Kroll and Barclay

Review and reflect:

What are the stages of writing?

What have you learnt about how children learn

to write?
 Demonstrate: Cameron
1). How has Cameron developed from Oliver’s
stage?

2). What does Cameron understand about

constructing texts?

Annotate Cameron’s text to pick out specific

features.
 New Information: Kroll 1981
4 stages in the development of writing.

Stage 1: PREPAROTARY STAGE

Masters the basic motor skills needed to write
Learns the basic principles of the spelling system.

Stage 2: CONSOLIDATION STAGE (age up to 6)

Child writes in the same way it speaks.
Uses short declarative sentences which include mainly ‘and’ conjunctions.
Incomplete sentences as they don’t know how to finish the sentence off.

Stage 3: DIFFERENTIATION STAGE (age up to 9)

Child becomes aware of the difference between speaking and writing.
Recognises the different writing styles available e.g. letter, essay.
Lots of mistakes.
Use writing guides and frameworks to structure work.
Write to reflect thoughts and feelings.

Stage 4: INTEGRATION STAGE (12+)

Child develops a personal style.
Child understands that you can change your style according to audience and purpose.
 New Information: Dr Cathy Barclay
7 stages to a child's developing its writing
skills.
Stage 1: SCRIBBLING STAGE
Random marks on a page
Writing and scribbles are accompanied by
speaking
Stage 2: MOCK HANDWRITING STAGE
Writing + drawings
Produce wavy lines which is their
understanding of lineation
Cursive writing
Stage 3: MOCK LETTERS
Letters are separate things.
Stage 4: CONVENTIONAL LETTERS
Usually involves writing the name as the
first word.
Child usually puts letters on a page but is
able to read it as words.
Stage 5: INVENTED SPELLING STAGE
Child spells in the way they understand the
word should be spelt- own way.
Stage 6: APPROPRIATE/ PHOENTIC
SPELLING STAGE
Attach spelling with sounds.
Stage 7: CORRECT SPELLING STAGE
Are able to spell most words.
 Demonstrate your understanding
Where would each of the stages of writing,
Kroll’s theories and Barclay’s stages fit onto an
age timeline?
Look back at Cameron’s writing. What
stage of Kroll and Barclay’s theory would
you put him into? Why?