01

02

THERMOCHEMISTRY – HEAT AND 03

CHEMICAL CHANGE 04

05

06
 Objectives
01
• State the first law of thermodynamics 02
• Differentiate exothermic from endothermic
03
• Describe enthalpy
• Solve problems involving thermochemical 04

equations 05

• Importance of the transformation of energy from 06

one form to another

Rub your hands together 01

02

03

Rub your hands together 04

05

06
Box of
words:

Chemical reactions
 Energy 01

02
Is the capacity for doing work or supplying
heat. 03

Energy is weightless, odorless, and tasteless. 04

05

Energy is detected only because of its effects. 06

Energy stored within the structural units of chemical

substances is called CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
•+
Direction of the heat

HEA always flow from the warmer object to the

Tcooler object until the temperature of the both
object is the same.
HEAT is the energy that transfer from one object
to another because of a temperature difference
between them
HEAT represented by symbol q
Heat???
Energy that transfer from one object to
another because of the temperature
difference between them.

Rise in the temperature of

objects.
What makes a summer day hot?

AIR is the object that absorbs heat and increases in

temperature
SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM
In studying heat
changes…..
System as the part of the universe on
which you focus your attention.

Surroundings include everything else

in the universe.
Endothermic
Process
A process that absorbs heat from
the surroundings.

Heat flowing into a system from

its surroundings is defined as
positive; q has a positive value.
Exothermic
Process
A processes that releases heat to its
surrounding.

Heat flows out of the system into its

surrounding has a negative q
value.
 Direction of heat Sign Reaction Type
flow

Heat flows out of Heat change( negative ) Exothermic

the system

Heat flows into the Heat change ( positive ) Endothermic

system
What is reaction enthalpy?

• During any chemical reaction, heat is

either absorbed or given out.
• The heat exchange between the
chemical reaction and its
environment is reaction enthalpy.
 01
ENTHALPY 02

03
Enthalpy (signified as H) is a measure of the total
energy of a system and often expresses and 04

simplifies energy transfer between systems. 05

At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy 06

(ΔH)is equal to the heat given off, or the heat

absorbed, in a given chemical reaction.
 Thermochemical Equation
• Expresses the amount of heat released or absorbed
by chemical reaction.
Writing Thermochemical Equations:
When heat is lost, the ΔH value is negative. The heat value may
also be given in the equation itself as a product.

When heat is gained, the ΔH value is positive. The heat value

may also be given in the equation itself as a reactant.
Thermochemical
Equation:
CH4[g] + 2 O2[g] -> CO2[g] + 2 H2O[g] + energy.

Releases energy in
the surroundings
6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Absorption of energy
from the surroundings
• Write the thermochemical equation for the
reaction of PCl3(g) with Cl2(g) to make PCl5(g),
which has an enthalpy change of −88 kJ.

• The thermochemical equation is:

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(g) ΔH = −88 kJ

EXOTHERMIC OR
ENDOTHERMIC?
• Write the thermochemical equation for the
reaction of N2(g) with O2(g) to make 2NO(g),
which has an enthalpy change of 181 kJ.

• The thermochemical equation is:

N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ΔH = 181
kJ

EXOTHERMIC OR
ENDOTHERMIC?
 Reaction
Energy

In an endothermic reaction, In an exothermic reaction, the

the energy of the system energy of the system
increases. decreases.
 Stoichiometric Calculations and
Enthalpy Change
s

1 mole of methane released = -890.4 kJ

2 mole of methane released = -1781 kJ
0.5 mole of methane released = -445.2 kJ
• Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with oxygen to form sulfur
trioxide in an exothermi reaction according to the
following thermochemical
c equation.

• 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) + 198 kJ

• ΔH = -198 k J in every 2 moles of sulfur dioxide

Sample
Problem
• How much heat will be released when 66.4 g SO2
reacts with excess oxygen according to the following
equation?

2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) + energy

ΔH = -198 kJ
• How much heat will be absorbed when 13.7 g of
nitrogen reacts with excess O2 according to the
following equation?
N2 + O2 → 2NO ∆H = +180 kJ
• How much heat will be released when 6.44 g of
sulfur reacts with excess O2 according to the
following equation?
2 S + 3O2 → 2SO3 ∆H = -791.4 kJ
• How much heat will be released when 4.72 g of
carbon reacts with excess O2 according to the
following equation?
C + O2 → CO2 ∆H = -
393.5 kJ
ENDOTHERMIC OR EXOTHERMIC?

1. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas release 482.6 kJ of heat when

they combine to form steam. Is this reaction endothermic or
exothermic? ? Is DH for this reaction positive or negative?

2. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (g) DH = -482.62 kJ

Write the thermochemical equation.

How much heat is released if we begin with 2.0087 g of O 2 gas?

What is the heat change when 18.4 g of hydrogen
reacts with excess oxygen according to the following
equation?

2H2 + 2 O2 2H2O
DH = - 571.6 kJ