Power Electronics Lab Manual (2012-2013)

PADMASRI Dr. B. V.
RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

VISHNUPUR, NARSAPUR, MEDAK (Dist) ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA-502313 www.bvrit.ac.in
Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
III-B.Tech II-SEMISTER
POWER ELECTRONICS & SIMULATION LAB MANUAL (2012-2013)

Prepared by
N.RAMCHANDER,
M.Tech, (Ph.D),
Sr.Asst.Professor, EEED-BVRIT
POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB CODE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the observation book is necessary. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in-charge. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a setup. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups will be permitted later. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores incharge after duly filling in the requisition form. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the semester/year. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to Laboratory. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students groups should be maintained neatly and to be returned after the experiment.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB
Objectives: The Power Electronics and Simulation Laboratory is a unique opportunity for you to design and build. Power electronic circuits are the backbone of almost every modern convenience. Automobiles, cell-phones, laptop and desktop computers, television sets, and kitchen appliances, among many other systems, require power electronics circuits to convert electrical energy to a useful form. The creation of a successful power electronic circuit almost always requires more than the application of a set of analytical techniques. The most elegant examples are crafted by engineers who have a rich understanding of how to make trade-offs amongst all the parts of a system, e.g., thermal, mechanical, electrical, and sometimes software. For this reason, we make special efforts to expose you to a huge number of demonstrations developed from a wide range of engineering disciplines, and to provide exciting laboratory experiences that let you try the techniques you learn on practical hardware.

POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB

Any Eight of the Experiments in Power Electronics Lab 1. Study of Characteristics of SCR, MOSFET & IGBT 2. Gate firing circuits for SCRs 3. Single Phase AC Voltage Controller with R and RL Loads 4. Single Phase fully controlled bridge converter with R and RL loads 5. Forced Commutation circuits ( Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D & Class E) 6. DC Jones chopper with R and RL Loads 7. Single Phase Parallel, inverter with R and RL loads 8. Single Phase Cyclo converter with R and RL loads 9. Single Phase Half controlled converter with R load 10. Three Phase half controlled bridge converter with R-load 11. Single Phase series inverter with R and RL loads 12. Single Phase Bridge converter with R and RL loads 13. Single Phase dual converter with RL loads Any two simulation experiments with PSPICE/PSIM 14. PSPICE simulation of single-phase full converter using RLE loads and single-phase AC voltage controller using RLE loads. 15. PSPICE simulation of resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck chopper. 16. PSPICE simulation of single phase Inverter with PWM control. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Simulation of Electric and Electronic circuits using PSPICE by M.H.Rashid, M/s PHI Publications. 2. PSPICE A/D users manual Microsim, USA. 3. PSPICE reference guide Microsim, USA.

CONTENTS
POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB MANUAL
S.NO.
NAMEOFTHEEXPERIMENT
PageNo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
StudyofcharacteristicsofSCR,MOSFETandIGBT. Forcedcommutationcircuits(class A,B,CandD). SinglephaseACvoltagecontrollerwithR&RLloads. SinglephasefullycontrolledbridgeconverterwithR&RLloads. SinglephasehalfcontrolledconverterwithR&RL load. SinglephaseCycloconverterwithR&RLloads. Studyofgatefiringcircuits DCJoneschopperwithRandRLLoads SinglePhaseParallel,inverterwithRandRLloads ThreePhasehalfcontrolledbridgeconverterwithRloadandRLloads
SIMULATIONEXPERIMENTS
110 1116 1723 2430 3136 3743 4449 5054 5559 6062
11
PSPICEsimulationofsinglephasefullconverterusingRLEloadsand singlephaseACvoltagecontrollerusingRLEloads. PSPICEsimulationofresonantpulsecommutationcircuitandBuck chopper PSPICEsimulationofsinglephaseInverterwithPWMcontrol.

