Flooding

Hydrometeorological Hazards
 Floodin
g
Flooding is the abnormal rise of water
levels in rivers, coastal areas, plains, and
in highly urbanized centers which may
be a result of natural phenomena,
human activities, or both.
 00
Primary
Types and
Causes of
Flooding
 RIVERIN
E
When the level of water
flowing through rivers
increases and goes beyond
the average water level, are
worse, further encroaches
levees, the type of flooding
is riverine.
EXTREME AND SUSTAINED
RAINFALL
Is one cause of riverine
flooding. Large amount of
precipitation can cause
flooding, simply because the
volume of water input can
sometimes be too much for the
capacity of rivers to drain the
water and for the ground to
absorb the water.
ESTUARINE AND
COASTAL
Estuarine and coastal
flooding occur when sea
water encroaches low-lying
land that is usually still
above sea levels. Flooding
in these areas can be a
result of storm surges.
• STORM SURGE

A storm surge is a localized

It is a short-term sea-
level rise caused by
the gravitational pull
of the moon and the
sun on the Earth’s
water.
• TWO TYPES OF TIDES
SPRING TIDES
It happens when the
sun, the Earth, and the
moon are aligned
during new moon and
full moon and cause
water to bulge in the
direction of the
alignment.
• TWO TYPES OF TIDES
NEAP TIDES
It occurs during quarter
moons, does not cause
extreme tides because the
gravitational pull of the
moon and the sun are
perpendicular to each
other and cancel each
other out.
URBAN
FLOODING
Urban flooding usually
occurs in highly populated,
developed areas set on
relatively low-lying areas
like valleys and plains. It is
largely a result of saturation
of the ground due to too
much rainfall and the
presence of large areas of
impermeable surfaces like
concrete pavements and
CATASTROPHIC
FLOODING
It may result from ground
failure and/or major
infrastructure failure.
Ground failure is the
weakening of rock or soil
such us subsidence,
liquefaction, and occurrence
of landslides that may be
triggered by earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, intense
rainfall, and other natural
FLASH
FLOODS
Flash flood is a rapid, short-
lived, and violent arrival of a
large volume of water which
can be caused by intense
localized rainfall on land
that is saturated or unable
to absorb water.
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF
FLOODING
Primary Effects
- Are those which
result from direct
interaction of humans
and their property with
flood waters. It
includes loss of lives,
damage of amenities,
and loss of access to
basic necessities.
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF
FLOODING
Secondary Effects
- Are the short-term,
immediate, but indirect
consequences of flooding.
It may include; power loss,
water loss, risk of acquiring
waterborne diseases,
usually due to mixing of
human sewage with flood
waters, difficulty of
mobilization due to
damage to transportation
facilities and food
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF
FLOODING
Tertiary Effects
- The long term indirect
consequences of flooding.
Economic hardships at the
local and national levels and
unemployment may result
from destruction of
production-and services-based
businesses, decline in tourism,
and additional government
expenditures on rehabilitation
of public infrastructure.
MITIGATION
OF FLOOD
HAZARDS
 MITIGATION OF FLOOD
1.Flood hazard assessment
HAZARDS and
mapping
2.Flood prediction
3.Flood forecasting and warning
4.Flood-control engineering
measures
FLOOD FORECASTING
USING MODELING
Real-time or forecasted date on
SOFTWARE
precipitation and streamflow, degree of
ground saturation, amount of permeable
soil, and amount of vegetation can be
input in hydrological modeling software to
make short-term prediction of low rates
and water levels several hours to days in
advance.
HYDROGRAPHS
These can be used to decide
whether releasing a warning is
warranted or not, or the decide if
previously released warnings should
be withdrawn. An example of this is
DOST-PAGASA’s project Noah.
FLOOD CONTROL
Hard engineering measures
can be implemented in
order to prevent flooding in
certain places.
FLOOD CONTROL
Diversion
DAM canals
A dam is a barrier that Diversion canals are artificial
the Philippines, dam waterways utilized to reroute
water is impounded in a the excessive storm water to an
reservoirs at a certain height area with lower risk or impact of
to accumulate sufficient flooding such as the open sea or
potential in a reservoir intended for
energy such that when water floodwater containment.
is released, the water wall
drive turbines and a generator
to produce electricity.
FLOOD CONTROL
River and
coastal Self-closing
defences flood barrier
The most common among Is designed to prevent floods
flood control structures which due to overflow of natural and
are used to prevent water artificial waterways from
from escaping rive banks are entering property. SCFB’s vary
artificial levees (or dikes). in size depending on the
It is a permanently fixed expanse of are that needs to be
barrier which is constructed protected.
parallel to the channel and
built to be sufficiently higher
than the estimated maximum
flooding levels in the area.
 What to do Before, During,
and After a flood?
Long before the floodBefore an impending flood
Find out if your area is prone to Keep tuned in to the news on
flooding on existing flood maps television and radio for weather
prepared by the updates, flood warnings, and
Mines and Geosciences Bureau. evacuation alerts. Gather or call
Have an easily accessible all family members and/or
emergency flood kit always persons in
prepared. This kit should ideally your household to inform them of
be a bag which contains a the impending flood so that they
flashlight, batteries, a first aid kit, could accordingly plan their
a radio, clothes, blankets, towels, activities for the day. Also, try to
bottled water, and ready-to-eat get very important and delicate
food. personal property to higher
 What to do Before, During,
and After a flood?
During the flood After the flood
As much as possible, avoid Take precautions against risk in
having to walk or drive through entering property that may have
floodwaters. Also, make sure to been structurally compromised
wear boots to avoid getting and contaminated. If water has
electrocuted. Turn off gas lines or not entirely subsided, make sure
cooking gas tanks (liquefied to still wear boots to avoid getting
petroleum gals, shut down electrocuted. Then, if possible,
electricity from control panels to document the damage to your
avoid any possible electrocution, property by taking pictures and
and turn off water gauge valve to describing these in detail. This
prevent any possible documentation will be necessary
harm/damage and potential costs for claiming of insurance funds to