Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udk oHk;oyfjcif;
Tpmapmifudk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&mody`H. taxmuftyHh*&ef@
United States Institute of Peace (USIF) Grant
SG-127-025, September 19, 2002
ESifhtnD wnf;jzwfygonf?
ISBN 1-880813-14-9
rdwfqufed'gef;
aemufqufwGJrsm;
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1
Gene Sharp, There Are Realistic Alternatives, (Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2003), 38.
tcef; (1)
EdkifiHa&;tm%m. oabmw&m;
EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkonfrSm tm%mudkifpGJxm;olu &nfrSef;csufrsm;jynfhajrmufapa&;twGufoHk;aom enf;vrf;rsm;/
=oZmoufa&mufapjcif;rsm;/ zdtm;ay;wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;. tvHk;pHkta=umif;w&m;jzpf+yD;/ (tm%mtoHk;ðyjcif;/ qk
vm'frsm;/ zdtm;ay;jypf'%fcwfr_rsm;) vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&/ EdkifiHawmfESihf twdkuftcH
tkyfpkrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;aygufajrmufa&;twGuf toHk;ðy&aomta=umif;w&m; jzpfygonf?
a'gufwm*sif;&Syf
“t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&;”pmtkyrf S
2
a'gufwm*sif;&Syftaejzifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtm%mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtm%mwdk@t=um; jcm;em;uGJjym;r_udk axmufjycJhygonf? “vlr_a&;
tm%mqdkonfrSm tusOf;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;.ðyrlusifh=uHr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJatmif aqmif&GufapEdkifaompGrf;&nf[k t"dy`g,zf GifhqdkEidk f
+yD;/ oG,f0dkufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdkuf&dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ vltpktzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdkodk@v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;rS tjcm;aomvlpkrsm;tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkonf
rSm tvm;wl vlr_a&;tm%mrsKd;yifjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf toHk;ðy=uygonf? ” t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&; pmtkyf/
(Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973) I: 7.
3
a'gufwm*sif;&Syf. EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkif&m oabmobm0udk/ tjynfhtpHkzwf&_vdkygu t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. EdkifiHa&; pmtkyf/ twGJ
(1) pm 7-rS 10 txdwGif awG@Edkifygonf? Tazmfjyyg&Sif;vif;csufed'gef; rdwfqufr_tydkif;wGif/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfu EdkifiHa&;tm%mzGJ@pnf;
xm;yHkudk vGJrSm;oabmaygufae=uyHkudk &Sif;vif;jyxm;ygonf?
(2 ) vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;
(5) ±kyf0wWKt&if;tjrpfrsm;
“ESJykavGr_wfoludk ydkufqHay;oluom aw;oGm;udk a±G;cs,fcGifh&Sdonf?” [laompum;onf EdkifiHa&;ESifhtrSefouf
qdkifaom pum;jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;/ obm0t&if;tjrpf/ qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wdk@udk
xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;onf jynfolwdk@tay:tm%musifhoHk;Edkif&ef/ ta&;}uD;aomtcsufwpfck jzpfonf? Oyrm-pdkufysKd;
ajrrsm;udk/ EdkifiHawmfydkifðyvkyfxm;jcif;onf/ v,f,mvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;ae=u&aom/ rdom;pkrsm;. b0rsm;.
ta&;}uD;aom u¾udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u xdxdrdrdcsKyfudkifxm;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif pmaypDppfwnf;
jzwf qifqmjzwfawmufr_ }uD;pdk;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y/ owif;pm*sme,favmuwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeoltm;vHk;. b0
rsm;udk tpdk;&ucsKyfudkifxm;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf =oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;vdkufEdkifonf? a&eHvkyfief;udk EdkifiHydkif
vkyfxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;Y/ jynfolrsm;xHrS tcGefawmfaiGudk rSDcdktm;xm;ae&ef rvdkawmhay? jynfolwdk@. tcGefawmf
aiGtay:wGif tm;xm;p&mrvdkawmhaoma=umifh/ tpdk;&u b¾maiGoHk;pGJjcif;udk tdyfxJrSxkwfoHk;onfhtwdkif; pdwf
wdkif;us tm%mwnfapawmhonf?
tusOf;csKyf
tcef; (1) wGif tm%m. tajccHyHkpH (2) ckudk pDppfwifjyxm;ygonf? ausmufwdkifozG,f tm%mwnfaqmufxm;
onfhyHkpHu o±kyfaz:jyonfrSm/ jynfolwdk@u tkyfpdk;oltay: rSDwif;aexdkif&m/ tajymif;tvJuif;rJhonfh tm%m
taqmufttHkwpfckxJwGif usifhoHk;aom tm%mjzpfonf? A[koabm trsm;vufcHaom yHkpHuaz:jyonfrSm/
TtqdkESifh vHk;0rwljcm;em;pGm/ tkyfpdk;olu jynfolvlxk tay: rSDcdkvsuf usifhoHk;aom tm%mjzpfygonf? jynfol
wdk@u tkyfpdk;oltm; ay;xm;aomtm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; az:xkwfjyxm;ygonf? Ttm%m. t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk tkyfpdk;olxHrSaeI jyef±kyfodrf;vdkufygu/ olwdk@wiG f tkyfpdk;EdkifpGrf; r&SdEdkifawmhatmif aqmif&GufEdkfifyg
onf?
axmufwdkifrsm;az:xkwfowfrSwfjcif;
&JwyfzGJ@/ ykvdyfwyfzGJ@
ppfwyf
t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;
owif;rD'D,m
pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tkyfpk
vli,frsm;
tvkyform;rsm;
bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tcef; (3)
emcHr_
“vlonfrlvtpu vGwfvyfol jzpfonf? ,ckawmh ae&mtESH@oHóud;rsm;jzifh wkyfaESmifcHae&onf? ”
,ef; *suf &l;qdk; (vlr_ yÉdnmOf pmtkyf 1/ tcef; 1 rS)
Jean Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract, Book 1, Chap 1
tusifhygaejcif;
4
Ibid., 18.
ta&;,lcH&rnfudka=umufjcif;
udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;
vl@usifh0wf
vlom;vGef tcsufrsm;
zmodzmomaeI at;csrf;aeaome,fy,f
rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfpdwfuif;rJhjcif;
tusOf;csKyf
5
Ibid., 19-25.
tcef;(4)
t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
pdwfajymif;atmifvkyfjcif;
6
Todk@ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udk tus,fod&Sdvdkygu/ a'gufwm*sif;&Syfa&;om;aom t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ. EdkifiHa&;
pmtkyf twGJ (2) (3) (The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Vols. II and III) udk =unfhyg?
vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;
7
Grazina Miniotaite, Nonviolent Resistance in Lithuania: A Story of Peaceful Liberation, (Boston: The
Albert Einstein Institution, 2002), 30.
8
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&/ quf'rf[kpdwfu TcsDwufyGJudk rnfonfhqdik f;ykwf/ acgif;pD;r# udkifaqmifcsDwufjcif; rðy&[laom uef@owfcsufjzifh
cGifhðycJhjcif; jzpfygonf? csDwufolrsm;u vufcHcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rsufjrifoufaowpfOD;tajymt&/ csDwufolrsm;u ajcoHjyif;jyif;
eif;I csDwufcJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@.ajcoHrsm;udk aemufxyfvrf;axmifhwpfckrSwdkif =um;cJh&onf[k qdkygonf?
9
yxrwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ya&; t,ltqudk y,fcscJh=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk; &efukef&Sdppftpdk;&u (1990) jynfh
ESpf arvwGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;&ef oabmwlcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh tidkufrd tHhtm;oifhcJh&+yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu/
rJqENe,fajr (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfwGif tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fudk todtrSwfðy&ef jiif;qefcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH
a&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk xyfrHacsr_ef;cJhjyefonf?
tusyfudkifjcif;
òzdcGJjcif;
t=urf;rzufv_yf±Smr_ enf;vrf;rsm;
uef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifhem;csqGJaqmifjcif;
yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ rðyyJaejcif;
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;
10
EdkifiHa&; *sL*spfqkqdkonfrSm/ twdkcsKyf t"dy`g,zf Gifh&v#if/ “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wdkufyGJtwGif;/ tm%mcsdefcGifv#m qufqHa&;tajymif;
tvJ jzpfap&eftwGuf/ txl;jzpfpOfwpf&yf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkoabmwGif/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh ckcHqef@usifaeolrsm;
tay:/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u t=urf;enf;oHk;I jzpfay:vm&aom/ tE_wfoabmwkH@jyefcsufrsm;udk/ xdkqef@usifzuftiftm;pkudk
jyefvnfqef@usifap&ef EdkifiHa&;enf;t& jyefvnftoH;k csjcif; jzpfygonf? olwdk@. tm%mtaetxm;udk aysmhnHhtm;enf;apjcif;/
t=urf;rzufckcHqef@usifaeolrsm;udk ydkItm;aumif;apjcif;jzpfaptmif toHk;csEdkifygonf? ” ydkIjynfhpHak om t"dy`g,fzGifhqdrk _rsm;ud/k
aemufqufwGJ (1)/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m ta&;}uD;aoma0g[m&rsm; zGifhqdkcsufpm&if; Y =unfh&_Edkifygonf?
apm,dk±SL; (u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH;)
ol. EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwDOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf/
Tavhvma&;yHkpHtoHk;ðyjcif;udk rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh
oabmusygoenf;[k ar;aomtcg ajz=um;csuf?
OD;pD;tzGJ@. avhvma&;yHkpH
(1) jy\emudkaz:xkwfjcif;
(2) ,lqcsurf sm;
(3) jy\emESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;az:xkwfjcif;
(4) tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;jcif;
(5) aumufcsufcsjcif;
(6) t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;
tusOf;csKyf
11
Samuel B. Griffith, Sun Tzu: The Art of War, (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 129 rS
udk;um;ygonf?
tajctaecef@rSef; tuJjzwfcsuf
(Estimate of the situation)
1? OD;wnfcsuf (Mission)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) onf/ EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) ppf
tpdk;&udk tm%mrSz,f&Sm;ðzwfcsEdkifa&;twGuf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_xdk;ppfudk aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?
vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;us/ z,f'&,ftpdk;&wpf&yf &efukefòrd@wGifzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef aqmif&Guf
rnf? ppftm%modrf;r_ rjzpfyGg;ap&ef umuG,foGm;rnf?