ADDITIONALEXPERIMENTS
6367
12
6870
13
7174
14 15
Speedcontrolofdcshuntmotorusinghalfcontrolledconverter SpeedcontrolofIInductionmotorusingACVoltagecontroller
7577 7879
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT
1. STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR, MOSFET AND IGBT

AIM: To study various characteristics of SCR, MOSFET and IGBT. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. EQUIPMENT SCR,MOSFET AND IGBT KIT PATCH CARDS Qty 1 1 set
THEORY: Silicon Controlled Rectifier: Silicon Controlled Rectifier is a four-layer three junction p-n-p-n switching device. It has three terminals, Anode, cathode and gate. In normal operation of thyristor anode held with high positive potential with respect to cathode and gate has a small positive with respect to cathode. When Anode is made positive with respect to cathode and switch is open in the gate circuit ,then p-n junction j1 and j3 are forward biased ,where as j2 becomes wider and j1 thinner at j1 and j3. There is no base current in transistor t2 and hence that of t1.under such conditions the SCR is in a state of blocking forward direction. If now gate is made positive w.r.t. cathode or switch is closed , a small gate current will flow through junction j2 as a result anode starts flows if anode current is greater than latching current of SCR.SCR is forward conduction state or simply SCR is closed state. MOSFET: A Power MOSFET has three terminal called drain, source and gate. MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. As its operation depends upon the flow of majority carriers only. MOSFET is uni polar device. The control signal or gate current less than a BJT. This is because of fact that gate circuit impedance in MOSFET is very high of the order of 109 ohm. This larger impedance permits the MOSFET gate be driven directly from microelectronic circuits. Power MOSFETs are now finding increasing applications in low-power high frequency converters. IGBT: IGBT is a new development in the area of Power MOSFET Technology. This device combines into its the advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high input impedance like a MOSFET and low-on-state power loss in a BJT.IGBT is also known as metal oxide insulated gate transistor (MOSIGT). Conductively modulated field effect transistor
1
(COMFET) or gain modulated FET (GEMFET). It was initially called insulated gate transistor(IGT). CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SCR CHARACTERISTICS:
IA
A IG
+
2.5K/25W
(0-200mA)
(0-20mA)
A
+ VAK
V
(0-50V)
(0-15V)
VGK
VAK
(0-35V)
MOSFETCHARACTERISTICS: ID
+
2.5K/25W
(0-200mA)
S
+ VGS
+ VDS
V
(0-50V)
(0-35V)
VDD
VGS
(0-15V)
(0-20V)
IGBT CHARACTERISTICS: ID
C G E
+ VBE
2.5K/25W
(0-200mA)
+ VCE
V
(0-20V)
(0-35V)
VCC
VGG
(0-15V)
(0-20V)
PROCEDURE: SCR CHARACTERISTICS: A) Forward V-I Characteristics: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply .Apply constant VAK voltage say 10V varying VAA 3. Gradually increase the gate current till the SCR becomes on i.e. VAK and IA 4. Now VAK is increased gradually and IA noted for two to three readings, 5. Steps 3 to 4 are repeated for another values of VAK say 30V. 6. Tabulate the readings in the tabule. 7. Plot a graph of VAK versus IA for different(two) values of IG B) Reverse V-I Characteristics : 1. Now reverse the polarities of the anode voltage source. 2. Open the switch in the gate circuit. 3. Note down the readings of anode voltage and current by increasing the value of voltage source in the anode circuit. C) Gate Characteristics: 1. Now open the switch in the anode circuit. 2. Set the gate circuit voltage source and anode circuit voltage source as per the given value. 3. Note down the readings of gate voltage and gate current by reducing the value of gate side rheostat. MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS: A) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the Supply. Keep VDS say 10V vary VGS note down the range of VGS for which drain current is varying for constant VGS 3. Keep VGS constant (VGS must be within the range determined by step2) 4. Vary VDS in steps ,note down corresponding ID 5. Step4 is repeated for different VGS 6. Tabulate the readings in the table. 7. Plot a graph of ID against VDS for different VGS B) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the regulated power supplies. Keep VDS constant say 10V. Vary VGS in steps, note down the corresponding ID 3. Tabulate the readings in the table. 4. Plot a graph of ID against VGS IGBT CHARACTERISTICS: A) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 2. Switch on power supply. Keep VGE say 5v, vary VGE note down the range of VGE for which collector current is varying for constant VGE. 3. Keep VGE constant ( VGE must be within the range ) 4. Vary VCE in steps ,note down corresponding IC 5. Adjust VGE to constant while doing step4. 6. Step4 is repeated for different VGE. 7. Tabulate the readings in the table. 8. Plot a graph of IC against VCE for different VGE B) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
5
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 2. Switch on the power supply. Keep VCE constant. Vary VGE in steps .note down corresponding IC 3. Adjust VCE to constant while doing step2. 4. Tabulate the readings in the table. 5. Plot a graph of IC against VGE for the constant VCE
TABULAR COLUMN: SCR CHARACTERISTICS: A) FORWARD V-I CHARACTERISTICS B) REVERSE V-I CHARACTERISTICS S .NO. IG1= S.NO. VAK= V IA= mA VAK= V IA= mA mA IG2= mA VAK= V IA= mA
C) GATE CHARACTERISTICS:
S.No.
VG
IG
MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS: A) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS B) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
VGS1= S.NO. VDS= V
VGS2= VDS= V
S.NO. VGS= V
VDS1=
V ID = mA
ID= mA
ID= mA
IGBT CHARACTERISTICS: A) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS VGE1= S.NO. VBE= V IC= mA VBE= V I C= mA VCE= S.NO. VGE= V V IC = mA V VGE2= V B) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
MODEL GRAPHS: SCR CHARACTERISTICS:

