Heat
CHAPTER 1 transfer
THREE MODES OF HEAT
TRANSFER
There are 3 ways in which heat is transferred
from a hotter to a cooler place.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Generally, all three mechanisms work
simultaneously, combining to produce the
overall heat transfer effect.
CONDUCTION
Requires a solid medium.
The atoms or molecules nearer the hot end
have more vibration energy.
Heat energy is transferred from particle to
particle by direct collision.
Metals are good conductors of heat.
THERMAL CONDUCTION
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
To categorise good conductor and bad conductor (or
insulator) of heat, we define a quantity called the
thermal conductivity.
The higher the thermal conductivity, the better the heat
transfer by conduction.
Thermal conductivity is a material property. They are unique to the specific materials
(constant value). We can identify the material based on its thermal conductivity. The
higher the thermal conductivity, the better the heat transfer by conduction
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITIES OF
DIFFERENT MATERIALS
───────────────────────────────
Material k (W/moC)
───────────────────────────────
Silver 420
Aluminium 210
Brass 109
Ice 2.20
Glass 0.80
Water 0.60
Wood 0.10
Cork 0.042
Glass wool 0.040
Air 0.022
───────────────────────────────
CALCULATING HEAT
TRANSFER BY
CONDUCTION
The heat flow per unit time, through the slab is
given by: T1
T2
Q kA
= (T2 - T1 )
t L
Qdot=J/s=power=watt(W)
Q = heat conducted per unit time=energy
T1 = temperature on cool surface
T2 = temperature on hot surface
k = thermal conductivity
A = area of slab
L = length of slab Fig 1.1
t=time
CONVECTION
Heat is transported by the movement of the
molecules themselves over large distances.
For example :
Hot air can be blown into a room to heat it.
Hot water can be sent through a pipe to heat
an object.
CONVECTION
Requires a fluid (air, water, oil etc)
Convection is the result of the rise of hot
gases or liquids.
This is due to their larger volume and hence
smaller density, when a fluid is heated.
Two types of convection
Natural convection
Forced convection
EXAMPLE OF NATURAL
CONVECTION
Air close to the ground is heated up by
conduction from the ground.
Less dense air moves up vertically and is
replaced by cooler and denser air.
Fig 1.2
CONVECTION
PHENOMENA - SEA
BREEZES
During the day, the land becomes heated,
pressure falls and air flows in from the sea.
This causes a sea breeze. Animation
DAY
Air current
(Sea breeze)
Fig 1.3
CONVECTION
PHENOMENA - LAND
BREEZES
At night the land cools rapidly, pressure rises and
air flows toward the sea from the land.
This causes a land breeze.
NIGHT
Air current
(Land breeze)
Fig. 1.4
CALCULATING HEAT
TRANSFER BY
CONVECTION
Calculation of heat transfer by convection is a
very difficult task.
Many physical properties of a fluid depend
upon temperature and pressure.
Only an estimate is obtained in most
situations.
FORCED CONVECTION
In many industrial processes fluid is
pumped or blown from one place to another
place.
We call this forced convection.
Forced convection is used to speed up heat
transfer.
EXAMPLE OF FORCED
CONVECTION
Forced convection, in the form of irregular eddies
or turbulence, is induced when wind moves over
a rough boundary surface.
Air flow
(wind)
Uneven
ground
Fig 1.5
WORKING OF A
RADIATOR
Both forced and natural convection occur in
the process of heating a room with a
radiator.
Very little heat is transferred by radiation
because the radiator coils are at relatively
low temperatures. The term radiator is
therefore a misnomer.
WORKING OF A
RADIATOR
A water pump forces hot water (forced convection)
through the pipes to the radiator and back to the
heater.
The heated coils in turn heat up the air by natural
convection.
radiation
boiler
Pump
Fig 1.6
RADIATION
No material medium is required carry the
heat energy.
It is a form of electromagnetic waves and
hence travels at the speed of light.
Amount of heat transfer is proportional to the
fourth power of the absolute temperature in
degree Kelvin.
FORMULA FOR
RADIATION
Heat radiated per sec from the surface of an object
Q
= σAeT 4
t
where e = emissivity (0 e 1)
= 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4 Stefan's
constant
A = area in m2
T = temp in K
FORMULA FOR PERFECT
RADIATOR
For a good radiator (or absorber), e = 1,
therefore
Q
= σAT 4
t
Surfaces which are good radiators and
absorbers of heat are black in colour and has
a dull finish.
End of chapter 1
