Group III…|…Earth and Life Science…|…HUMSS 1-2 AP

How Plants Survive

Cells and Tissues…|…Major Parts…|…Responses to Stimuli…|…Growth Pattern
Plants and Animals
Compare
Introduction
Vascular and Non-vascular Plants
Necessities
What Plants Need to Survive
Cells and Tissues
Plant Cells
 Cells and Tissues Plant Cells

• A plant is composed of eukaryotic cells.

• They have cell walls made of cellulose, a polysaccharide.
• Plant cells have plastids (e.g. chloroplasts and chromoplasts ).
• Plant cells have larger vacuoles.
• There are three basic types of cells in most plants:
1. Parenchyma, carry out metabolism, contain chloroplasts.
2. Collenchyma, provide support especially for young plants.
3. Sclerenchyma, give support and strength.
 Cells and Tissues Plant Cells

• Parenchyma, cube-shaped, loosely packed, thin-walled and

relatively unspecified.
• Elongated and irregularly shaped, with thickened cell walls.
• Very thick cell wall which contains lignin.
Cells and Tissues
Plant Tissues
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues

• Almost all types of plant cells are found in plant tissues.

• There are three kinds of plant tissues:
1. Dermal tissue, covers and protects the plants.
2. Ground tissue, mainly for support, storage, and
photosynthesis.
3. Vascular Tissue, consists of xylem and phloem..
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues: Dermal

• Includes the single layer of cells called the epidermis, and

modified cells like guard cells, root hairs, and the cells that
produce the waxy cuticle.
• Mediates most of the interactions of plants and their
environment.
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues: Ground

• Most common type of plant tissue and functions mainly for

support, storage, and photosynthesis.
• Makes up much of the interior part of plants.
• Consists of all three types of plant cells.
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues: Vascular

• Consists of complex tissues called the xylem and phloem.

• Xylem conducts water and minerals; consists of two types of
elongated cells; tracheids and vessel elements.
• Most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms only have
tracheids in their xylem, while most angiosperms have both
tracheids and vessel elements.
• The xylem makes up the wood of some plants.
• Phloem transports the sap from leaves to the roots, stem, and
fruits.
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues: Vascular

• The phloem consists of sieve tube elements with support cells,

such as sclereids and fibers, and companion cells (or
albuminous cells ).
• Sieve tubes contain vacuoles and other organelles.
 Cells and Tissues Plant Tissues

• Meristem, causes plants to grow as long as they live.

• Apical Meristems allows plants to grow in length, also known as
the primary growth.
• Lateral Meristem allows plants to grow in width, known as the
secondary growth; mostly occurs in woody plants. This growth is
responsible for the thickening of roots and shoots that are formed
during the primary growth.
Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• There are two organ system in plants: the root system and the
shoot system.
• The roots have three main functions:
1. Absorb nutrients and water from the soil.
2. Anchor the plant.
3. Store food.
• A root is a complex organ consisting of several types of tissues to
carry out its various functions.
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• Epidermis, covers the entire surface of the roots.

• Cortex, consists of parenchymal cells that contain plastids for
the storage of starch and other organic substances.
• Endodermis, innermost central layer of the cortex. Composed of
tightly-packed living cells surrounded by the Casparian strip, a
continuous layer of suberin (a waxy material: hydrophobic).
• Vascular cylinder consists of vascular tissues, surrounded by
pericycle.
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• The root tip is divided into three regions:

1. Cell division, composed of meristematic cells that are
actively dividing—responsible for producing new cells.
2. Elongation, the cells elongate.
3. Maturation, cells undergo specialization and become the
three primary meristems (i.e., protoderm, ground
meristem, and procambium ).
• The root tip is protected by a root cap, which secretes mucilage.
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• The stems hold the plant upright, and other organs such as the
leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• Stems also carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
and carry the food produced by the leaves to other parts of the
plant.
• Inside runs the vascular bundles.
• The stems of the plants have nodes where leaves and other plant
structures grow,
• A bud at the tip of a stem (terminal), bud next to nodes (lateral).
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• Plant leaves vary in size and shape.

• Most leaves consists of the following external parts
1. Petiole, attaches leaf to stem.
2. Blade (lamina), where photosynthesis is concentrated—
divided into base, margin, and apex.
3. Midrib (primary vein), contains the xylem and phloem, this
is where food passes through.
4. Lateral veins, where food passes through.
• Leaves are the primary food-making organ of a plant.
 Major Parts
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

• To minimize water loss, the epidermis is covered with a waxy

cuticle made of cutin.
• Guard cells are modified epidermal cells, they contain
chloroplast and control the opening and closing of the stomata.
• Mesophyll, makes up most of the interior part of a leaf. Divided
into two layers: the palisade layer and the spongy layer.
• The pattern of the leaf veins is called venation (which in dicot is
scattered while monocots’ occurs in a parallel pattern.
Responses to Stimuli
Hormones
Responses to Stimuli Hormones

• Plants respond to stimuli.

• Tropism is the growth of a plant away from a stimulus (negative)
or toward a stimulus (positive). There are two most important
tropisms, responses to gravity (geotropism or gravitropism ) and
light (phototropism ). Another is thigmotropism, the response of
plants when touched (e.g. response of makahiya (mimosa pudica)
when touched.
• Plant responses are mainly attributed to the hormones that help
coordinate their growth and development.
Responses to Stimuli Hormones

• Hormones affect the shape plant, seed growth, flowering time,

and growth of leaves and fruits. Also influences the lateral and
apical growth and the longevity of the plant.
• Auxin, enhances apical growth. Promote hormone production
and work with cytokinins.
• Cytokinin, stimulate cytokinesis and cell division. Responsible
for shoot formation and delayed senescence.
• Abscisic acid, acts as an inhibitory hormone that affects bud and
seed dormancy.
Responses to Stimuli Hormones

• Gibberellin, usually works along with auxins. Promotes

elongation of stem and growth of the leaf. Important in seed
germination, affecting the enzyme production. Induces bolting.
• Ethylene, a hormone is gas form, promotes the ripening of the
fruits. Affects stem diameter and height when plants are
subjected to stressors.
Growth Pattern
Pattern
 Growth Pattern Pattern

• Products are grouped into three according to how long its flower
production and longevity is:
1. Annuals, grow from seed, bear glower, produce seeds, and
die in one growing season.
2. Biennials, sprout, grow roots, stems, and leaves during their
first growing season.
3. Perennials, plants that lives more than two growing seasons
or up to many years.
Thank You.
Group 1