FORWARDANDREVERSECHARACTERISTICS:Gatecharacteristics:
Vg
Ig
MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS:
MOSFET V-I Characteristics

MOSFET Transfer Characteristics
ID VGS4 >VGS3 >VGS2 VGS4 VGS3 VGS2 VGS1

ID
VDS
VGST VGS
IGBT CHARACTERISTICS:
IGBT IC VGE4>VGE3 >VGE2 >VGE1 VGE4 VGE3 VGE2 VGE1 VCE
RESULT:OutputandTransferCharacteristicsofSCR,MOSFETandIGBTarestudied 10
2. STUDY OF FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS
AIM: To Verify the different types of forced commutation circuits by connecting a resistive load. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. EQUIPMENT Forced commutation Kit Regulated Power Supply Rheostat CRO Patch cards Qty 1 1 2 1
THEORY: Commutation is the process of turning off the SCR and it normally causes the transfer of current flow to other parts of circuit. Commutation can be divided into a) Natural commutation b) Forced commutation a) Natural commutation: If the source voltage AC the SCR current goes through a natural zero and reverse voltage appears across the SCR. The device is automatically turns off due to the natural behavior of the source voltage. This is known as natural commutation or line commutation. b) Forced commutation: In some SCR circuits the input voltage is DC and the forward current of the SCR is DC and the forward current of the SCR is forced to zero by external or additional circuitry called as commutation circuitry to turn off SCR. This Technique is called forced commutation and normally applied in DC to DC converters .
11
Forced Commutation circuits can be classified as

