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Abstract

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1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6.

7.
8. 9. 10.

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Introduction. Classification Of Neutron. Neutron Radiography. Sources Of Neutron. Neutron Beam And Collimation. Detection. Comparison Between X-Rays And NR. Neutron Radiographic Techniques. Neutron Radiography In Practice. Applications Of Neutron Radiography. Hazards Of Neutron Radiography. References. Appendix.
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A neutron is an uncharged particle with a mass slightly greater than a proton. The neutrons energy is expressed in electron volts (eV). One of its unique properties in neutron radiography is that it is electrically neutral, resulting in negligible electrostatic interaction with the atoms electrons. In many ways, gamma radiation and neutron radiation complement each other. Heavy, dense objects absorb gamma radiation and neutron radiation is absorbed by lighter rare earth elements. The rare earth elements are those with consecutive atomic numbers from 57 to 71 inclusive. Neutron cross section is the term used to describe the neutron absorbing power of a material. It is expressed in area units or capture cross sections, such as a barn (b), which is equal to 10-24cm2/nucleus. The absorption of the neutrons in an object depends on its neutron cross section, the quantity of nuclides it contains, and its thickness. Most hydrocarbon foams, formed in petrochemical reactors, are transparent to gamma radiation, but readily absorb thermal neutrons.The same is true of most plastic materials. Gamma ray penetration is limited in steel and lead, but neutron radiography can inspect large, thick heavy metals and discriminate between neighboring elements such as boron (B) and carbon.

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Material containing hydrogen atoms (hydrogenous material) has a high macroscopic scattering cross section. These materials are commonly used in fast neutron detectors.The term high macroscopic cross section means that the material has a high linear attenuation coefficient for neutrons. The linear coefficient for neutrons (m) is defined by Eq. 8.1: =Nt where N = number of nuclei per cubic centimeter st = total cross section in square centimeters (the sum of absorption and scattering cross sections) Accelerators, radioactive sources, and reactors produce fast neutrons with energies above 10,000eV. Boral shutters are used to turn the neutron beam of a nuclear reactor on and off.When a fast neutron strikes a nucleus, inelastic scattering or capture of the radiated neutron occurs. Because of the collision, the neutron is slowed down, loses energy, and changes direction. Fast neutrons can be slowed down (moderated) or captured by paraffin, water, graphite, and most plastics (moderators). Water is a good moderator and is used in light water moderated reactors to slow down neutrons. Plastics produce high attenuation of thermal neutrons by scattering. Thermal neutrons, relatively free of high-energy components, are produced by moderation with water, paraffin, or graphite. A thermal neutron is a neutron whose energy is the same as a gas molecule at room temperature or about 0.026eV; the thermal neutron energy range is 00.3eV. The energy range of thermal and epithermal neutrons is 0.310,000eV. The penetrating ability of a thermal neutron beam is dependent on the attenuation characteristics of the material being penetrated. Neutron beams contain ionizing (gamma) and neutron particle radiation. Increasing neutron energy increases neutron penetration, but the energy of thermal neutrons decreases as their temperature decreases. There is no relationship 3/9/2012 between the thermal neutron mass absorption coefficient of a material and its atomic number.

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f (E ) =

e E / kT E1/2 3/2 ( kT )

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3 E kT 2
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1 2 = kT mv 2 v = 2200 m/ sec

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What is Neutron Radiography?

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1 - CCD-matrix, 2 - lens system, 3 - mirror, 4 - luminescent screen 5 - sample, 6 - image intensifier

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Incident spectrum Transmitted spectrum

50000 40000

40000 30000

Counts

Pulsed neutron

source

20000 10000 0

Counts

30000 20000 10000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Sample (r, A)

5000

10000

15000

20000

TOF (sec)

I ln I nx 0
28 26

TOF (sec)

-Sn powder

(barns)

x
Pixelated detector

24 22 20 18
Experiment Calculation

Tr
3 /

I I 0

16 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

()

Experimental Set Up
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1. Gamma Reduction:

2. Shielding:

3. Beam catcher:

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2.

A collimator is an optical tool that projects an illuminated test chart to infinity. The emerging beam leaves the autocollimator as a narrow parallel beam of light which is called a collimated beam. The collimator lens is a two element lens made of LiF and BaF2. The first lens are both spherical with the first being a meniscus while the second is plano-convex. They both have a diameter of ~55mm.

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Function Of Collimator

Basic experimental arrangement of neutron radiography

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400 mm 400 mm
YAP Crystal detectors

Boron collimator

XYZ- stage
XIXNPDC07092005 G.Gorini

Transmission detector
3/9/2012 Li (or B) cladding

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FIIII
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GGGG
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Figure .Mass attenuation coefficients of thermal neutrons and 125 keV X-rays .
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Radiograph

Sample

Radiation source

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12 bit CCD SensiCam camera Pixel size : 6.7 6.7 m2 Number of pixels : 1280 1024 Readout Time : 8 fps CCD

Detection system

Sample Beam xyz translation rotation table

Table

Pb + 6LiF

Field of view : 2.7 mm x 3.4 mm

Image size : 640 x 512

Effective pixel size = 54 m Typical exposure time ~ 2 s Conversion screen

Binning 2x2

Lead glass

420 m-thick ZnS(Ag) / 6LiF with Al backing

100 m-thick ZnS(Ag) / 6LiF Mirror
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The new PGA and cold neutron tomography station Neutron flux ~ 1.5 6 109 cm-2 s-1 Initial beam size = 5 cm x 11.5 cm
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(right)

Liver tissue: histological image(left), neutron radiography image

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1.Civil Engineering

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2.Ordnance Industry

3.Real time Radiography

4.Cultural Heritage

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Fraction of total energy lost by neutron in elastic collision with different nucleus

Nucleus
1H 2H 4He 9Be 12C 16O

Qmax/E
1.000 0.889 0.640 0.360 0.284 0.221

56Fe
118Sn 238U
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0.069
0.033 0.017

Material Concrete

Density 3 (g/cm ) 2.3

Atomic number 11

Relative costs 1 5.8 2.2 22 low

Heavy concrete around 4 26 Steel Lead Earth, packed 7.9 11.34 1.5 26 82 variable
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Tenth Value Layer Thicknesses (TVL) For Different Materials

TVL (cm) for different photon qualities (endpoint energy) Shielding 500 kVp 4 MVp 4 MV monoenergetic 6 MVp 10 MVp 20 MVp References

material spectrum spectrum (density g/cm ) Lead (11.3) 1.19 5.3

3

spectrum spectrum spectrum

3.7

5.7

5.5 - 5.8

5.7

NCRP 2005 Cember 1992 Siemens 1994

Steel/Iron (7.8) Concrete (1.8-2.4) 11.7

9.1

9.9

10

9.7 - 11

11

Cember 1992 Siemens 1994

29.2

35

37

38 - 41

46

NCRP 2005 Cember 1992 Siemens 1994

Ledite (approx 4)

14

Manufacture specifications

Note: Ledite is a mixture of lead shot in concrete available in bricks of various sizes. Ledite (and similar materials) are often used for shielding purposes as they combine a high physical density with the possibility of using ledite bricks as self-supporting building material. 3/9/2012

LANTHANIDES

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mirkaz9@hotmail.com
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