part
pw4
n1 <- 2/3
Np4 <- N3_i*((1/R)^n1);Np4 #s^-1
Re_5i <- (N3_i*D3_i^2*rho3)/mu3; Re_5i
Np3 <- 1.5
pw5 <- (Np4*rho3*Np4^3*D4_i^5)/1000;pw5 #kw
Result
> D3T <- 1.83
> D3_i <- 0.61
> rho3 <- 929
> mu3 <- 0.01
> N3_i <- 90/60; N3_i
[1] 1.5
> Vsamll <- pi*D3T^3/4;Vsamll
[1] 4.813302
> Vlarge <- 3*Vsamll;Vlarge
[1] 14.43991
> R <- (Vlarge/Vsamll)^(1/3);R
[1] 1.44225
> #sizing
> D4T <- R*D3T; D4T
[1] 2.639317
> D4_i <- R*D3_i; D4_i #0.880 m
[1] 0.8797722
> N4_i <- N3_i/R; N4_i # 1.04 s^-1
[1] 1.040042
> Re4_i <- N4_i*D4_i^2*rho3/mu3;Re4_i #74783.7(turbulent pattern)
[1] 74783.72
> Np3 <- 1.5
> pw4 <- Np3*rho3*N4_i^3*D4_i^5; pw4 # 0.826 Kw
[1] 826.2486
> #to do the calculations for b part
> pw4
[1] 826.2486
> n1 <- 2/3
> Np4 <- N3_i*((1/R)^n1);Np4 #s^-1
[1] 1.175072
> Re_5i <- (N3_i*D3_i^2*rho3)/mu3; Re_5i
[1] 51852.13
> Np3 <- 1.5
> pw5 <- (Np4*rho3*Np4^3*D4_i^5)/1000;pw5 #kw
[1] 0.9335213