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Class-A Commutation (Series resonant commutation circuit) Class-B Commutation (Parallel resonant commutation circuit) Class-C Commutation ( Complementary commutation circuit) Class-D Commutation (Auxiliary Commutation) Class-E Commutation (External Pulse Commutation)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CLASS-A COMMUTATION:
T1
CLASS-B COMMUTATION:
T (0-15V) R
To CRO
L C
(0-15V)
To CRO
CLASS-C COMMUTATION:
CLASS-D COMMUTATION:
T1
R1
C
R2
+ TA R
(0-15V)
T1
T2
(0-30V)
L
12
PROCEDURE:
CLASS-A COMMUTATION: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit. 2. Connect Trigger output T1 to gate and cathode of SCR T1 3. Switch on the DC supply to the power circuit and observe the voltage waveform across load by varying the frequency potentiometer. 4. Repeat the same for different values of L,C and R.
CLASS-B COMMUTATION: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit. 2. Connect Trigger output T1 to gate and cathode of SCR T1 3. Switch on the DC supply to the power circuit and observe the voltage waveform across load by varying the frequency potentiometer. 4. Repeat the same for different values of L,C and R. Note: Same procedure for Class-A and Class-B Commutation. CLASS-C COMMUTATION: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit.
2. Connect T1 and T2 from firing circuit to gate and cathode of Thyristor T1 and T2. 3. Observe the waveforms across R1,R2 and C by varying frequency and also duty cycle potentiometer. 4. Repeat the same for different values of C and R. CLASS-D COMMUTATION: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit.
13
2. Connect T1 and T2 gate pulse from the firing circuit to the corresponding SCRs in the power circuit. 3. Initially keep the trigger ON/OFF at OFF position to initially charge the capacitor, this can be observed by connecting CRO across the capacitor. 4. Now switch ON the trigger output switch and observe the voltage waveform across the load T1, T2 and capacitor. Note down the voltage waveforms at different frequency of chopping and also at different duty cycle. 5. Repeat the experiment for different values of load Resistance, commutation inductance and capacitance. CLASS-E COMMUTATION: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit. 2. Connect the trigger output T1 from the firing circuit to the SCR. 3. Connect T2 to the Transistor base and emitter points 4. Switch on the Power Supply and External DC supply. 5. Switch on the trigger output and observe and note down waveforms. Repeat the Same by varying frequency and duty cycle. MODEL GRAPHS: CLASS-A COMMUTATION:
14
CLASS-B COMMUTATION:
CLASS-C COMMUTATION:
15
CLASS-D COMMUTATION:
CLASS-E COMMUTATION:
RESULT:TheoperationsofclassA,B,C,DandEareobserved. 16
3. SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM: To Verify the operation of single phase AC Voltage controller with R and RL Loads and to observe the output and input waveforms APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 EQUIPMENT I- Transformer I- AC voltage controller power circuit with firing unit Voltmeters(MI meters) Rheostat Inductive load CRO with (1:10) Probe Patch cards Qty 1 1 2 1 1 1
THEORY: AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices ,which converts the fixed Ac voltage into variable AC voltage with same frequency .The circuit diagram of Single phase AC voltage controller is shown in figure .It consists of two SCRs connected in anti parallel. The input and output voltage waveforms are also shown. The SCRs are gate controlled and gate pulses are obtained from firing unit. A) For R-Load: For the first half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR T1 conducts and gives controlled output to load. During the other half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR T2 conducts .During the Positive half cycle T1 is triggered at a firing angle of wt= .T1 starts conducting and source voltage is applied to the load from to . At wt= both Vo and Io falls to zero. Just after wt= , T1 is reverse biased and therefore it is turned off by self commutation. During the negative half cycle of T2 is triggered at wt= +, then T2 conducts from wt = +
Vo rms = V ph {[( ) + (1 / 2) sin 2 ] / }1/ 2
17
Where Vorms is the theoretical RMS value of the output voltage, Vph is the phase voltage of the input voltage and is the firing angle B) For RL Load: During the first half cycle wt = 0 to SCR T1 is forward biased and is triggered at wt= and output current starts building up through load .At wt=, load and source voltage are zero. But the output current is not zero because of inductive load. At wt=(>), the load current reduces to zero, angle is called extinction angle. After wt = , SCR T1 is reverse biased, but does not turn off because the output current is not zero. At wt=, only when output current is zero T1 turns off. During the negative half cycle SCR T2 is forward biased and is triggered at wt = +. The output current flows through the load in reverse direction. The operation of SCR T2 is similar as that of SCR T1 during the period wt = + to wt = (2-) but in the negative direction. At wt= ( 2-) the SCR t2 is commutated and the next positive half cycle will be regulated by SCR T1. In this way the AC Voltage controller will be useful for regulating the AC voltage.
Vorms = V ph {[( ) + (1 / 2)(sin 2 (1 / 2) sin 2 )] / 2 }1/ 2
Theoretically the value of Extinction angle can be calculated by = (+); Where =tan-1(wL/R)
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER:
T1
Ph
T2
1- AC Supply
V V
To CRO
Fig-1 Single Phase AC Voltage controller with R-load
T1
Ph
T2 1- AC Supply
V
L
To CRO
Fig-2 Single Phase AC Voltage controller with RL-load
19
PROCEDURE: A) For R-Load: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switch on the supply. 3. Keep the rheostat position value given by the lab instructor 4. Switch ON the CRO and calibrate it with the input voltage. 5. Switch on the power circuit and firing circuit. 6. Observe the output voltage waveform in the CRO. 7. Note down the reading of from the CRO and Vo from the voltmeter 8. Also calculate the theoretical value of output voltage from the formula and compare it with the practical value of the output voltage, which is observed from the voltmeter. 9. Repeat the above process from step 6 to 8 for various firing angles. B). For RL-Load: 1. Switch off the power supply and connect an inductance of given value in series with the load resistance. 2. Repeat steps 2 to 9 in this case and also note down the reading of .
TABULAR COLUMN: A) For R-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= CRO calibration: 180 degrees = S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds Firing angle() in degrees V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) msec = radians Firing angle() in radians
20
Vo (Practical )
Vo (Theoritical)
A) For RL-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= Value of Load inductance L= V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) mH(As given by the instructor)
CRO calibration: 180 degrees = Theoretical Extinction angle = Practical Extinction angle =
msec = radians (in msec) = (in msec) = (degrees) = (degrees) = (radians) (radians)
S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds
Firing angle() in degrees
Firing angle() in radians
Vo (Practical )
Vo (Theoritical)
MODEL GRAPHS: With R-Load:

21
With RL-Load:
22
RESULT: The operation of I- ac voltage controller with R&RL loads is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltages with R and RL loads are found.
23
4. SINGLE PHASE FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOAD
AIM: To obtain controlled output waveforms of a single phase fully controlled bridge Converter with R and RL Loads. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8. EQUIPMENT I- Transformer I- fully controlled power circuit with firing unit Voltmeter(MI meter) Voltmeter(MC meter) Rheostat Inductive load CRO with (1:10) Probe Patch cards Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
THEORY: A) For R-Load: A fully controlled bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in the circuit diagram. In the bridge circuit diagonally opposite pair of SCRs are made to conduct and are commutated simultaneously. During the first positive half cycle SCRs T1 and T2 are forward biased and they are triggered simultaneously at wt = then the current flowing through the path A-T1-R-T2-B. During the negative half cycle of the input SCRs T3 and T4 are forward biased and they are triggered at wt= (+) simultaneously then the current flows through B-T3-R-T4-A. Thyristors T1,T2 and T3,T4 are triggered at same firing angle in each positive and negative half cycle of the input voltage respectively.
24
When the output voltage falls to zero, the output current also falls to zero because of resistive load .Hence SCRs T1, T2 in positive half cycle and T3,T4 in negative half cycle turn off by natural commutation. The related voltage and current wave forms are shown in the diagram. The theoretical value of the average DC output voltage can be calculated by Voth= (Vm/)(1+cos). Where Voth is the theoretical value of the output voltage Vm is the maximum value of the AC input voltage and is the firing angle. B) For RL-Load: A fully controlled bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in the circuit diagram. To conduct the SCRs simultaneously firing of SCRs T1,T2 in the first half cycle and T3,T4 in the next half cycle is necessary. To ensure this both T1,T2 are fired from the same firing angle. As shown in the diagram when wt=, SCRs T1, T2 are triggered simultaneously. The current flow through A-T1-R-L-T2-B.Supply voltage from this instant appears across output terminals and forces the current through load. At wt=,the output voltage tends to reverse its direction where as the output current tries to flows on the same direction because of inductive load. The output current becomes zero at a angle of wt=. At an angle wt=(+) SCRs T3 ,T4 are triggered, with this negative line voltage reverse biases SCRs T1 and T2 hence the SCRs T1 and T2 are commutated.Now the current flows through the path B-T3-R-L-T4-A.This continue in every half cycle and we get output voltage as shown in waveforms. The theoretical value of the average DC output voltage can be calculated by
V OTH = ( 2V m / )(cos cos )
25
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: With R-Load:
Ph
T1 1-, 230V AC Supply