(u) ppfa&;yx0D0if
(rSwfcsuf? ? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD) taejzifh/ EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ ppfqifa&;vkyfrnf
qdkpOfY/ ppfa&;yx0D0ifudk rnfonfh twGufa=umifh pdwf0ifpm;&ygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm (e0w)
ppftpdk;&u ppfa&;t&wkH@jyefrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyif? ppfa&;yx0Dudk odxm;jcif;tm;jzifh qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrS
rnfodk@wkH@jyefvmrnfudk (tJefpD,lbD) taejzifh/ oJvGefp &Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif ppfa&;yx0D0ifudkavhvmod&Sdxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh/ (tJefpD,lbD) . tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkxda&mufapatmif/ tcsdefudkufjzpfap
atmif tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf?)
(u) &efzufppfwyfzGJ@rsm;
1? tiftm;? ? (ta&twGuf/ yrm%ESifh wyfzGJ@trsKd;tpm;) (e0w) ppftpdk;&u ‚if;.vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@
rsm;udk tiftm; (500000) txd/ wdk;csJ@&ef vsmxm;a=umif; azmfjycJhygonf? yifrtm;jzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm;om
t"duwyfzGJ@tjzpf &Sdaernfjzpf+yD;/ ava=umif;ESifh yifv,fa&a=umif;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_wGif tuef@towfjzifh &SdaeOD;
rnf jzpfonf?
12
jrefrmhwyfrawmftaejzifh t&yfom;rsm;udkodrf;ñuH;zrf;qD;I/ ppfqifa&;wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfzGJ@rsm;odk@/ ppfa&;qdik f&m
axmufyHh a&;ypPnf;rsm;ydk@aqmifap&ef txrf;orm;ay:wmtjzpf toHk;csavh&SdonfrSm/ vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf jzpf&yfwpfck jzpfygonf?
vGefcJhaomESpfrsm; twGif; t}udrf}udrf&&Sdaom tpD&ifcHcsurf sm;t&/ Ttxrf;orm;ay:wmrsm;udk olykefrsm;xdef;csKyfxm;aom
e,fajrrsm;wGif/ ppfwyf ppfa=umif;a&S@rS twif;t"rRav#mufapI/ ‘vlom;rdkif;&Sif;u&d,mrsm;’tjzpf toHk;ðyavh&Sdygonf? Todk@
tEW&m,frsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. vlrqef=urf;wrf;pGm qufqHr_a=umifh/ ay:wm tajrmuftrsm;u vGwfajrmufxGufajy;&ef óudf;yrf;
=uygonf?
1? tiftm;rsm;
(u) pmaypDppfwnf;jzwfr_
(c) a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh owif;pmrsm;ydkifqdkifxm;r_
(*) ynma&;qdkif&mu¾tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifxm;r_
(C) vltrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk =oZmoufa&mufap&eftwGuf &Sdonfh aiGtdwftiftm;
(i) EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfðyr_ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom qufoG,fa&;u¾rsm;odk@
qufpyfEdkifr_/
(p) aumif;pGmavhusifhxm;aom/ tus,ftjyef@csxm;aom axmufvSrf;a&;uGef&uf/
(q) urBmtqifhrD/ qufoG,fa&;,EW,m;rsm;/ pGrf;&nfrsm;
2? tm;enf;csufrsm;
(u) tkyfcsKyfEdkifr_ pGrf;&nf/ t&nftcsif; r&Sdjcif;
(c) vlxkrsm;u axmufcHr_r&jcif;
(*) aocsmavhusifhxm;aom r[mAsL[mcsrSwfa&;orm;rsm; r&Sdjcif;
(C) wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;udk vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifa&;/ rl0g'rsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf ðyaejcif;
(i) tjcm;tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh xdcdkufepfemvG,faom ta=umif;rsm;
(3) axmufwdkifrsm;
(u) jrefrmhwyfrawmf
(c) ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@ (Military Intelligence Service)
(*) owif;rD'D,m
(C) EdkifiH&yfjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;
(*) EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm;
(1) ajcvsifwyf wyfrSL;rsm;ESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t=um;
(2) (e0w) twGif;&Sd oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifh wif;rmolrsm;t=um;
(3) (e0w) ppftpdk;&ESifh v,form;rsm;t=um;
(4) 0gEkESifh 0g&ifh t&m&Sdrsm;t=um;
(5) wyfom;rsm;ESifh t&m&Sdtqifhr[kwfaom ppfwyft=uyfacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;
(6) tjcm;?
1? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;
(t=uHðycsuf? ? tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@ tm&Hkpdkufvkyfaqmif&rnfhudpPjzpfygonf? qef@usifzuf
tiftm;pkrsm;. tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;onf/ rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;wdkufcdkuf&rnfh ypfrSwfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ r[mrdwftiftm;pk
rsm;. tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;rSm/ rdrdwdk@. wefzdk;t}uD;qHk;aom ppfqifa&;&if;jrpfrsm; jzpfygonf?)
(u) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf
(c) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD (tJefpD,lbD)
(*) &[ef;ysKdor*~rsm;
(C) EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ aumfrwD
1? wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
2? EdkifiHwum&Sd vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (yGifhvif;aomvl@abmif (Open Society Institute)
pojzifh)
3? urBmhukvor*~
3? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;
(u) obm0t& r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;
(t=uHðycsuf? ? rnfolrsm;. tusKd;udk (tJefpD,lbD) u jznfhpD;ay;rnfenf;?)
(1) jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfwpfav#muf&Sd pD;yGg;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;
(2) ausmif;om;rsm;
(*) EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm;
(t=uHðycsuf? ? EkdifiHa&;t& tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfaer_rSm/ 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y tus,ftjyef@jzpfyGg;
aeygonf? }uD;rm;aom oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;udkom &SmazGazmfxw k fowfrSwfay;oifhygonf?)
(1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& (tJefpD*sD,lbD) ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf
r[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf ('DatbD)
(2) (tJefpD,lbD) ESifh &dk[if*smtzGJ@rsm; (cGJz,fcsefxm;r_tay:)
(3) (tJefpD,lbD) ESifh (tufzfwD,lbD) (yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m)
(4) (tJefpD*sD,lbD) ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (tJeft,fvf'D-t,fvfat)
(e,fpyf&Sd acgif;aqmifr_tay:)
(5) tjcm;
4? vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
(u) wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. xda&mufxufjrufr_ (TaxmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; worwfwnf;xd
a&mufxufjrufaeygovm;? EdkifiHtHwkr_vkyfief;rsm; apmpD;pGmtaumiftxnfay:Edkifa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
&Sdaeygovm;?)
(c) vlpnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;&eftwGuf tm;enf;csuf&Sdaeolrsm;
(*) tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; ppfaq;/ jyifqifapjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;
(axmufvSrf;a&;olv#Kdrsm; xdk;azmufcH&r_enf;ap&eftwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;/ rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf
xm;+yD;+yDenf;? vlopfrsm;udk ppfaq;&eftwGuf/ owif;rSm;ay;r_rsm;udk axmufjyjcif;/ apmifh=unfhjcif;ESifh 'kwd,
tqifhaxmufcHay;rnfholudk &SmazGjcif; ponfhenf;emrsm;jzifh oHk;Edkifygonf? )
(C) qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;
(3) xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;
OD;wnfcsuf (Mission) ESifh &&Sdxm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk =unfhI/ r[mAsL[ma&;qGJolwpfOD;taejzifh/
vpf[maeaom=um;uGufvyfrsm;udk ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’ jzifh jznfh&ygrnf? olwdk@taejzifh jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom v_yf
&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm; (Courses of Action) udk pOf;pm;wGufcsuf&mYvnf;/ ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’jzifh aygif;xnfhpOf;
pm;&efvdktyfygonf? xda&mufaomr[mAsL[mrsm;rSm ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’oufoufjzifh/ tajccHvkyfaqmifI
r&yg? &&SdEdkifor#aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHjcif;jzifhom/ atmifjrifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfckudk qifE$J
Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? tu,fI ‘xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;’udk ðyvkyf&efvdktyfyguvnf;/ xdktcsuftvufrsm; wwfEdkif
or# rSefuefr_&Sdap&ef óud;yrf;oifhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-
(CA 2) tjcm;?
5? qHk;jzwfcsuf?
qHk;jzwfxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfudk/ ppfqifa&;qdkif&m OD;wnfcsuf (operational mission statement) tjzpf
jyefvnfa&;om;jcif;?
tESpfcsKyf
vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
xif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm/ tpdk;&udkqef@usifv_yf&Sm;ae=uaom twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk/ wpfcsdefr[kwf wpfcsdef
xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcHae&aom tpdk;&u/ ypfrSwfxm;/ xdk;azmufaxmufvSrf;&ef óud;yrf;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdk;azmufcH&
jcif;onf }uD;rm;aomjy\emjzpfygonf? tpdk;&owif;ay;rsm;udk vrf;a=umif;tjzpfoHk;I/ tcsKd@vdktyfaomoD;oef@
owif;rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay;ydk@apygvdrfhrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;u tpdk;&xHay;ydk@vdkaom owif;rsm;onf
13
t,fvfbwf tdef;pwdef;tzGJ@}uD;rS ðypkxm;aom/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh/ a0g[m&rsm;. t"dy`g,fudk aemufqufwGJ
(1) wGif =unfh&_avhvmEdkifygonf?
1? tajctae
atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom acgif;pOfcGJrsm;onf/ ppfqifa&;pDrHaqmif&Gufrnfh ypfrSwf0ef;usif tajctaeudk odapyg
onf?
(u) rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm; tajctae
Ttydk'fcGJwGif/ ypfrSwfxm;aom {&d,mteD;w0dkufwGif v_y&f Sm;ae=uaom/ rdwfzuftiftm;pkrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udkazmf
jyxm;ygonf? Towif;rsm;udk tuef@towfjzifhomaz:jy+yD;/ owfrSwfxm;aom&nfrSef;csuf (Mission) twGuf/
owfrSwfxm;aomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk/ tao;pdwf tpDtpOfrsm; jyifqifa&;qGJ&mY/ oifhavsmfrnf,lqaom
tcsufrsm;udkom uef@owfazmfjyygonf?
