.All parts are interrelated Thus, you need all parts to function .

normally Neurons = Nerve cells

The Nervous System is Composed of Two Parts

Central Nervous System (Consists of all neurons (nerve cells located in the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (Consists of all neurons (nerve cells .located outside the brain and spinalcord

Peripheral Nervous System Two divisions Somatic Autonomic

Somatic System
Contains Three major sets of neurons in .Two groups Afferent neurons Efferent neurons Internuncial neurons

Afferent neurons
.Are sensory in nature Receive information from sensory receptors (structures( and sends that information toward the central nervous system

Efferent neurons
Are motor in nature Gets information from the central nervous system and sends it to the .muscles of the body

Internuncial Neurons
Are located in the Spinal Cord Connect afferent pathways to efferent .pathways Also, send information to the brain Are involved in reflex arcs .Are typically T shaped cells

The Somatic nervous system e.g Emptying of the bladder

The human bladder can hold up to 800 cm3 of urine but what happens when its full? Stretch receptors in the bladder wall send a impulse to the CNS alerting it to the urgency the rely neuron send an impulse to the motor neuron which sends an impulse to the sphincter muscles to relax and we urinate. But not always as we humans have learnt hoe to control our sphincter muscles (potty . training( so we can go when and where convenient

The autonomic nervous system e.g the pupil

To operate well in different light conditions the eye must be able to control the amount of light entering the eye it does this by changing the diameter of the pupil. The changes in the size of the pupil are brought about by a reflex arc so it involves no conscious thought. The light receptors in the retina detect the intensity of the light (sensor). E.g too weak or too strong this information is then sent to the brain via the optic nerve(Sensory Neuron). Then impulses from the brain are . transmitted to the iris muscles by the nerve fibres

Cranial Nerves
Innervate the head, neck, and some .internal organs Sets 12 Motor . sensory .mixed function

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PNS

Cranial Nerves

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)Spinal Nerves (31 pair

Cervical 8 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5 Coccygeal 1

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PNS

Spinal Nerves Ganglia

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Cranial Nerves There Are 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves The 12 pairs of cranial nerves emerge mainly from the ventral surface of the brain Most attach to the medulla, pons or midbrain .They leave the brain through various fissures and foramina of the skull Many of the functions that make us distinctly human are controlled by cranial nerves: special senses, facial . expression, speech

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Cranial Nerves Mediate 5 Special Senses: Smell, Vision, Hearing, Taste, Equilibrium

Smell: nerve I (Olfactory) Vision: nerve II (Optic) Hearing: nerve VIII (Auditory) Equilibrium: nerve VIII (Auditory) Taste: nerves VII, IX, X (minor) (Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus)

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Most of the Nerves Carry Somatic (Skin & Muscle) Sense

The trigeminal (V) is the sensory nerve for the face The nerves which are primarily motor also have fibers for muscle sense (proprioception): III, IV, VI, VII, XI, XII

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Three Nerves Are Concerned With Eyeball Movements

Oculomotor (III): superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique Trochlear (IV): superior oblique Abducens (VI): lateral rectus

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Several of the Nerves Innervate Other Skeletal Muscles

The Facial nerve (VII) controls the muscles of facial expression The Spinal accessory (XI) stimulates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Chewing muscles (masseter, temporalis) are innervated by the Trigeminal

(V) Speech muscles (larynx) are under control of the Vagus (X) The Hypoglossal (XII) moves the tongue

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Four of the Nerves Carry Parasympathetic Fibers

Oculomotor (III): innervates iris constrictor (causes pupil constriction); also controls ciliary muscle (focuses the lens) Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX): stimulate salivary glands to secrete Vagus (X): the major nerve of the parasympathetic system: goes to most visceral organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, stomach, intestines)

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Damage to Cranial Nerves Causes Many Medical Problems

Anosmia (loss of smell): sometimes caused by fractures which damage the cribiform plate. This damages the Olfactory nerve as it passes through the plate. Bell's Palsy: paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on one side. Caused by inflammation of the Facial nerve. Tic douloureux: severe facial pain caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Blindness: caused by damage to optic nerve. Degree of blindness depends upon the location of the damage.

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Autonomic System
Consists of neurons that go to and from .various internal organs Regulates , heart rate ,blood pressure .digestion, etc

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Autonomic System
Has two parts Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

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Think of What Happens When a Lion Chases You Sympathetic Increases Heart Rate Increases Respiration Decreases Digestion
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Parasympathetic Decreases Heart Rate Decreases Respiration Increases Digestion

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ANS The 2 Divisions

sympathetic parasympathetic Pupil constricts tear production stimulated Heart rate decrease Bronchi constrict Gastric+pancreatic activity stimulated

The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are opposing. Generally the sympathetic nervous system has a stimulatory affect and prepare the body for action while the parasympathetic system returns the body . functions to normal 25

Pupil dilation tear production not affected Heart rate increase Bronchi dilate Gastric+pancreatic activity inhibited

Glycogen converted Glucose converted into into glucose glycogen Release of Release of adrenaline+noradrenaadrenaline+noradrenalin line e cease Peristalsis inhibited Bladder relaxes Peristalsis stimulated Bladder constricts