V
T3
V
To CRO
T4 N
T2
Fig-1
With RL-Load:
Ph

V
T3
V
R
To CRO
T4 N
L T2
Fig-2
26
PROCEDURE: B) For R-Load: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switch on the supply. 3. Keep the rheostat position value given by the lab instructor 4. Switch ON the CRO and calibrate it with the input voltage. 5. Switch on the power circuit and firing circuit. 6. Observe the output voltage waveform in the CRO. 7. Note down the reading of from the CRO and Vo from the voltmeter 8. Also calculate the theoretical value of output voltage from the formula and compare it with the practical value of the output voltage, which is observed from the voltmeter. 9. Repeat the above process from step 6 to 8 for various firing angles. B). For RL-Load: 1. Switch off the power supply and connect an inductance of given value in series with the load resistance. 2. Repeat steps 2 to 9 in this case and also note down the reading of .
27
MODEL GRAPHS: With R-Load:
WithRLLoad:
28
TABULAR COLUMN: B) For R-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= CRO calibration: 180 degrees = S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds Firing angle() in degrees V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) msec = radians Firing angle() in radians Vo (Practical ) Vo (Theoritical)
B) For RL-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor)
CRO calibration: 180 degrees = Theoretical Extinction angle = Practical Extinction angle =
msec = radians (in msec) = (in msec) = (degrees) = (degrees) = (radians) (radians)
S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds
Firing angle() in radians
Vo (Practical )
Vo (Theoritical)
29
RESULT: The operation of I- fully controller converter is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltages are found ,both for R and RL loads at different firing angles.
30
5. SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOAD

AIM: To obtain the output waveform of single phase half controlled bridge converter with R and RL Loads. APPARATUS: S.No Name of the Equipment 1. Single phase half controlled converter power circuit 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 Firing Unit Voltmeter 1:1 Isolation Transformer Rheostat Inductive load CRO Patch Chords Type Ramge Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
MI MC Wire wound
(0-60V) (0-50V) 1KVA 100ohm/5A 0-150mH
THEORY: SinglePhasehalfwavecontrolledbridgeconverterwithR&RLloadsareshowninthe diagram. RLoad: During the positive half cycle of AC supply SCR T1 and diode D1 are forward biased. The SCR T1 is triggered at a firing angle t=, the output current flows through hthe path A-T1-R-D1-B. The load current will flow until T1 is commutated by reversal of supply at t=. During The nagative half cycle of AC supply SCR T2 and diode D2 are forward biased. When the SCR T2 is triggered at angle t=(+), the output current would flow through the path B-T2-R-D2-A. This current continues up to t=2, at this angle the SCR T2 is commutated due
31
to reversal of the supply voltage. The theoretical average vale of DC output voltage can be calculated by,
Where VoTHis the theoretical average vale of DC output voltage Vm is the maximum value of AC input voltage and = is the firing angle
RL-Load: The main difference between the operation of the circuit with a complex load, and with a purely resistive load is that at end of each half-cycle of the supply voltage, the current flow is maintained in the load circuit by the inductance of the load. The thyristor that has been conducting, say SCR1, continues to conduct, but current transfers from diode D2 to D1 so that the inductive back emf of the load drives current through the bridge without including the reverse supply voltage. During this part of the cycle, the load current decays exponentially and is unaffected by the supply voltage. When SCR2 is triggered, SCR1 is reverse biased by the supply voltage and turns off. Current now flows from the supply through SCR2 and diode D1 into the load. SCR1 is triggered in the next half-cycle and the sequence is repeated. The theoretical average vale of DC output voltage can be calculated by,
Where extinction angle =+ And can be calculated as
32
Ph