(c) &efol@tajctae
tydk'fwGif/ &efzuftiftm;pkrsm;. vufiif;umvwGif/ ypfrw
S fxm;aom {&d,mteD;w0dkufY/ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae
r_rsm;udk azmfjyygonf?
2? &nfrSef;csuf (Mission)
3? taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufr_ (Execution)
(c) vkyfief;wm0efrsm;?
Ttydk'fcGJwGif/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcck sif;pDtwGuf/ owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk
azmfjyonf?
xdef;csKyfjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;
tzGJ@trsm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&mY/ taxmuftuljzpfap&eftwGuf/ ppfqifa&;umv
wGif tpDtpOfa&;qGJcsrSwfoltwGuf xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef/ a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-
1? tcsed f
tus,ftjyef@aom ppfqifa&;. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzifh/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfysuf&rnf/ tjcm;owfrSwfxm;
aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@iSm;,loHk;pGJ&rnf/ pojzifhudk azmfjy
ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ jzpf&yftwGuf tcsdefuef@owfcsufxm;ay;+yD;/ “--xuf rapmapyJ” odk@r[kwf “--xuf
aemufrusapyJ”[lI azmfjyygu/ oifhavsmfygonf? tu,fI vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfay:ap&ef/ ppfqifa&;. wpdwf
wydkif;jzpfygu/ “e-em&D” pojzifh twdtusowfrSwf&ef ta&;}uD;ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk; wpf
ajy;nDcsdefudkuf jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_udk &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom &Jrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;wif;
usyfpGm&Sdaeonfh=um;xJrS/ aqmif&Guf&rnfqdkygu/ &Jrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;u wkH@jyefvmrnfhtcsdefudk wGufcsufI “v#yf
jyufouJhodk@” (ypf-ajy;ajymufusm;) qENjyyGJrsKd; pDpOfEdkifygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif/ &nfrSef;csufjynfhajrmufap&ef
qENjyyGJrsm;udk rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;jzpfatmif pDpOf=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
2? e,fedrdwfrsm;
r[mAsL[mt&/ ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif ac:Edkifygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
udk cGJjcm;xm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qef;ppftuJjzwfcsuft&/ c&dkifwpfck
wGif&Sdaom tm%m.axmufwdkifrsm;udk tusyfudkifwdkufwGef;jcif;xuf/ yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufjcif;u ydkIaumif;
onfqdkygu/ tcsKd@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk raqmif&Guf&ef uef@owftrdef@vdktyfaumif; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? xdktm%m
.axmufwdkiftay: oD;oef@ypfrSwfxm;aqmif&Gufaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvkyfaqmifap&ygrnf?
3? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;qHkcsuf
eD;pyf&m a'owpfcktwGif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGm wnf&Sdaeygu/
qufoG,f=u&rnfh/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh owif;zvS,fa&;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh ae&mwpfck owfowfrSwfrSwf
&Sdoifhygonf?
tusOf;csKyf
r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;onf/ rl0g'qdkif&m OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvmaom/ &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh &nfrSef;
csufjzifh pwifygonf? tus,fjtyef@aomtwdkif;twmt&/ ‚if;.xda&mufr_rsm;onf ‚if;tpDtpOf. twGif;o
abmt& &Sif;vif;pGm a&;om;xm;r_/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifhtnDom csrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufudk xm;jcif;/ tao;
pdwftcsufrsm;udkyif tav;ay;jcif;/ qef@usifzuf &efolu wkH@jyefvmEdkifacsudk wGufqxm;jcif; ponfwdk@tay:Y
rlwnfygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;jcif;[laomyHkpHjzifh/ pepfwuscsnf;uyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ T
tpDtpOfrsm;udk taumif;qHk;&vm'fay:xGufap&ef toHk;ðyEdkifygonf?
15
Ibid., 88.
16
*END. r[mAsL[modk@csOf;uyfyHkudk tao;pdwfavhvmvdkygu/ Gene Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, (Boston: Porter
Sargent Publishers, 1979). udk=unfhyg?
0g'jzef@csda&;. tpdwftydkif;rsm;
ypfrSwf
a,bk,stm;jzifh/ jynfolvlxk}uD;wpf&yfvHk;onf 0g'jzef@csda&;twGuf ypfrSwfjzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkIxd
a&mufr_&SDap&eftwGuf/ ypfrSwfyk&d\wfrsm;udk cGJjcm;I/ tkyfpkwpfckcsif;twGuf oifhavsmfrnfh0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk jyif
qifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t&ESifh okawoeðycsufrsm;t&/ oDoef@ypfrSwfxm;aom yk&d\wfrsm;
twGuf csdef&G,fypfv$wfonfh/ aocsmjyifqifxm;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk ydkrdkxda&mufa=umif; jyoaeygonf? odk@
twGufa=umifh v,form;rsm;xHodk@ay;ydk@rnfh ta=umif;t&monf/ wlapOD;awmh/ ausmif;om;rsm;xHay;ydk@yHkESifh uGm
jcm;rnf jzpfygonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&GufrnfhtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf/ t"duxm;&rnfhypfrSwf
rSm tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. tm%maxmufwdkifrsm;jzpfygonf? ypfrSwfxm;aomtkyfpkrsm;/ xyfcGJtkyfpkrsm;udk ynmt&nf
tcsif;/ bmom,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_/ vlrsKd;/ ar#mfrSef;csuf/ 0g'jzef@csda&;owif;&EdkifyHkenf;vrf;rsm;udk rlwnfI aocsm
pDrH 0g'jzef@=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
owif;ay;ydk@ol
owif;rsm;udk rnfodk@a&muf&Sdatmifydk@aqmifrnfenf;qdkonfrSm/ ydk@aqmifay;rnfh ,mOf/ odk@r[kwf=um;cHudk a&G;cs,f
&ef vdktyfygonf? T,mOfonf vufurf;v$mpmapmif/ a&'D,dk xkwfv$ifhcsuf/ tD;ar;vf pmydk@v$m/ &kyf&Sif/ rdef@cGef;/
yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;/ pmtkyf/ oauFwwpfck odk@r[kwf ydkpwm pojzifh jzpfEdkifygonf? aumv[mvrsm;
onfvnf; owif;rsm;xda&mufpGm jzef@a0Edkifaomenf;wpfenf; jzpfygonf? owif;rsm;udk ydk@aqmifay;&mY t"du
usolrsm;udk rsufpdv#rf;I usefraeapoifhyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ qHyifn‡yform;rsm;ESifh qHyiftvSðyjyifolrsm;/ &dk;&mewfq&mrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/
or*~rsm;. ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolrsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh olwdk@.&yf&GmtwGif;av;pm;cH=u&aom tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
wkH@jyefr_
pD;yGg;a&;a=umfjimrsm;onf/ 0g'jzef@csda&;udk trsm;qHk;toHk;ðyolrsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? ‚if;wdk@u usef;rma&;jy\em
taxGaxGjzpfapaom pD;u&ufESifh aq;&Guf}uD;xkwfukefrsm;udk 0,f&efwdkufwGef;aeouJhodk@/ aoG;a=umydwfqdk@apEdkif
aom tqDrsm;onfh [rf;bm*gESifh ta=umfrsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;&ef wdkufwGef;ae=uygonf? aemufqHk; rdrdwdk@.
rdom;pkq&m0efrsm;udk a=umfjimxm;aomaq;rsm;udkom aq;!$ef;a&;ay;yg&ef awmif;yefcdkif;ae=uygonf? rnfodk@
yifjzpfap/ ukefypPnf;a=umfjimrsm; atmifjrifr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk wdkif;wm&efvG,fulvSygonf? ‚if;rSm ‚if;ypPnf;rsm;ta&mif;
E_ef;yif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m 0g'jzef@csda&;udpPrsm;twGufrl/ owif;xkwfv$ifhr_tay: wkH@jyefr_udkwdkif;wm&ef
a&wdkwGif cufcJvSygonf? wpfckrSm vlxkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsKd;jzpfEdkif+yD;/ ,Hk=unf&avmufaomtiftm;pkrsm;u
u|rf;usifpGmaqmif&Gufygu/ tcsdefumvwpfck/ jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf wkH@jyefr_udk od&Sd&Edkif+yD;/ toHk;0ifvSygonf? odk@
aomfvnf;/ tjcm;tcsdefrsm;Yrl owif;tay:jyefvnfazmfjyaom wkH@jyefr_udk ‚if;wdk@.trltusifhrsm;/ cH,lcsufrsm;
ajymif;vJvmonfhwdkif/ ay;ydk@aomowif;rsm;twdkif; twdtusðyrlonfhwdkif tcsdef,lapmifhqdkif;&wwfygonf? T
okd@wdkif;wmcsufrsm;onfyif vSnfhpm;r_jzpfapEdkif+yD;/ tjcm;aomta=umif;tcsufrsm;u cH,lcsufrsm;/ trltusifhrsm;
ajymif;vJap&eftwGuf 0ifa&muf=oZmv$rf;wwfonfvnf; &Sdygonf?
