CHAPTER TWO :Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics

 Aerodynamics: is The dynamics of bodies moving

relative to gases, especially the interaction of moving
objects with the atmosphere.
 Hydrodynamics: Deals with the motion of fluids
(especially, incompressible fluids), and the forces
acting on solid bodies immersed in such fluids and in
motion relative to them. Examples: ships,
submarines, torpedoes, etc. Also, it is the fluid
dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol,
and oil.
 2.1. Hydrostatics

 Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid

mechanics that studies the condition of the equilibrium of
a floating body and submerged body "fluids at hydrostatic
equilibrium and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a
fluid, on an immersed body".

 Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid statics, which is the

study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at
rest.
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Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for
many phenomena of everyday life, such as why
atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why
wood and oil float on water, and why the
surface of still water is always level according to
the curvature of the earth.
 2.2.Hydrostatics Equation

 The simplified Navier Stokes equation for hydrostatics is

a vector equation, which can be split into three
components.
 If the fluid is at rest or at constant velocity, and.
 for the pressure distribution reduces to
 The convention will be adopted that gravity always acts in
the negative z direction. Thus;
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• And the three components of the hydrostatics

equation reduce to
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 Since pressure is now only a function of z, total

derivatives can be used for the z-component instead of

partial derivatives. In fact, this equation can be integrated

directly from some point 1 to some point 2.

 Assuming both density and gravity remain nearly constant

from 1 to 2 (a reasonable approximation unless there is a

huge elevation difference between points 1 and 2), the z-

component becomes
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 This is the only hydrostatics equation needed.

 2.3. The hydrodynamic equations
 The hydrodynamic equations are a set of equations that
describe the movement of a water body through a set of
variables, the so-called state variables.
 The basic equations that govern the development of
these variables can be derived in its full form through
the application of conservation laws. In sea water7
variables completely define the state of the fluid.
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 These variables are the density ρ of the water, the three
velocity components u, v, w in the direction of x, y, z, the
pressure p, the temperature T and the salinity S. If only
freshwater systems are concerned, there is no salinity as a
variable, reducing the number of state variables to 6.
 In meteorology, similar variables can be used also for the
description of the atmosphere.
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 In this case humidity (water vapor content) is
used instead of salinity as a state variable.
 The equations governing atmospheric motion
differ only slightly from the ones used in the
oceans.
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 It is believed that the hydrodynamic equations are exact,
and that they describe all processes going on in the oceans
and the atmosphere, only the fact that no analytic
solutions exist for these equations prevent a complete
description of the dynamics.
 Moreover, in order to solve this equation, initial and
boundary conditions are needed, and in no case do we
have the complete knowledge of these values
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 The only way out of this problem is the application of
numerical methods to solve the equations and the
(incomplete) application of boundary conditions to these
equations.
 Most used variables in numerical hydrodynamics: of all
the above quantities we typically use only a few. The
most used symbols are
 2.3.1 Lagrange form of the hydrodynamics equations

 The idea is to follow a gas element along its path and see
how it changes its direction of motion and how its
density and pressure change along its way.
 This is called the Lagrange form of the equations.
 To derive this form of the equations we need to introduce
the commoving derivative as
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2.3.1.1. Continuity equation

With this definition the continuity equation then becomes:

This form of the continuity equation has a physical

meaning. It says that a gas parcel changes its density
when the gas motion converges. In other words: when
the gas motion is such that the parcel gets compressed.
This compression is expressed by .
 2.3.1.2. Momentum conservation equation
 The momentum equation can be written as:

This form of the equation of momentum conservation also

has a physical interpretation. It says that a gas parcel will be
accelerated due to a force, which is the pressure gradient.
Any other body force, such as gravity, can be easily added as
a term on the right-hand-side. This is the advantage of the
Lagrangian form of the equations
 2.3.1.3. Energy conservation equation
 Finally, the energy equation can be manipulated in a
similar manner,

Therefore we obtain for the energy equation:

 This also has physical meaning: the thermal energy

of a gas parcel changes only as a result of adiabatic
compression.
 2.3.2. Aerodynamics

 It is a branch of fluid dynamics the deals with the study

of air and its interactions with solid surface in the flow.
 These surfaces may be aerodynamic bodies like
airplanes and missiles or the inside walls of ducts such
as inside rocket nozzles and wind tunnels.
 2.3.2.1. Applications of aerodynamics

 Predict force and moment on bodies moving through

fluid usually air
 Predict heat transfer from body or to body in air
 Determine flows phenomena in ducts such as flow
through wind tunnels and jet engine
 2.3.2.2. Classification of aerodynamics

 Incompressible versus compressible flow.

 In viscid versus viscous flow.
 Steady versus unsteady flow.
 Natural versus forced flow.
 Laminar versus turbulent flow.
 one-, two- and three-dimensional flows.
 Summary
 Hydrodynamics: Deals with the motion of fluids (especially,
incompressible fluids), and the forces acting on solid bodies
immersed in such fluids and in motion relative to them.

 Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics

that studies the condition of the equilibrium of a floating

body and submerged body "fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium

and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a fluid, on an

immersed body.
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 The hydrostatics equations

 Aerodynamics It is a branch of fluid dynamics the

deals with the study of air and its interactions with
solid surface in the flow
 The hydrodynamic equations are a set of equations
that describe the movement of a water body through a
set of variables, the so-called state variables.
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 Continuity equation With this definition the
continuity equation then becomes:

 Momentum conservation equation:

Energy conservation equation:
End of Chapter Two