V
T3
V
To CRO
D1 N
D2
Fig-1 for R-load
Ph

V
T3
V
R
To CRO
D1 N
L D2
Fig-2 for RL-load
PROCEDURE: R-load:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make connections as per the circuit diagram. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switching ON the supply. Keep the rheostat position and variac position as the value given by the lab instructor. Switch ON the CRO and calibrate it with the input voltage. Switch ON the power circuit and firing circuit.
33
6. Observe the output voltage wave form in the CRO. 7. Note down the readings of from the CRO Vo from the voltmeter. 8. Also calculate the theoretical value of the output voltage from the formula and compare it with the practical value of the output voltage, which is observed from the voltmeter. 9. Repeat the above process for various firing angle. RL-load: 10. Switch off the supply and connect an inductance of given value in series with the load resistance. 11. Repeat steps 2 to 9 and also note down the readings of .
OBSERVATIONS: For R-Load: Input voltage Vph= Load resistance R=
S.No
Firing angle() in msec
Firing angle in Degrees
Firing angle in radians
Vo (theoretical)
Vo (practical)
RL-Load: Input voltage Vph= Load resistance R= Value of Inductance L= Theoretical Extinction angle = Practical Extinction angle =
34
S.No
Vo (theoretical)
Vo (practical)
Model Graphs: R-Load:
RL Loads
35
Result: The operation of Single Phase half controlled converter is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltage are found, both for R and RL loads.
36
6. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM: To verify the operation of single phase Cyclo Converter with R and RL Loads and to observe the output and input waveforms APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. EQUIPMENT I- Center tapped Transformer I- Cyclo Converter power circuit with firing unit Rheostat Inductive load Voltmeter(MI) CRO with (1:10) Probe Patch cards Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 set
THEORY The circuit diagram of 1- cyclo converter with R and RL load are shown in fig. Construction ally there are four SCRs T1, T2, T3 &T4.Out of them T1, T2 are responsible for generating positive halves forming the positive group. The other two T3, T4 are responsible for negative haves forming negative group. This configuration and waveforms are shown for and 1/3 of the supply frequency. Natural commutation process is used to turn off the SCRs. A) For R-Load: During the half cycle when point A is positive with respect to O, SCR T1 is in conducting mode and is triggered at wt = then current flows through positive point A-T1-load-negative O. In the negative half cycle when B point is positive with respect to the point O,SCR T1 is automatically turned off due to natural commutation and SCR T2 is triggered at wt = +. In this condition the current flows through B-T2-load-O. The flow of
37
the current direction is same as in the first case. After two positive half cycles of load voltage and load current SCR T4 is gated at wt=2+ when O is positive with respect to B. In this condition the load current flows through O-load-T4-B.Thus the direction of load current is reversed. In the next half cycle when O is positive with respect to A when wt=3, T4 turnoff due to natural commutation and at wt=3+ T3 is triggered. In this condition the load current flows through O-load-T3-A. The direction of load current is same as previous case. In this manner two negative half cycles of load voltage and load current, equal to the number of two positive half cycles are generated. Now T1 is again triggered to fabricate further two positive half cycles of load voltage and so on. Like this the input frequency 50Hz is reduced to at the output across the load. The input and output waveforms are shown in figure. The frequency of the output voltage can be calculated by: Frequency ( fo )=(Time period)-1 B) For RL-Load:When A is positive with respect to O forward biased SCR T1 is triggered at wt= and the current start to flow through A-T1-R-L-O. Load voltage becomes zero at wt= but load current will not become zero at this angle due to inductance. It becomes zero at wt = which is called extinction angle. So it is naturally commutated at wt=. After half cycle point B positive with respect to point O. Now at angle wt=+. T2 is triggered and the load current takes path from B-T2-R-L_o and its direction is positive as in the previous case. The load current decays zero at wt =+ and SCR T2 is naturally commutated. In the half cycle when O is positive with respect to B point, T4 is triggered instead of T1 at an angle of wt= (2+). Now the load current flows through O-L-R-T4-B but the direction of load current reversed. When the load current becomes zero at an angle wt= (2+) , T4 naturally commutated because the voltage is already reversed at wt = 3.When wt = (3+) and point O, is positive with respect to point A,T3 is triggered then the current flows through O-L-R-T3-A , and the direction of load current is same in previous case. In the next half cycle again T1 will triggered like this we get one cycle of output frequency for two cycles of input frequency, when the frequency division switch is at 2. The waveforms of load voltage and load current are shown in fig. The frequency of load voltage can be calculated by fo=(Time period)-1
38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
T1
Ph
T3
1-, 230V 50Hz AC Supply
To CRO
T2
center tapped transformer
T4
Fig1SinglephasecycloconverterwithRload
T1
Ph
T3
1-, 230V 50Hz AC Supply
R
To CRO
T2
center tapped transformer
T4
Fig2SinglephasecycloconverterwithRLload Fig-2
39
PROCEDURE: A) For R-Load: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switch on the supply. 3. Keep the rheostat position value given by the lab instructor 4. Switch ON the supply and note down the frequency of input voltage from the CRO. 5. Set the frequency division switch at 2 and note the readings of time period of output voltage waveform for different set of firing angles 6. Calculate the practical value of output frequency by reciprocating the value of time period and theoretical value of frequency will be found from frequency division setting 7. Repeat the above process from step 5 to 6 for frequency division of 3 and 4. B). For RL-Load:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Connect an inductance of given value in series with the load resistance. 3. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switch on the supply. 4. Keep the rheostat position value given by the lab instructor 5. Switch ON the supply and note down the frequency of input voltage from the CRO. 6. Set the frequency division switch at 2 and note the readings of time period of output voltage waveform for different set of firing angles
40
7. Calculate the practical value of output frequency by reciprocating the value of time period and theoretical value of frequency will be found from frequency division setting 8. Repeat the above process from step 5 to 6 for frequency division of 3 and 4.
TABULAR COLUMN: C) For R-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= Input frequency S.NO. Frequency division = V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) Hz Time period in msec Frequency (practical) Frequency (theoretical)
C) For RL-Load: The input voltage Vph = Value of load resistance RL= Value of Load inductance L= V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) mH(As given by the instructor)
S.NO. Frequency division
Time period in msec
Frequency (practical)
Frequency (theoretical)
41
MODEL GRAPHS: 1/2fcycloconverterwaveforms
42
1/3fcycloconverterwaveforms
1/4fcycloconverterwaveforms
RESULT: The operation of I- cyclo converter is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output frequencies at different frequency divisions are found both for R & RL loads
43
7. STUDY OF GATE FIRING CIRCUITS

