BODY ODOR

INTRODUCTION
• During the last 100 years, a concerted effort has been made to
develop and market products for controlling underarm wetness
and odor.
• In most modern civilizations, underarm odor is regarded as
unpleasant and socially unacceptable; therefore, hygienic and
chemical control of both axillary odor and wetness has become
a requirement.
• Deodorants inhibit or mask odor formation caused by
interaction of perspiration and bacteria, while antiperspirants
work primarily to retard sweating by reducing the amount of
perspiration excreted from the eccrine sweat glands.
• In the United States, Canada, Australia, and most of the Far
East—including Japan—antiperspirants are classified legally as
drugs because their action affects a body function, namely,
eccrine sweating.
• Deodorants (except soaps) are designed to reduce axillary odor.
Since deodorization is considered a nontherapeutic purpose, and
since no function of the body is being altered, deodorants are
classified as cosmetics.
 • On a global scale, the underarm market
is represented by a number of product
forms: sticks, aerosols, extrudables (gels
and soft solids), roll-ons, creams, pump,
and squeeze sprays.
• A consumer's concern when purchasing
either an antiperspirant or a deodorant is
INTRODUCTION control of underarm body odor. Thus
three basic types of needs must be met:
(1) control of underarm wetness,
(2) elimination of underarm odor
(3) provision of an aesthetically pleasing
application that does not whiten axillae or
stain garments.
PERSPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY
PERSPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY
 DEODORANCY
• Perfumes and antimicrobial actives are the most popular actives in controlling axillary odor. Since axillary
odor is largely produced by the action of bacteria on nutrients present in apocrine secretion, any ingredient that
inhibits the growth of microorganisms found in the axillae should in theory exhibit deodorant properties.
• Three different approaches are used for controlling underarm malodor:
(1) Odor masking/disguise: Involves masking unwanted odor by overpowering or disguising it. Strong perfumes
are typically used in deodorants to overpower underarm odor. Levels of perfumes in deodorants can vary from
fairly low levels (0.5% of total formulation) to levels as high as 10%.

(2) Odor reduction/removal. Materials can be added to underarm deodorant formulations to adsorb or absorb
odors, particularly low molecular weight excretion components. However, these materials usually work on
specific chemical types and thus have limited use. Other materials can be added to deodorant formulations to
physically absorb glandular excretion, thereby slowing down bacterial growth.

(3) Odor prevention: This approach is aimed at inhibiting the growth of bacterial microorganisms in the axilla.
Antibacterial agents are by far the most often used materials in deodorant formulations to prevent or slow
down odor formation. Other actives are used to provide enzyme inhibition or antioxidation.
 ANTIPERSPIRANT INGREDIENTS - CHEMISTRY
• The most common antiperspirant salts or actives, aluminum chlorohydrate and aluminum-
zirconium chlorohydrex-glycine, act by suppressing sweat delivery to the skin surface.
• In addition, they have been reported to act as good antimicrobials to eliminate the
formation of axillary odor.
• When aluminum is the only metal present, the AP active is known as aluminum
chlorohydrate (ACH).
• Aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrate complexes with glycine (AZG or ZAG) were
developed and marketed to provide significant improvements in performance in
nonaerosolized product forms, such as roll-ons and sticks.
• When zirconium is present along with aluminum, the antiperspirant active is known as
aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrate.
• As the aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrate is most often buffered with glycine, it is
commonly known simply as ZAG or AZG
 ANTIPERSPIRANT FORMULATIONS
• Antiperspirant actives, being very acidic and water soluble, have distinct formulation
limitations, such as: (1) water and glycol solubility that can lead to tackiness on the skin,
and (2) high acidity that can cause potential skin irritation and destabilization of pH-
sensitive fragrances and gellants.
• Antiperspirants are formulated to provide dry-feeling aesthetics upon application and
effective delivery of actives. Typically ingredients used in antiperspirant products vary by
delivery form.
• They can include emulsifiers/suspending agents, gellants and viscosity enhancers,
propellants and solvents/carriers, silicones (e.g., cyclomethicone and dimethicone), and
emollients and feel modifiers.
 SOLID/STICK
• Sticks are prepared by balancing a solidifying agent (e.g., wax) and volatile
cyclomethicone
• Other ingredients are added to improve on dry, soft feel and reduce the whitening effect
caused by the difference in refractive index of the AP active and skin.
• Stabilization, clarity, and aesthetics continue to be the issues that require improvements for
optimum consumer acceptance
ROLL-ON
 DEODORANT FORMULATIONS AND EXAMPLES
• Controlling odor is critical to the success of underarm products. Most technological
approaches are focused on fragrance components that either inhibit odor formation or mask
already formed odor.
• Deodorant actives and fragrances tend to have fewer formulation limitations than acidic
antiperspirants.
• Typical deodorants are in the form of sticks/solids, aerosols, and extrudable gels.
• Triclosan is the most commonly employed active for antimicrobial activity to inhibit
bacterial formation. The keys to consumer acceptance are minimal tackiness and no visible
residue.
• Typical ingredients found in deodorant aerosol products are volatile hydrocarbons, ethanol,
propylene glycol, and functional siloxanes.