INTRODUCTION

TO
INFECTOLOGY
The INFECTIOUS PROCESS
is the interaction of a microorganism
and a macroorganism

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
is the group of human diseases
caused by pathogenic viruses,
bacteria (including rickettsias and
chlamydia) and protozoa.
 PATHOGENS OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
Bacteria - Salmonella, shigella, yersinia,
meningococci, staphylococci,
streptococci, etc.
Viruses – influenza viruses,
parainfluenza, coronaviruses, hepatitis
viruses, measles, rubella, etc.
Rickettsia
Protozoa - amoebas, schistosomes,
giardia, etc.
 Properties of the pathogen
Pathogenicity - the ability of a microorganism
to cause disease
Virulence - the degree of pathogenicity
Adhesiveness – the ability of a microorganism
to attach to tissues and organs
Invasiveness is the ability of a microorganism
to penetrate into tissues and organs.
Toxigenicity – the ability of a microorganism to
synthesize and release toxins (exotoxin,
endotoxin)
 Epidemiology
Source of infection (human, animal,
environment)
Transmission mechanisms (fecal-oral,
aerogenic, parenteral, transmissive)
Pathways and transmission
mechanisms
Seasonality
Receptivity
 Source of infection
Person
Animals: domestic, wild
Birds
Environmental objects: soil,
reservoirs, some plants
The source of infection is a person:
anthroponoses

Source of infection - animals or birds:

zoonoses

The source of infection is the

environment: sapronoses
 Mechanisms and ways of
transmission
Fecal-oral: food (alimentary), water,
contact
Aerogenic: airborne, airborne dust
Parenteral (medical and other
manipulations)
Transmissible (through insect bites)
Sexual pathway
Vertical path
 Epidemiological process
– 3 links
1. Source of infection - humans, animals
(domestic, wild), birds (domestic, wild)

2. Transmission paths

3. Susceptible macroorganism (human)

Features of infectious diseases
Presence of the pathogen
Epidemic spread
Cyclical flow
Formation of immunity
 Cyclical flow
Periods of acute infectious disease:
1. Incubation
2. Prodromal period
3. Peak period
4. The period of reconvalescence
The incubation

is the period from the moment

the pathogen is introduced into
the body until the first clinical
symptoms appear
The prodromal period –
prodrom)
is the period from the moment of
the appearance of the first
symptoms to the appearance of
the signs MOST characteristic of a
particular disease. For example,
with measles - rash, with viral
hepatitis - jaundice, etc.
The peak period
Is the period when the symptoms
characteristic of this infectious
disease are most pronounced
The period of convalescence
is the period of recovery
(complete, incomplete)
Complications:
-Shock (infectious-toxic,
hypovolemic, etc.)
-Coma
-Cerebral edema
-Others (sepsis, endocarditis,
ARF, ACVF)
A symptom is a definite sign of
a disease. For example,
headache, abdominal pain,
nausea, loose stools, etc.

A syndrome is a complex of
symptoms. For example,
intoxication, jaundice syndrome,
tonsillitis syndrome, etc.
 The main syndromes
Intoxication syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Jaundice syndrome
Meningeal syndrome
Exanthema syndrome
Tonsillitis syndrome
Other
 Intoxication syndrome
Fever
Chills
Weakness
Headache
Body aches
Anorexia
Nausea, vomiting
 Gastrointestinal syndrome
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Loose stools (diarrhea)
Anorexia
Tenesmus
False urge to defecate
 Jaundice syndrome
Jaundice coloration of the skin and
mucous membranes
Choluria (dark color of urine)
Acholia feces (discolored feces)
Skin itching
Changes in laboratory tests
 Meningeal syndrome
Headache
Photophobia, hyperacusis, hyperesthesia
Vomiting that does not bring relief
Positive meningeal symptoms (rigidity of
the occipital muscles, Kernig's symptom,
Brudzinsky's symptom)
Exanthema syndrome (rash)
Spot
Papular rash
Vesicle
Pustule
Ulcer
 Tonsillitis syndrome
Sore throat
Enlargement of the palatine tonsils
Hyperemia of the pharyngeal mucosa
Purulent plaque
 Diagnostic methods
General clinical methods:
•Survey (complaints, medical history,
epidemiological history, life history)
•Examination (skin, mucous
membrane, rash)
•Palpation
•Percussion
•Auscultation
 Laboratory diagnostic methods
General clinical methods:
•General blood test
•General urine test
•Biochemical blood analysis
•Coagulogram
•Acid-base composition of blood
•Coprogram
•Liquorogram
 Laboratory diagnostic methods
Specific methods:
•Bacteriological method (crops)
•Microscopic method
•Virological method
•Serological method (detection of antibodies to
the pathogen, sometimes - antigens)
•Molecular biological method (PCR)
 Instrumental diagnostic
methods
Ultrasound
X-ray
MRT
CT
FGDS
Rectoromanoscopy
 Principles of treatment
Basic therapy:
•Dietary
•Regimen

Sometimes
•Gastric lavage
•Cleansing enema
 Principles of treatment

Medicamental:
•Etiotropic (against the pathogen)
•Pathogenetic (directed at the links of
pathogenesis)
•Symptomatic (aimed at specific
symptoms)
 Etiotropic therapy
Antibacterial (antibiotics, chemotherapy
drugs, bacteriophages)
Antiviral drugs
Antiparasitic drugs
 Pathogenetic therapy
Detoxification (in case of intoxication)
Rehydration (in case of dehydration)
Dehydration (with edema)
Desensitization (with allergic reactions)
Anti-inflammatory therapy (in the
inflammatory process)
 Symptomatic therapy
Antipyretic drugs
Analgesics
Antispasmodics
Other
 Prevention
The main goal of prevention is to act on 3
links of the epidemic process:

1 link - isolation and treatment of an

infectious patient,
treatment of pets (veterinary service),
destruction of rats (deratization)
 Prevention
2 link - impact on transmission routes
(disinfection, disinsection, compliance with
sanitary rules, sanitary and educational
work)

3 link - impact on the susceptibility of the

macroorganism (vaccination, sanitary and
educational work)
Thanks