0g'jzef@csda&;udk trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;
tjzLa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;
‚if;.owif;&if;jrpfudk wduspGmazmfjyonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh owif;rsm;onf
&if;jrpfrSefrsm;udk azmfxkwfjyxm;=u+yD;/ ypfrSwfxm;cH&onfh jynfolrsm;zufuvnf; jyefvnfppfaq;=unfhEdkifonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh- “aqmufofrdk;a'orS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f *|efprpfu/ wuUodkvfygarmuQrsm;toif;wGif/
,ae@ajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;Y/ ajym=um;onfrSm æ æ ”? Todk@qdkv#if xdkolazmfjyaomrSwfcsufudk jyefvnfppfaq;/
oHk;oyfEdkifonf? odk@aomf Tajym=um;csuftay: rnfodk@rSwfcsufðy=uonf/ rnfodk@ a0zefoHk;oyf=uonfrSmrl avh
vm=unfh&mY owdxm;&efvdktyfygonf? wpfcgw&HY a&G;cs,af zmfjyxm;aom udk;um;csufwpfckonfyif/ ajymqdkol
udk &SufzG,fjzpfaeapwwf+yD;/ olu ajymor#ta=umif;t&mrsm;rS wpfydkif;wpfpudk qGJE_wfwifjyvmonf[k qdkEdkifyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tta=umif;t&mjyifyrS tcsufrsm;udk }udrfzefrsm;pGm udk;um;azmfjyvmygu/ ‚if;.*k%f
oduQmudk xdcdkufvmapygvdrfhrnf? wenf;qdk&aomf owif;&if;jrpfudkazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh/ xdkyk*~dKvf/ tzGJ@tpnf;.
yHk&dyfudk vltjrifaumif;/ wdk;wufap+yD;/ rdrd.tjrifrsm; worwfwnf;&Sdae=umif;ESifh jynfolvlxkrsm;. pdk;&drfylyef
csufrsm;udk tm&Hkxm;yga=umif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
rD;cdk;a&mif0g'jzef@csda&;
‚if;.owif;&if;jrpfrSefudk wduspGmrazmfjyyg? owif;&if;jrpfudk azmfjy&rnfhtpm;/ awG@=u&rnfrSm æ “,refae@u
owif;azmfjycsufrsm;t& æ”/ odk@r[kwf “,Hk=unf&avmufaomowif;rsm;t&/ qdk=uonfrSm æ”/ odk@r[kwf
“rsufjrifoufaorsm;u ajym=uonfrSm æ” pojzifh awG@=u&ygvdrfhrnf? Towif;rsm;taejzifh vufcHEdkifzG,f
=oZm&&Sdap&ef óud;yrf;aomfvnf;/ ‚if;. ygwDEdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0g'jzef@csda&;udpPudk v#Kd@0Sufxdefcsefxm;onfudk awG@
=u&ygvdrfhrnf?
teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;
‚if;rSm 0g'jzef@csda&;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk v$JIazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;udk owif;&if;jrpftjzpf wrifvGJrSm;azmfjyavh&Sd=uonf? “t*Fgae@nae
wGif/ orw. t,Hk=unf&qHk;jzpfol/ wyfrawmfwyfrSL; 0D;vfzdk@'f tD*dkudk/ orwr=umao;rDu ðyvkyfcJhaomowif;
20
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk wyfrawmftaejzifh/ tjzLa&mif/ rD;cdk;a&mif/ teufa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;/ toHk;csyHkESifh ywfoufI wif;usyfpGm
t"dy`g,fowfrSwfr_rsm; xm;&Sdygonf? Department of the Army Field Manual 33-5. Psychological Operations. 1962 =unfhyg?
*suf tJvm;. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. wGifrl ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;om azmfjyygonf? tjzLESifh teufjzpf+yD;/
‚if;wdk@ (2) ckudk yl;wGJtoHk;ðyonf[k rSwfcsufðyxm;ygonf? tjzLa&mif0g'jzef@csda&;wGif/ owif;yif&if;udk odjrifEdkifatmif yGifhvif;pGmazmf
jyxm;+yD;/ jynfolvlxkrsm;. tm&Hkxm;r_udk vSnhfajymif;ap&ef[k qdkygonf? teufa&mif0g'jzef@csad &;rSmrl/ “&nf&G,fcsuf/ rdrd.ta=umif;/
xl;jcm;csuf/ owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;&ef” oHk;onf[k qdkygonf? vltrsm;udk v#Kd@0SufpGm=oZmanmif;apEdkif&ef oHk;onf[kqdkyg
onf?
qufoG,fa&; enf;pepfrsm;
oauFwrsm;
oauFwrsm;onf/ rdrd. tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;/ v_yf&mS ;r_. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf/ tiftm;
aumif;aom u&d,mrsm; jzpfygonf? xda&mufaomoauFwrsm;rSm &dk;&Sif;aom/ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfEdkifaom/
vlrSwfrdvG,fapaom/ vG,fulpGm oabmaygufapEdkifaom oauFwrsm; jzpfygonf? emZDp=um/ c&pf,mefbmom
0ifrsm;. vuf0g;uyfwdkif/ qmAD;,ef;ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. vufoD;qkyfxm;aomyHkrsm;rSm oauFwerlemrsm;jzpfygonf?
ToauFrsm;onf toHtm;jzifhvnf; jzpfEdkif+yD;/ AHkoHrsm;/ r=umao;rDu toHk;ðycJhaom tdk;/ cGufwD;oHrsm;vnf;
jzpfEdkifygonf? ToauFwrsm;udk aygif;pyfI v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf? Oyrm- txl;vufqGJE_wfquf
enf;/ trlt,mrsm; pojzifhvnf; oHk;Edkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf oauFwudka&G;cs,f&mY/ ,Ofaus;r_t& tav;
xm;&rnfht&mrsm;udk wdkufcdkufapmfum;rdovdkrjzpfap&eftwGuf/ txl;owdxm;a&SmifusOfoifhygonf?
aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;
aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf/ wdkI a'go/ trkef;w&m;/ owWdponfh cHpm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyEdkifonfh pum;pkwdkrsm;jzpfyg
onf? “tvmrdkudk trSwf&=uavmh” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHjzifh/ tar&duefjynfolrsm;udk ruUqDudkESifh ppfcif;ap&ef
wGef;ydk@cJhygonf? “rdef;udk trSwf&=uavmh” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHonf/ pydef-tar&duefppfyGJjzpf&jcif;ta=umif;
twGuf tar&duefjynfolwdk@udk t&dk;&Sif;qHk; &Sif;jycJhygonf? “olawmh +yD;oGm;+yD” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHudk
qm;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif/ (2000) ckESpf tm%m&Sif rDvdkqDApfqef@usifa&;umvwkef;u toHk;ðycJh=uygonf? ZifbmabG
EdkifiHwGif/ 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u “awmfyg+yD/ vHkavmufyg+yD” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHudk twdkuftcH
tiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&efESifh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfol a&mbwfrl*gbDtpdk;&udk qef@usif&ef csrSwf toHk;ðycJh=uyg
onf?
aw;oDcsif;rsm;
aw;oDcsif;rsm;udkvnf;/ 0g'jzef@csda&;tjzpf toHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ ydkIopfvGifawmufyaomtem*gwfudk jrifvmap&ef/ pdwf
cHpm;r_udk v_H@aqmfay;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif twdwfcHpm;&r_rsm;. emusOfr_rsm;ESifh trSwf&p&mrsm;udk jyefvnfazmf
xkwfEdkif&ef/ vuf&Sd tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; taxGaxGtmcHr_udk ydkrdkuspfvpfnD!Gwfap&ef aw;oDcsif;rsm;u pGrf;
aqmifEdkif=uygonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@oDxm;aom aw;oDcsif;rsm;udk/ vltrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;oDqdkEdkif=u+yD;
wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muftjyeftvSeftm;jznfhum/ 0g'jzef@csda&;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcHvm=uygonf?
&kyfjrif§oH=um;
0g'jzef@csda&;owif;rsm;udk a&'D,dkrSwqifhxkwfv$ifhay;ydk@&mY/ xda&mufap&ef ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ yk&d\wfudk
aocsmpGm a&G;cs,fI/ ‚if;yk&d\wfrsm;twGuf owif;rsm;udk aocsmpDpOfjyifqif&efyif jzpfygonf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSm
yif/ rdrdowif;udkem;axmifapa&;twGuf qGJaqmifr_yg xnfhoGif;&efvdktyfygonf? vlóudufrsm;aomoDcsif;rsm;/
owif;rsm;/ &moDOwkowif;rsm;/ tm;upm;u¾/ usef;rma&;u¾rsm;tjyif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufI
EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif jzpfay:wdk;wufr_owif;rsm;/ ypfrSwfxm;&mEdkifiHwGif;&Sd jzpfay:aeaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_owif;
rsm;udk xkwfv$ifh&efvdktyfygonf? Tacgif;pOfrsm;tm;vHk;onf ypfrSwfxm;aomyk&d\wftwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
ta=umif;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;xkwfv$ifhr_/ AD'D,dkwdyfacGrsm;/ pD'D"gwfjym;rsm;wGif &kyfyHkrsm;xnfhazmfjyI
rdrdajymvdkaomtcsufudk ydkItm;jznfhay;&ygrnf? tu,fI acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rdef@cGef;ajymqdkygu/ rnfonfh
ypPnf;rsm;/ rnfonfhoauFwrsm;udkyg wygwnf;jrifap&rnfudk owdðy=u&ygrnf? EdkifiHawmftvHaemufwGifxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh/ tm%mydkifpdk;r_ oabmudk jyo&ma&mufapygonf? vltrsm;=unfndKav;pm;=uaom trsKd;om;acgif;
aqmif.yHkudk aemufwGifxm;jcif;tm;jzifh/ pum;ajymqdkolESifh EdkifiH.ordkif;udk w&m;0ifqufoG,fr_&SdaeonfhozG,f
csdwfqufay;Edkifygonf? rnfodk@aom0wfpm;qif,ifr_/ rnfodk@taqmifta,mif qifrnfudkvnf;/ aocsmpOf;pm;
aqmif&Gufygu txl;oifhavsmfygonf? [pfwvmonf/ ol@udk,fol *smrefjynfolrsm;. zcifozG,fjrifapvdkonfh
twGufa=umifh/ 0wfpHkudk pepfwus0wfqifonfhtjyif/ tjcm;t0wftpm;rsm; qif,ifjcif;/ &Hzef&Hcg uav;rsm;ESifh
"gwfyHkyl;wGJ&dkufcHjcif; ponfwdk@ aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ol@udk,fol EdkifiH.ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf/ *smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD;
udk atmifyGJ&&Sdap&efOD;aqmifoGm;rnf[k jyovdkaomtcg/ ppf0wfpHk,leDazmif;jzifh 0wfqifazmfjycJhygonf?
