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SILABUS
Metode titrimetri; titrasi netralisasi; analisis volumetri untuk reaksi pembentukan endapan dan senyawa kompleks (argentometri); titrasi pembentukan senyawa kompleks; analisis volumetri secara oksidasi-reduksi (redoksimetri); Analisis gravimetri
BUKU REFERENSI
David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry, Mc GrawHill Skoog, D. A. and West, D.M., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemsitry, Holt-Saunders International edition. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Longman and Scientific, Essex Christian, G.D., Analytical Chemsitry, 5th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
INTRODUCTION TO TITRIMETRY
In a titration, increments of titrant are added to the analyte until their reaction is complete.
From the quantity of titrant required, the quantity of analyte that was present can be calculated.
TITRATIONS IN PRACTICE
1 Accurately add of specific volume of sample solution to a conical flask using a pipette
Pro Pipet
3 Add until just enough titrant is added to react with all the analyte The end point is signalled by some physical change or detected by an instrument Note the volume of titrant used
If we have:
HA + BOH BA + H2O
analyte titrant
Then from the balanced equation we know: 1 mol HA reacts with 1 mol BOH
We also know:
CBOH, VBOH and VHA and
c1v1 c 2 v 2 n1 n2
c HA
c BOHv BOH v HA
STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Standard solution:
primary standard 1. High purity 100.0% 2. Stability toward air 3. Absence of hydrate water 4. Available at moderate cost 5. Soluble 6. Large F.W.
Secondary standard:
compound that does not have a high purity Determine concentration by standardisation. Titrate standard using another standard. Standard solutions should: Be stable React rapidly with the analyte React completely with the analyte React selectively with the analyte
EQUIVALENCE POINT
The amount of added titrant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with the analyte in the sample.
VS
END POINT
An estimate of the equivalence point that is observed by some physical change associated with conditions of the equivalence point.
Aim to get the difference between the equivalence point and the end point as small as possible. Titration error: Et = Veq Vep
Indicators used to observe the end point (at/near the equivalence point)
Instruments can also be used to detect end points. Respond to certain properties of the solution that change in a characteristic way. E.g.: voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, colorimeters, temperature recorders, refractometers etc.
BACK TITRATION
Add excess titrant and then determine the excess amount by back titration with a second titrant.
Used when: end point of back titration is clearer than end point of direct titration
an excess of the first titrant is required to complete reaction with the analyte
Then from the balanced equation we know: 1 mol HA reacts with 1 mol BOH If I add excess titrant and then react the excess with a second titrant as follows: HX + BOH BX + H2O
titrant 2 excess
Then from the balanced equation we know: 1 mol HX reacts with 1 mol BOH
we then know: CBOH, VBOH(reacted) and VHA and we want to find CHA!
c1v1 c 2 v 2 n1 n2
VHA CHA ?
titrant 2
CBOH
HX + BOH BX + H2O
titrant excess
CHX VHX
CBOH
cHA
Example: 50.00 ml of HCl was titrated with 0.02 M Ba(OH)2. The end point was reached (using bromocresol green as indicator after 20 ml Ba(OH)2 was added.
c1v1 c 2 v 2 n1 n2
Example:
A 0.8 g sample of iron ore is dissolve in acid. The iron is reduced to Fe2+ and titrated with 0.02 M KMnO4. 40 ml of titrant was added to reach the end point. Calculate the % Fe in the sample. MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
MnO4-
5Fe2+ ..
Example:
The CO in a 20 L sample of gas was converted to CO2 by passing the gas over iodine pentoxide heated to 150oC: I2O5(s) + 5CO(g) 5CO2(g) + I2(g) The iodine distilled at this temperature was collected in an absorber containing 8 mL of 0.01 M Na2S2O3: I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq) 2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq) The excess Na2S2O3 was back titrated with 2 mL of 0.001 M I2 solution. Calculate the mg CO per liter of sample.
nreacted =
REACTED