Mahesh B.

S Roll No: 09

FUNDAMENTAL RECEIVER OPERATION

An optical receiver consists of  Photo detector

 Amplifier  Processing circuitry

OPTICAL RECEIVER

Cntd
Photo detector produces an electric current proportional to the received power level Photo detectors can be PIN or APD Since the electric current is weak an amplifier boosts it to a level that can be used

Cntd
It is then passed through a low pass filter to reduce the noise The filter can reshape the pulses that have been distorted due to ISI This filter is called equalizer since it equalizes or cancels pulse spreading effects

Cntd
 A decision circuit samples the signal level at the midpoint of each time slot and compares it with threshold level  If the received signal level is greater than the threshold level,1 is said to be received  If the received signal level is less than the threshold level,0 is assumed to have been received

Cntd
To find the bit boundaries clock is used Which has the periodicity equal to the time interval It is called timing recovery

ERROR SOURCES

NOISE
 Un wanted signals  2 types external & internal  External electric power lines, radio transmission, lightning  Internal- shot, thermal  Shot noise- random fluctuations in voltage or current  Thermal noise-random motion of electrons in a conductor

PROBABILITY OF ERROR
 Divide number of errors over a certain time interval by number of pulses transmitted

 

- No of errors - No. of pulses transmitted

Cntd
Bit error rate is the chance that a bit is corrupted and received in error

Bit error rate is abbreviated as BER

COMPUTATION
We have to know probability distribution Because the decision is made as to whether a 0 or 1 is sent

Cntd
P1(v)= It is the probability when o/p voltage less than v when 1 sent P0(v)= It is the probability when o/p voltage exceeds v when 0 sent

Cntd Pe =aP1(vth) + bP0(vth) Pe - Error Probability Vth- Threshold Voltage a, b Probabilities either a 1 or 0 receives
respectively

GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION

 f(s) ds=

 f(s)- Probability density function  - Noise variance

Gaussian Noise Statistics

0 pulse sent

1 pulse sent

BER
P0(vth)= P1(vth)= Pe

Cntd

Cntd
Q used to specify receiver performance Typical value=6

BER V/s Q

THANK YOU