aumv[mvrsm;
jcpm;r_jynfhaeonfh/ tm%m&Sifpepftkyfpdk;r_&SdaomEdkifiHwpfckwGif/ ,Hk=unf&avmufaomowif;rsm; uif;rJhae+yD;/
owif;rsm;udkvnf; qifqmydwfqdk@jzwfawmufxm;cH&aom tajctaeY/ aumv[mvrsm;onf owif;jyef=um;
a&;. ta&;}uD;aomu¾wpf&yftjzpf wm0ef,l=uygonf? odk@aomf Taumv[mvrsm;. owif;&if;jrpfudk
rnfonfhae&mrSvmonfudk rod&SdEdkifyJ/ owif;rSef-rrSefudkvnf; twnfðyI r&Edifyg? tu,fIaumv[mvrsm;
udk 0g'jzef@csda&;ppfqifa&;. tpdwftydkif;wpf&yftjzpf/ toHk;ðyrnfqdkygu/ Taumv[mvrsm;onf tenf;qHk;/
tcsuftvuftrSef pdk;pOf;r#tay:tajcðyxm;oifhygonf? odk@r[kwf vltrsm;od&Sdxm;+yD;aomtcsuf/ vltrsm;
oHo,0ifae=uaomtcsufay:wGif tajcðyxm;ap&ygrnf? aumv[mv. ta=umif;t&monf/ ypfrSwfxm;rnfh
yk&d\wftwGuf ta&;}uD;onfhowif;jzpf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,fvnf; &Sd&ygrnf? odk@rSom tjcm;olrsm;u
xyfausmhjyefajym=urnf jzpfonf? aumv[mvrsm;udkoHk;I ypfrSwfxm;aomyk&d\wfpdw"f gwfwufºuGap&ef/ odk@
r[kwf pdwf"gwfusqif;ap&eftoHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ trkef;w&m;/ &GH@&Smjcif;/ =unfndKjcif; ponfhcHpm;r_rsm;udkvnf; Ed_;qGay;
Edkifygonf?
21
aocsmpGm u&kpdkufjyifqifxm;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;onf/ wefjyef0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ae&eftwGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&rnfh
tiftm;udk oufomapygonf? owif;udk jyifqifa&;om;pOfumvwGif/ wzufqef@usifzuftiftm;pku wkH@jyefvmEdkifonfhtaetxm;
udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;jcif; rðyygu/ 0g'jzef@csda&;t& vufOD;r_qH;k &_H;Edkifygonf?
22
Ellul, Propaganda. 71-79.:
tusOf;csKyf
rufcD,mA,fvD
tDwvDwGif jzpfyGg;cJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh vSkyf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh vlxktHkºuGr_rsm;u ppfwyf.pGrf;aqmifEdkif
r_ ukefqHk;pðyvm+yDjzpfa=umif; az:jycJhonf[kqdkygv#if/ wu,fhta=umif;&if;rSm rlvvufa[mif; ppfr_
a&;&mtwwfrsm; toHk;r0ifawmhonfhtjyif/ rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrSvnf; topfwDxGifESdkifpGrf;
r&Sdao;aoma=umifh jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tm%m&pyk*~dKvfwpfOD;tzdk@ pnf;rsOf;opf/enf;vrf;opfrsm; &&Sd
onf[laom *k%fyk'fxuf ydkI}uD;jrwfaom *k%fyk'fr&Sdacs?
rufcD,mA,fvD
The Prince
23
Robert Maynard Hutchins, ed., Great Books of the Western World, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1952), 23: ix-x.
uavmhZf0pf
um;vf AGef uavmhZ0pf (Carl von Clausewitz) onf/ y&yf&Sif;ppft&m&SdwpfOD;.om;jzpf+yD;/ (1780) ckESpfwGif
arG;zGm;onf? wyfxJa&muf+yD;r=umrDrSmyif/ uavmhZ0pfonf ol.pGrf;&nfudktodtrSwfðy&aom/ aemifwGifrdwf
aqGvnf;jzpf/ oGefoifolq&mvnf;jzpfvmrnfhol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;*sm[wfAGef&Sef;a[mh (Gerhard von Scharnhost)
ESifhodu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? olonf ppfoabmw&m;a&m/ vufawG@ygu|rf;usifydkifEdkifojl zpfvm&ef tcGifhomaprnfh
wm0efrsm; ay;tyfcH&atmifvnf; pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? (1818) ckESpfwGif olonfAdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhtxd &mxl;wuf
cJh+yD;aemuf/ olruG,fvGefrDav;avmufrSmyif (1831) ckESpfY/ y&yf±Sef;ppfwuUodkvf (Prussion War School) .
ausmif;tkyf}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf? TumvtwGif;Y “ppfyGJ”(On War--Vom Kriege) trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk a&;om;
cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 25
25
Porter Paret, “Clausewitz” in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Peter Paret, ed.,
(Princeton University Press, 1968), 186-211.
26
Hans W Gatzke, Introduction to Principles of War by Carl von Clausewitz, Hans Gatzke, trans. and ed. (Harrisburg:
Military Service Publishing, 1952), 1-10.
28
Quoted in Peter Paret, “Clausewitz”, Makers of Modern Strategy, Paret ed., 190.
29
Ibid.
30
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1976), 73.
31
Ibid.
32
Quoted in Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, 1:34.
33
Ibid., 1:13
34
Quoted in Sharp, Footnote, Gandhi as a Political Strategist, (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1979), 44.
olu Todk@&Sif;vif;az:jycJhonf?
“uef@owf&nfrSef;csufxm;onfh r[mAsL[musifhoHk;a&;qdkonfrSm/ tiftm;csdefcGifv#majymif;vJoGm;onf
txd apmifhqdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? (t&JpGef@I wpf[kefxdk;wdkufrnfhtpm;/ &efoludk wpfwdwdjzifhESJ@apcg/ &efol@
tiftm;qkwf,kwfvm+yD;/ vHk;yg;yg;apjcif;/ csdeJ@omG ;apjcif;tm;jzifh tajymif;tvJjzpfoGm;atmif óud;yrf;
jcif; jzpfonf?) Tr[mAsL[mudk usifhoHk;&mY/ rjzpf jzpfatmif vkyf&rnfrSm/ &efol@wyfrsm;rwefwqcGJjzef@
oGm;atmifvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ aemufqHk;Y/ vla&mpdwfyg ajcukefvufyrf;usoGm;atmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf?
&efol.tiftm;qkwf,kwfr_onf/ rdrdtifftm;qkwf,kwfr_xuf tqrwefrsm;oGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? 36
35
"Sir Basil Liddell Hart" uInfoplease Online Encyclopedia 30 Nov. 2003
(http:?www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0829707.html).
36
Basil Liddell Hart, Strategy, (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956), 335.
tusOf;csKyf
a=umuf&GH@r_. ZD0urRaA'
37
Aung San Suu Kyi, Freedom From Fear and Other Writings, (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 181.
tusOf;csKyf
acgif;aqmifr_ t&nftcsif;rsm;
6? opPm&Sdr_
'Drdkua&pD vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckwGif opPm&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? Tenf;rSm ESpfvrf;oGm;jzpf+yD;/ tzGJ@tpnf;
wpfck.tzGJ@0ifrsm;u acgif;aqmifudk axmufcHyHhydk;ay;&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif/ acgif;aqmifuvnf; tjyeftvSeftm;
jzifh/ ol@udkaxmufcH=uolrsm;tay: av;pm;r_ESifh olwdk@tusKd;tay:pmemr_ jyefvnfjyo&ef vdktyfygonf? opPm&Sdr_
qdkonfrSm/ tjrJwap vufnd‡K;axmif/ acgif;ndrfh “[kwfuJh”vdkufae&ef rvdktyfyg? acgif;aqmift}uD;tuJajymor#
rjiif;rqef emcHae&ef r[kwfyg? trSefwGif/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf epfemapawmhrnfhudpPudk acgif;aqmifuðyvkyf
awmhrnfudk aqmif&GufusL;vGefcGifhðyxm;jcif;uom/ opPmr&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? csrSwfxm;aom tpDtpOfrSaeI wpfck
ckvGJacsmf usef&pfaeawmhrnfqdkv#if/ epfemp&mta=umif;&Sdv#if ajym&ygvdrfhrnf? tu,fI oabmrwlnDr_&Sdaeap
OD;awmh/ ToabmrwlnDr_udk acgif;aqmifod&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onfyif/ opPm&Sdr_ jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
tjcm;vufatmufi,fom;rsm;a&S@wGif razmfjyoifhyg? rdrdoabmrwl&jcif;. ta=umif;t&if;ESifh Tjy\emudkajy
vnfap&eftwGuf t=uHðycsufudkyg yl;wGJwifjyoifhygonf? acgif;aqmifjzpfoluvnf;/ tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; Todk@
tjyeftvSefnd‡Ed_if;Edkifrnfh/ tvm;wlvkyfxHk;wpfck pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? odk@rSom vltrsm;. pdk;&drf
ylyefcsufrsm;udk w&m;0if=um;emajz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? oabmxm;uGJvGJr_onf rjynfhrpHkaomtcsuftvufrsm;
a=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? atmufajc&SdopPm&Sd&JabmfwpfOD;onf/ uef@owftcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;om odcGifh&Sdaom/
tcsuftvufrsm;/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom r[mAsL[majrmuf&nfrSef;csufrsm;t& a&;qGJxm;aom tpDtpOfrsm;/ wpfòydif
eufwnf;aqmif&Gufrnfh ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ &efol@zufu v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef tcGifhta&; r&Sd
yg? rnfodk@aomudpPrsKd;Yrqdk/ ppfqifa&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufudk v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufap&eftwGuf jzef@a0+yD;ygu/ Tv_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;udk pdwfygvufyg aqmif&Guf=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif acgif;aqmifjzpfolu/ Tvkyfief;pOfrsm;
twGif;odk@ taumif;qHk;t&nftcsif;&Sdolrsm; a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif;Edkif&eftwGuf/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifap&ef ulnDay;r_rSm
vnf; opPm&Sdr_yif jzpfygonf?
