Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Ancient Ideas About the Nature of Matter

All matter is made of what was called primal matter.

a. b. c.

Thales (625 - 547 BC) water Anaximenes (570 - 500 BC) air Heraclitus (500 BC) fire

All substances are composed of four elements fire, air, water and earth in various proportions (384 - 322 BC)

6/12/12 -Aristotle

Ancient Ideas About the Nature of Matter

All things are composed of very small bits of matter that cannot be further divided.

- Democritus (460 370 BC) and his teacher Leuccipus (500 BC) Ex. Consider a bar of iron, an element with specific properties. After continued cutting into smaller and 6/12/12 smaller pieces, one would come to a

Daltons Atomic Theory

John Dalton (1766 1844) All matter is made up of very tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. All atoms of the same element have the same properties. Atoms of different elements have different properties. Atoms of different elements

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Evidence for Daltons Atomic Theory

Unique behavior of each element all samples of an element, regardless of size or source, have the same properties. No two elements have the same set of properties although they may be similar in some aspects.

- explained by the postulate that all atoms of a given element are identical 6/12/12 but different from those of any other

Unique behavior of each element

Example: both hydrogen and helium are colorless gases at room temperature and have very low densities. But hydrogen is very reactive while helium is inert and unreactive

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Evidence for Daltons Atomic Theory

Law of Conservation of Mass

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743 1794) All matter can be neither created nor destroyed. During a physical or chemical change, the total mass of all substances before and the total mass of substances after the change are the 6/12/12 same.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Lavoisier performed an experiment in which he heated a sealed glass vessel containing a sample of tin and some air

mass before heating = mass after heating glass vessel + tin + air = glass vessel + tin calx (tin oxide) 6/12/12 + remaining air

Law of Conservation of Mass

A 0.455-g sample of magnesium is allowed to burn in 2.315 g oxygen gas. The sole product is magnesium oxide. After the reaction, the mass of unreacted oxygen is 2.015g. What mass of magnesium oxide was produced?

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Evidence for Daltons Atomic Theory

Law of Constant Composition/ Law of Definite Proportion Joseph Proust (1754 1826)

Any compound is always made up of elements in the same proportion by mass, regardless of how the samples were prepared or where they originated (3rd postulate).
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Law of Constant Composition

27.000g B 10.000g A Sample

H - 1.119g 3.021g O -- 23.979g 9.881g %H = (3.021/27.000) (1.119/10.000) x 100% = 11.19%

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Law of Constant Composition

A 0.100-g sample of magnesium, when combined with oxygen, yields 0.166g of magnesium oxide. A second magnesium sample with a mass of 0.144g is also combined with oxygen. What mass of magnesium oxide is produced from this 2nd sample?
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Monoatomic, Diatomic, and Polyatomic Elements

Element a substance that is composed of only one kind of atom

Monoatomic elements consist of single atoms that are not connected to each other. examples: helium, neon Diatomic elements contain two atoms in each molecule, connected 6/12/12

Some aspects of Daltons original atomic theory have been revised to take into account observations made later:

Atoms are not indestructible. They consist of still smaller particles The atoms of one element may differ in mass but identical in some aspects

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Subatomic Particles
Three subatomic particles make up all atoms: protons, electrons, and neutrons

Proton has a positive charge (+1) - has a mass of 1.6726 x 10-24 g

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

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Subatomic Particles

Electron has a charge of -1 - has a mass of 9.1094 x 10-28g

or 5.4859 x 10-4 amu or 1/1837 that of the proton

Neutron has no charge - has a mass of 1.6749 x 10-24 g 6/12/12

Subatomic Particles

Protons and neutrons are found in a tight cluster in the center of an atom called the nucleus. Electrons are found as a diffuse cloud outside the nucleus

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Atomic Number, Z
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The identity number of an atom; no two elements have the same number of protons in the nuclei of their atoms Equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom
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Mass Number, A
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The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons are not counted in determining mass number because the mass of an electron is so small compared to that of protons and neutrons.
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Mass number = number of protons +

Atomic Notation

If you know the atomic number and the mass number of an element, you can properly identify it Symbol for atomic nucleus:

The mass number is written in the upper-left corner (as a superscript) of the symbol of the element, and the atomic number in the lower left-hand 6/12/12 corner (as a subscript).

Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in 35Cl. Write an appropriate symbol for the species with 47 protons, 61 neutrons, and 47 electrons.

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Isotopes

Although we can say that atoms of an element always have the same number of protons and electrons, we cannot say that the atom must have a particular number of neutrons Isotopes atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

- atoms of the same element that 6/12/12 differ in mass number

Isotopes

How many neutrons are in each isotope of oxygen? Write the symbol of each isotope.
a.

oxygen-16 Oxygen-17 Oxygen-18

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c.

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Ions
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The species formed when an atom either loses or gains electrons Carries a net charge Adding one or more electrons to a neutral atom produces a negatively charged ion (anion) Removing one or more electrons results in a positively charged ion (cation)

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Ions

Write an appropriate symbol for the species with 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 27 electrons. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an ion of sulfur-35 that carries a charge of 2-.

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Atomic Mass

The atomic mass of an element given in the Periodic Table is a weighted average of the masses (in amu) of its isotopes found on the Earth

Atomic mass of an element = (fractional abundance of isotope 1)(mass of isotope 1) + (fractional abundance of isotope 2)(mass of 6/12/12 isotope 2) +

Atomic mass

The natural abundances of the three stable isotopes of magnesium are 78.99% magnesium-24 (23.98504 amu), 10.00% magnesium-25 (24.9858 amu), and 11.01% magnesium-26 (25.9829 amu). Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium. Compare with that given in the periodic table.
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Quiz/Seatwork
1.

What is the mass number of an atom with 22 protons, 22 electrons, and 26 neutrons? Give the symbol of the element. Given mass number = 45 and number of neutrons = 24, what is the symbol of the element? The isotope carbon-11 does not occur in nature but has been made in the laboratory. This isotope is used in a medical imaging technique called positron emission tomography (PET). Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of carbon-11. Write the symbol of the isotope. Write the symbol for an ion with 16 neutrons, 18 electrons, and 16 protons.

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The two most abundant naturally-occurring isotopes of 6/12/12 carbon are carbon-12 (98.90%, 12.000 amu) and carbon-