8? tawG@tñuHrsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,ljcif;?
wefzdk;t}uD;qHk; avhvm&onfhenf;rSm/ rdrdwdk@.trSm;rsm;rS/ oifcef;pmxkwf,ljcif;yif jzpfygonf? trSm;rsm;rS udk,f
awG@avhvmjcif;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;. atmifjrifr_rsm;rS avhvmonfxuf/ ydkIxda&mufygonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;
twGuf/ rdrdwdk@trSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,lrwwfygu/ wdkuf&dkuftawG@tñuHonf q&maumif;r[kwfyg? r=um
ao;rDESpfrsm;twGif;/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifhywfoufI tvGefxl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom okawoe
ESifh avhvmr_rsm; ðyvkyfI/ awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk yHkESdyfjzef@csdcJh=uygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;
rS oifcef;pm,lavhvmEdkifygonf? 38 xdk@tjyif/ r[mAsL[majrmuf t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJESifh ywfoufI
rdrdwdk@.okaw oeESifh uGif;qif;avhvmxm;aomtawG@tñuHrsm;udk rSa0zvS,f&ef/ vdkvm;aom
tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? 39 ydkI wdkuf&dkuftoHk;wnfh&efqdkv#if/
ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck+yD;qHk;wdkif; “oifcef;pmxkwf,rl _”[lI jyifqifxm;&Sd&ef vdktyf+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;u
Ttcsuftvufrsm;rS avhvmEdkifygonf? r[mAsL[moifwef;wpfckr#jzifh/ rnfolr# r[mAsL[ma&;qGJol rjzpfEdkifyg?
r[mAsL[majrmufpOf;pm;jcif;onf/ rdrd. udk,fawG@&&Sdvmaom tawG@tñuHrsm;rSaeI/ &&Sdvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/
ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm/ tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tñuH rsm;udk udk,fwdkiftpm;xdk;=unfhaompdwfjzifh/ avhvmzwf&_jcif;/
aqG;aEG;qifjcifjcif;rS &&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf?
38
TuJhodk@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf Oyrmaumif;wpfckrSm Bertil Lintner, Outrage: Burma's Struggle For Democracy, (London and
Bangkok: White Lotus, 1990).; ESifh Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, (London: Pluto Press, 2000). pojzifh
jzpfygonf?
39
TuJhodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf toHk;wnfhEdkifaom tJef*sDtdkrsm;rSm/ The Albert Einstein Institution
(www.aeinstein.org) ESifh the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (www.nonviolent-conflict.org) wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?
tusOf;csKyf
npfnrf;a&maxG;r_jzpfapEdkfifaom t=urf;zufr_
ab;z,fxkwfcH&onf[laom xifjrifcsuf
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;yg0ifaer_
olv#Kd v_H@aqmfa&;orm;rsm;
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tpdk;&rsm;
owif;rD'D,m
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(tJef*sDtdk) rsm;. axmufyHhay;r_/ odk@r[kwf owif;pme,fZif;/ rD'D,mrsm;udk u|rf;usifpGm toHk;csjcif;rSwqifh/ jyify yk&d
\wfudk v$rf;rdk;Edkifjcif;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wpfck atmifjrif&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;ygonf? jyifytiftm;rsm;ESifh
vkyfief;wl r[mrdwfzGJ@jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;0ifr_&&Sdap+yD;/ cGeftm;/ t&if;tjrpfESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vlodrsm;
ap&ef owif;az:jyr_rsm; &apEdkifygonf? odk@aomf ,if;vkyfief;wl r[mrdwfzGJ@onfhudpPrsm;onf/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzifh aqmif
&GufoifhaomudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ wm0eft&jznfhqD;&rnfh 0wW&m;rsm;udk jynfhrDatmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf?
6? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif npfnrf;a&maxG;vmjcif;?
42
pma&;olu ta0;ajrwpfae&mwGif aqmif&GufcJhzl;aomoifwef;rsm;rS/ ausmif;om;rsm;. trnfrsm;udk rSwfwrdaeygao;onf? odk@aomf
‘tdkoJvdk’/ ‘b&dkuf’/ ‘Zl;vl;’/ ‘&dkrD,dk’/ ‘*|ef uae'D’ pojzifhom emrnf0Sufrsm;jzifh rSwfrdaejcif; jzpfygonf? TtcsufESifh rqdkifyJ/ xdkae&mwGif
‘a¹rGowform;’ wpfOD;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? ol. rSwfwrf;t&/ wpfae@wnf;wGif a¹rG (6) aumif owfcJhygonf?
Accomodation
vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ajymif;vJr_qdkif&m vkyfief;pOf ,EW&m;wpfck jzpfonf? qef@usifzuf
tiftm;pkrsm;u jy\emudkajz&Sif;=u&mwGif/ t=urf;rzufckcHolrsm;. awmif;qdkr_ wpfpHkw&mudk vufcH vdkufavsm&ef/
tay;t,lðyvkyf&ef ‚if;wdk@Y a&G;cs,fEdkifcGifh &dSaeao;aomtcsdefwGif/ ajz&Sif;yHkjzpfonf? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm; tae
jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@. tjrifudk ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdyJ/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif;cHrae&onfh
tcsdefwGifvnf; vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif; jzpfay:wwfonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@u tay;t,lðyI ajz&Sif;jcif;onf/ vdkvm;onfh
&vm'fjzpfay:Edkifonf[k qHk;jzwfonfhtcsdefwGif vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif; jzpfay:Edkifonf? vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;onf =oZm
wpfpHkw&ma=umifhjzpfEdkif+yD;/ tu,fI qufvufajymif;vJygu/ pdwfajymif;vmI ajymif;vJr_/ t=urf;rzufenf;t&
tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. pepfqdkif&m/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&udk òyduGJapjcif;rsm;udkvnf;/
OD;wnfaumif;OD;wnfvmEdkifaponf?
Authority
=oZmtm%m? ? vlyk*~dKvftcsKd@/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. w&m;r#wr_qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ t}uH
ðycsufrsm;ESifh trdef@ay;r_rsm;ESifhqdkifonfh t&nftaoG;jzpfonf? tjcm;olrsm;u tcGifhta&;wpfckuJhokd@ qENtavsmuf
Todk@t&nftaoG;wnf&Sdaeonfudk vufcH=ujyD;/ emcHr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifh taumiftxnfay:apatmif
aqmif&Gufay;=uonf? tm%m&dSjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m. t"du t&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf;/ wxyf
wnf; rusay?
Boycott
oydwfarSmufjcif;? ? vlr_a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGg;a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;t&aomfvnf;
aumif; ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyjcif;/
Civic abstention
EdkifiHom;rsm;u rJray;jcif;? ? EdkifiHa&;t& ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyaom vkyf&yfrsm;uJhokd@/ t"dy`g,fwlpum;&yfjzpfonf?
Civic action
EdkifiHom;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r__? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_uJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;twGuf/ t"dy`g,fwlpum;&yf jzpfonf?
Civic defiance
EdkifiHom;rsm;. tm%mzDqefr_? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGufvkyfaqmifaom/ t=urf;rzufqENjyjcif;/ ckcHjcif;/ odk@
r[kwf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;wdk@uJhodk@aom wufºuGpGmaqmif&Guf=uonfh v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf?
Civic resistance
EdkifiHom;rsm;. ckcHr_? ? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufaomt=urf;rzufonfhawmfvSefa&;ESifh tvm;wl
pum;&yfjzpfonf?
Civic strike
EdkifiHom;rsm;. oydwf? ? EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;jycsuft& pD;yGg;a&;&yfqdkfif;jcif;uJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? Tv_yf&Sm;
r_wGif tvkyform;rsm;oydwfwGif yg0ifqifEGJonfomru/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;/ aps;onfrsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;
(tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if) ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;txufv$mrsm;yg yg0ifEdkifonf?
Conversion
pdwfajymif;vJr_? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ qifEGJaeaomolrsm;tay:/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u oabmxm;tjrif
ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@u t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;ol tkyfpkrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vufcHoifhonf[k ,Hk
=unfvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? Ttcsufonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ajymif;vJjcif;enf;em (4) cktxJrS wpfckjzpfonf?
Disintegration
òyduGJjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. (4) ckaom/ ajymif;vJjcif;enf;emteuf wpfckjzpfonf? qef@usifzuftiftm;pkonf
tusyfudkif zdtm;ay;jcif; cHae&&Hkoufoufr[kwfyJ/ ‚if;wdk@. pepf odk@r[kwf tpdk;&onfvnf;/ vltrsm; us,fus,fjyef@
jyef@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif;/ tmcHjcif;wdk@a=umifh wppDòyduGJ ysufpD;oGm;apjcif; jzpfonf? tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;
udk ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;jzifh uef@owfydwfqdk@xm;vdkufjyD;/ tjrifhqHk;tajctaewGif qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. pepf
odk@r[kwf tpdk;&udkvnf; òydvJoGm;apawmhonf?
Economic shut-down
pD;yGg;a&;t& &yfqdkif;xm;jcif;? ? òrd@wpfòrd@/ a'owpfck ESihf wdkif;jynfwpfcktwGif; pD;yGg;a&;t& vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ vHk
avmufaomtwdkif;twmwpfcktxd tausmao&yfqdkif;oGm;ap&ef/ pD;yGg;a&;t&vkyfief;rsm; qdkif;iHhydwfxm;jcif; jzpf
onf? Todk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf?
Freedom (political)
vGwfvyfr_ (EdkifiHa&;t&)? ? vlwpfOD;csif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfpkwpfpkcsif;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepf. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef/ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhESifh vkyf
aqmifEdkifcGifhudk cGifhðyaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaewpfck jzpfonf?
Grand Strategy
t*~AsL[m? ? yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif;/ a&G;cs,fxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh/ &nfrSef;csuu f dk rnfuJhokd@ t&,lrnf[laom
us,fjyef@onfh oabmw&m;yif jzpfonf? Tt*~r[mAsL[mu/ yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk atmifjrifap&ef
tzGJ@tpnf;. oifhavsmaf om/ tqifhoifh&&dSEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vHk; (vlom;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ usifh0wfa&;&m/
ponfjzifh) udk yl;aygif;qufpyf/ xdef;nd‡uGyfuJjcif;udk vkyfaqmifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wpfckvHk; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf/
vufatmufcHtqifhrsm;Y/ t*~AsL[mtwGif;/ avsmfuefaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm; twGuf tuef@towfjzifhtoD;oD;aom
r[mAsL[mrsm;udk xnfhoGif;toHk;ðyEdkifonf?
Grievance group
epfem&aomtkyfpk? ? a,bk,sjynfolvlxk.tkyfpkrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. epfemcsufrsm;udk yÉdyuQwpfcktwGif;/ jy\emrsm;
tjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifjyD;/ t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u u|rf;usifvdrfrmpGm wdkufyGJtwGuf toHk;ðyEdkifonf?
Human Resources
Material Resources
&kyf0xˆKt&if;tjrpf? ? Ttcsufonfvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%m t&if;tjrpfrsm;txJrS tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonf? ‚if;a0g
[m&onf ydkifqdkifr_/ obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;pepf/ qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;
ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;udkvnf; &nf!$ef;onf? tkyfpdk;ol xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;/ rxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif; twdkif;twmudk
az:jyae+yD;/ tkyfpdk;oltm%m. yrm% odk@r[kwf tuef@towfudk qHk;jzwfay;onf?
Mechanisms of Change
ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfpOf,EB&m;? ? atmifjrifaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzpf&yfrsm;rS/ tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:apcJhaom
ajymif;vJyHk jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfonf? Todk@ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf,EW&m; (4) ckrSm pdwfajymif;vJjcif;/ vdkufavsmaphpyfjcif;/ t=urf;
rJh tusyfudkifzdtm;ay;jcif; ESifh òyduGJjcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
Methods
enf;emrsm;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;vrf;rsm;twGif;rS/ twdtus v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; jzpfonf? ,cktcsdef
xd enf;emaygif; (200) eD;ygudk owfrSwfazmfxkwfEdkifcJh+yD; jzpfonf? t"du trsKd;tpm; (3) ck cGJjcm;Edkifonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-
t=urf;rzufqENjyjcif;ESifh qGJaqmifjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyjcif; (vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGif)/ ESifh
t=urf;rzuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcifwkd@ jzpfonf?
Noncooperation
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rðyvkyfjcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emrsm;/ trsm;pkwGif yg0if+yD;/ rdrdaxmufcHr_r&Sdaom
vlyk*~dKvf/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&rsm;udk/ wrifwum &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd uef@owfcsufrsm;
ðyvkyfjcif;/ tquftqH jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&; odk@r[kwf EkdifiHa&;t& ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; (tm;vHk;udk
a&maESmIvnf; toHk;ðyEkdifonf?) rsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm;jcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?
Nonviolent action
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_? ? &kyfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;rzufr_rygyJ/ qENjyyGJrsm;/ ckcHwGef;vSefr_rsm;/ =um;0ifpGufzufr_rsm;udk
aqmif&Guf=uaom a,bk,senf;emwpfck jzpfonf? TuJhokd@aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/
Nonviolent Coercion
t=urf;rzuf zdtm;ay;jcif;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:apaom jzpfpOf ,EW,m;wpfck jzpf
onf? Ttajymif;tvJjzpfpOfudk/ us,fjyef@aom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; rðyvkyfjcif;/ tmcHjcif;wkd@jzifh/ tajctaeudkxd
a&mufpGm xdef;csKyfxm;Edkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. qENryg&SdyJ/ rdrdawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm &,ljcif;yif jzpf
onf? odk@aomfvnf; qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0if&mxl;Xmersm;wGifom qufvuf&dSaeqJjzpfjyD;/
‚if;wdk@. pepfonfvnf; òyduGJr_ rjzpfay:ao;ay?
Nonviolent insurrection
t=urf;rzufykefuefr_? ? wnf&SdaeqJ zdESdyftkyfpdk;aeonf[k ,lqEdkifonfh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk/ vltrsm;u us,fjyef@pGm
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;ESifh tm%mzDqefjcif;wdk@jzifh/ wcJeuf EdkifiHa&;t&qef@usiftHkºuGr_/ jzpfonf?
Nonviolent intervention
t=urf;rzuf =um;0ifaqmif&Gufr_? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emrsm;twGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ yg0ifaeonfh trsKd;
tpm;wpfckjzpfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh yÉdyuQjzpfaeaom tajctaewGif/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. pepfvnfywf
r_twGif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;/ t=urf;rzuf wdkuf&dkfuf0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? Tenf;vrf;onf oauFw
oabmaqmifaom qENjyr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rðyvkyfjcif;/ yHkpH (2) ckpvHk;ESifh jcm;em;aom enf;emjzpfonf? taESmuf
,Sufay;aom =um;0ifpGufzuffaqmif&Gufjcif;wGif/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m (xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;) v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg0ifEdkif+yD;/ pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m/ vlr_a&;qdkif&m/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mESifh EkdfifiHa&;qdkif&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzuf=ujcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf?
Nonviolent struggle
t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_? ? t=urf;rzufaomfvnf; jyif;xefaom enf;vrf;/ aqmif&GufcsufyHkpHrsm;ESifh yÉdyuQudk
oHEMdXmefydkif;jzwf qifEGJjcif;? txl;ojzifh t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_jzifh wkH@jyefvmEdkifacs&Sdaeaom/ cdkifrmtm;aumif;I t&if;
tjrpfrsm;vnf; aumif;rGefaeaom/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;udk awmfvSef&mwGif toHk;ðyonf?
Nonviolent weapons
t=urf;rzuf vufeufrsm;? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. wdusaomtao;pdwfenf;emrsm;?
Political defiance
EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_? ? tm%m&Sifpepfudk òydvJusqHk;oGm;apjyD;/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfopfjzifh jyefvnf tpm;xdk;Edkifap&eftwGuf/
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk r[mAsL[majrmuftoHk;csr_ jzpfonf?
Political jiu-jitsu
EdkifiHa&; odkif;ajymif;jyef (*sL*spfqk)? ? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;/ tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m) udk ajymif;vJap
&ef/ aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;Edkifaom txl;vkyfief;pOfwpfck jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkenf;wGif/ t=urf;rzufqef@usifolrsm;udk
qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;u/ t=urf;zufacsr_ef;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t& wefjyefqdk;usKd; jyefvnfjzpfay:ap&ef/ xdk;ESuf
toHk;csaom enf;jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufudk csdeJ@ap+yD;/ t=urf;
rzufqef@usifolrsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf? t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_rsm;udk/ t=urf;zufenf;jzifh rwHk@jyefjcif;/ vufajr‡muf
t&H_;ray;yJ/ t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh jyefvnfwHk@jyefaomtcgwGifrSom/ Tenf;udk toHk;ðyEdkifonf? qefhusifzuftiftm;pk
rsm;. zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tqdk;0g;qHk;taetxm;tjzpf rD;armif;xdk;jyEdkifonf? odk@twGufa=umifh wwd,tiftm;pkrsm;/ epfem
r_cHpm;ae=u&aom omrefjynfolvlxktkyfpkrsm;wGifomru/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. yHkrSef axmufcHolrsm;twGif;Yyif
oabmxm;tjrifrsm; ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifonf? Todk@ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pktwGuf axmufcHae
r_rsm; ,kwfavsmhapjyD;/ t=urf;rzufwGef;vSefaeolrsm;twGuf axmufcHr_udk ydkrdk&&dSapEdkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh &vm'f
onf/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;tay: tus,ftjyef@&_H@csr_rsm;jzpfapEdkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm;t=um; twdkuf
tcHrsm; ay:aygufvmapjcif;ESifh/ ckcHr_rsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmapjcif; ponfh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfay:
vmapEdkifonf? wpfcsdefwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ tkyfpkrsm;tay:wGif tav;omaom tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m)
udk Tajymif;vJr_rsm;u jzpfay:apEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;*sL*spfqkenf;udk t=urf;rzufwdkufyGJrsm; tm;vHk;wGif toHk;ðyjcif; r&Sd
=uay? ‚if;enf;udk toHk;ðyjcif; r&dSygu tm%mqufqHa&; (csdefcGifv#m) tajymif;tvJjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf/ ryl;aygif;
raqmif&Gufjcif; twdkif;tq/ us,fjyef@r_tay:wGifom }uD;}uD;rm;rm; rDScdkae&ayvdrfhrnf?
Political power
EdkifiHa&;tm%m? ? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktwGuf w&m;0ifrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef
twGuf/ &&SdEdkifaom =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh zdtm;rsm; tvHk;pHkudk toHk;ðy=u&onf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk tpdk;&Xme/
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ toHk;ðyEdkif=uouJhodk@/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ tpdk;&udk qef@usifaeaomtkyfpkrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;uvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk toHk;ðyEdkif=uonf? yÉdyuQwpfckwGif EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk/ wdkuf&dkfuftoHk;ðyEdkif=uonf?
odk@r[kwf aemifwGiftoHk;ðy&eftwGuf/ t&HpGrf;tm;wpfcktjzpf xdef;odrf;aumif;vnf; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf?
Self reliance
udk,fxludk,fx? ?rdrd. udk,fydkifta&;udpPrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifaom/ rdrd. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk udk,fwdkif csrSwf
Edkifaom t&nftcsif;/ rdrdtwGuf/ rdrdtkyfpktwGuf/ odk@r[kwf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf;twGuf udk,fwdkifaxmufyHh&yfwnfEdkifaom
t&nftcsif;/ vGwfvyfr_/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;ydkifcGifhESifh rdrdzmomzlvHk&yfwnfEdkifaom tajctae jzpfonf?
Sources of power
tm%m. t&if;tjrpfrsm;? ? EdkifiHa&;tm%m. rlv&if;jrpf tajccHrsm; &Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@wGif- tm%musifhoHk;ydkifcGifh/
vlom;t&if;tjrpf/ u|rf;usifr_ESifh todynm/ vufqkyfvufudkfifrjyEdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;/ &kyf0xˆKt&if;tjrpfrsm;/
tjypfay; ta&;,lr_rsm;/ ponfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf? T&if;jrpfrsm;onf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS qif;oufvmaom
t&mrsm; jzpfygonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; wpfckpDonf/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;. vufcH
r_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh vkdufemr_wdk@tay:wGif eD;uyfpGm qufEG,fwnfrDSae=uygonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cdkifrmpGm
yHhydk;ay;xm;ygu/ tkyfpdk;olonf wefcdk;tm%m}uD;aernf jzpfonf? axmufyhHr_ csdeJ@vmonfESifhtr#/ odk@r[kwf jzwf
awmufcH&onfESifhtr#/ tkyfpdk;ol. tm%monf tm;aysmhcsdeJ@vm+yD;/ òydusysufpD;&rnf jzpfonf?
Strategy
r[mAsL[m? ? yÉdyuQwpfckvHk;udk v$rf;ðcHaom/ t*~AsL[m (Grand strategy) twGif;/ t"dutqifhwpfck/ odk@r[kwf
ppfqifa&;wpfckudk azmffaqmif&eftwGuf csrSwfpDpOfaom pDrHudef;wpfckjzpfonf? r[mAsL[mwpfckonf tao;pdwf
ppfqifa&;wpfck. v_yf&Sm;r_udk/ rnfuJhokd@az:aqmif zGH@òzdl;aprnfenf;[laom/ tajccHpOf;pm;awG;ac:csufjzpf+yD;/ TpDrHcsuf
tm;jzifh rwluGJjym;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk/ aygif;pnf;I/ tm;omr_ t&SdqHk;jzpfap+yD;/ &nf&G,fcsufjynfh0apa&;twGuf
rnfodk@rnfyHk taumiftxnfaz:rnfenf;[laom tajccH oabmw&m;vnf; jzpfonf? r[mAsL[monf/ t*~r[m
AsL[m. &_jrifcsufabmiftwGif;Yom vkyfaqmifonf? enf;AsL[mESifh tao;pdwfenf;emrsm;udk/ ppfqifa&;wpfck.
ydkrdkao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;/ wdkufyGJi,frsm;wGif toHk;ðy+yD;/ r[mAsL[mtaumiftxnfazmfaqmifa&;twGuf t
axmuftyHhjzpfaponf?
Tactic
enf;AsL[m? ? yÉdyuQ. tuef@towf&Sdaom tqifhwpfckwiG f/ tuef@towf&Sdaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;atmifjrifap&ef/
&&dSEdkifaomenf;em/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ xda&mufpGm toHk;ðyrnfqdkaom/ oabmw&m;udk tajccHI/ vkyfief; tpD
trHrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf? yÉdyuQwpfckvHk;. tqifhwpfqifhwGif/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom r[mAsL[mudktaxmuf
tulðyaz:aqmifa&;twGuf/ enf;AsL[mrsm;udk toHk;ðyonf?
Violence
t=urf;zufr_? ? tjcm;aom vlom;rsm;tay:wGif &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_jzifh/ xdcdkfufemusifapjcif; odk@r[kwf
aoqHk;aojcif;/ ,if;uJhodk@ t=urf;zufr_rsKd;udkoHk;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ,if;uJhodk@ emusOfapr_/ jcdrf;ajcmufr_
tay:trSDðyxm;aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk/ t=urf;zufr_[k ac:qdkEdkifonf?
t=urf;rJh wdkufenf;rsm;
t=urf;rJhuef@uGufqENjyjcif;ESifh rdrdzufygatmif pnf;&Hk;qGJaqmifaomenf;vrf;rsm;
pnf;urf;wus a=ujimxkwfjyefcsufrsm;
1? vlxka[majymyGJrsm;
2? uef@uGufpmrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;
3? toif;tzGJ@rsm;. xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;
4? jynfolvlxku vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;rsm;
5? ta&;,lrnf/ w&m;pGJrnf[k a=ujimcsufrsm;
6? vlpkvltkyfESifhcsD+yD; wifoGif;aom toem;cHpm/ yef=um;v$mrsm;
vltrsm;=um;a&mufatmif qufoG,fa&;rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tvdkuf udk,fpm;ðyjcif;
13? udk,fpm;vS,fv$wfjcif;/
14? ysuf&,fðyqkay;yGJrsm;/
15? tzGJ@ESifhrJqG,fjcif;/
16? oydwfwm;jcif;/
17? ysuf&,fðya&G;aumufyGJrsm;
vlyk*~dKvftvdkuf taESmuft,Sufay;jcif;
jyZmwfESifh tqdktwD;
pDwef;vSnfhvnfr_rsm;
38? csDwufvrf;av#mufyGJrsm;/
39? pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/
40? bmoma&; pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;/
41? bk&m;zl;oGm;jcif;/
42? armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfarmif;ESifjcif;/
uG,fvGefolrsm;tm; *k%fðyjcif;
vljrifuGif;rsm;wGif pk&Hk=ujcif;
aemufqkwfjcif;ESifh pGef@v$wfjcif;rsm;
51? xGufcGgqENjyjcif;rsm;/
52? wHk%dbma0 qdwfqdwfaejcif;rsm;/
53? *k%fxl;bGJ@wHqdyfrsm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;/ pGef@v$wfjcif;/
54? aemufausmcdkif;xm;jcif;/
vlr_a&;yHkpHrS xGufjcif;
pm;oHk;olrsm;u vkyfaqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm;
71? pm;oHk;oloydwf/
72? oydwfarSmufxm;onfh ypPn;f rsm;udk roHk;yJaejcif;/
73? òcd;jcHac|wmjcif;/
74? tdrfvcray;yJxm;jcif;/
75? tdrfriSm;yJ aejcif;/
76? wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk; pm;oHk;oloydwf/
77? EdkifiHwum pm;oHk;olrsm;oydwf/
78? tvkyform;oydwf/
79? ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;oydwf/
yGJpm;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_
tpkd;&rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_
(2) oydwf
txdrf;trSwfoydwfrsm;/
97? uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm;/
98? wr[kwfcsif; qENjy/ tvkyfcGifrS xGufoGm;jcif;/
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; oydwfrsm;
oD;oef@tkyfpkrsm;. oydwf
105? tvkyf&Sifoydwf/
106? pufr_vufr_oydwf/
107? qENjyr_tm; pmemaxmufcHtm;ay;onfhtaejzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;/
taxGaxG pufr_vufr_vkyfief;oydwfrsm;
118? tvkyf&yfpJjcif;/
119? pD;yGm;a&; um;vdyfcsjcif;/
tpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
jynfwGif; tpdk;&v_yf&Sm;r_
t=urf;rJh0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfh enf;rsm;
udk,fxfdvufa&muf pGufzufjcif;
161? xdkifoydwf
162? &yfoydwf/
vlr_a&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;
pD;yGm;a&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;
181? wefjyefoydwf/
182? tvkyfcGiftwGif; xdkifoydwf/
183? t=urf;rzufonfh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;/
184? ydwfqdk@xm;onfrsm;udk z,fypfjcif;/
185? EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfaqmif&onfrsm;udk twkta,mifðyvkyfjcif;/
186? ypPnf;rsm;udk óudwif0,f,l odkavSmifxm;jcif;/
187? &ydkifcGifh ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;jcif;/
188? v$ifhypfjcif;/
189? tydkifpD;oifhonfwdk@udk tydkifpD;jcif;/
190? aps;uGufwpfrsKd;xGifjcif;/
191? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfwpfrsKd; wnfaxmifjcif;/
192? pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfrsKd; ajymif;+yD; xm;jcif;/
EdkifiHa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_
EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_aumfrwD OD;pD;t&m&Sdavhvma&;yHkpH
4? aqG;aEG;csufrsm;
c? (44) oef;aom jrefrmjynfolrsm; (rSwfcsuf? ? (2003) ckESpfwGif oef; (50) &dSonf?) onf/ ta&twGuftm;jzifh
(4) odef;aom ppfwyf/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;. jcdrf;ajcmufr_/ zdESdyfaESmifwnf;r_udk cHae=u&ygonf? wpfenf;qdk&ygu/ jrefrmEdkifiH
wnf;[laom tusOf;axmifwGif/ jynfolOD;a& (100) udk xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf axmif=uyf (1) a,mufom xm;&dS&
onfh oabmjzpfonf? tusOf;om; (100)/ axmifapmifh (1) a,muf (rSwfcsuf? ?2003 ckESpfwiG f (125) a,muf/ (1)
a,mufjzpfonf) [laom tcsKd;onf ppftpdk;&. t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ta=umufw&m;jzifh tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk u|rf;
usifpGm ðyvkyfEdkifonfudk jyonfhtwdkif;twmjzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDzuf awmfom;rsm;. rnDnGwf òyduGJaejcif;udkvnf;
jyo&ma&mufaeonf? Ttcsufu acgif;aqmifr_rJhaejcif;ESifh jynfolrsm;zufwGif/ r[mAsL[majrmuf tpDtrHrJhaejcif;ukd
vnf; &nf!$ef;onf?
5? oHk;oyfcsuf
*? tu,fI EdkifiHa&; nD!Gwfr_ xdef;odrf;xm;vdkygu/ (NCUB) ESifh (NCGUB) wdk@t=um;/ tjyeftvSef tay;t,l
axmufcHyHhydk;r_rsm; &dS&ygrnf?
6? t=uHðycsufrsm;
tajctaecef@rSef; tuJjzwfcsuf
1? OD;wnfcsuf
2? tajctaeESifh v_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOf (Courses of Action)
(u) v_yf&Sm;r_ tpDtpOftay: tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifonfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;csufrsm;?
(1) ppfqifa&;rsm; aqmif&Gufrnfhae&m. oGifjyifvuQ%m
u? ppfa&;yx0D0if
1? ajryHk- ajrjyiftaetxm;
2? a&a=umif;
3? &moDOwk
c? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
*? ta0;ajymqufoG,fa&;pepf
C? EdkifiHa&;
(3) xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;
tm%mtm;vHk; txufYwnfonf?
jynfolrsm;u vdkufem&efom?
jynfolrsm;u tkyfcsKyfoltay:
rSDcdk=u&onf?
w&m;0ifr_
ta&twGufrsm;
u|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;ESifh ynm
&kyf0wˆKºuG,f0csrf;omr_
zdtm;ay; ta&;,lr_rsm;
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
tpdk;& 0efxrf;rsm;
ppfwyf
tjcm;
tvkyform; toif;tzGJ@rsm;
&JwyfzGJ@
axmufwdkifrsm;
twdkuftcHtiftm;pk
A[dk
tESpfom;
tjcm;
EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rdom;pk
0goem
tqG,ftyGg; rdom;pk0ifrsm;
vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm;
bmomudk;uG,fr_
or*~rsm;ESifh vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_qdkif&m
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tvkyf
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