AIM: To observe the output waveforms of resistance, Resistance- Capacitance and UJT gate firing Circuits of SCR. . APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. EQUIPMENT R-firing circuit Kit RC firing circuit kit UJT firing circuit kit CRO with (1:10) Probe Patch cards Qty 1 1 1 1 1 set
THEORY: R-firing Circuit: Uni-Junction Transistor: UJT exhibits negative resistance characteristics; it can be used as relaxation oscillator. The external characteristics RB1 and RB2 are resistances which are small in comparison with internal resistances R1 and R2 of the UJT base. The emitter potential V is varied depending on the charging rate of capacitance C. The charging resistance Rc should be such that the load line intersects the device only in the negative resistance region. is called as the intrinsic standoff ratio. It is defined as
= ( RB1 ) /( RB1 + RB 2 )
UJT is a highly efficient switch .Its switching time is in a range of nano seconds. Since UJT exhibits negative resistance characteristics it can be used as a relaxation oscillator. The rise time
44
output pulse will depend on the switching speed of the UJT and duration will be proportional to the time constant RB1C of the discharge circuit. The output pulses of UJT are identical in magnitude and time period
T = RC (ln( 1 /( 1 )))
The value of is specified for each device .For UJT =0.63. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: R-firing circuit:
VL
Ph
R1
1- AC Supply
R2
D G
R
N
RC-firing circuit:
Half Wave RC Triggering
To CRO
Ph 100E/10W A 1-, 230V 50Hz AC Supply K
45
Full Wave RC Triggering
Ph 100E/10W D1 1-, 230V 50Hz AC Supply D4 D2 D3 A
To CRO
G K
UJT firing circuit:
UJT Firing circuit:

VBB RB2 B2 B1
Vdc
C1 C2 C3
To CRO
PROCEDUREFORRFIRINGCIRCUIT: 1.Turnthepotentiometerfullyanticlockwise,connectloadasshownbyjumpers, 2.ConnectSCRinthecktbyusingshortinglinksasshownbythedashedlines. 3.ConnecttheOscilloscopeacrosstheload. 4.VarythefiringangleandobservethewaveformsontheCRO 5.Drawthecorrespondingwaveforms.

46
PROCEDUREFORRCFIRINGCKT: 1. 2. 3. 4. ConnecttheloadandSCRintheCKTbyjumpersasshowninthecktdiagram. Tunethepotentiometerfullyanticlockwise. Connectoscilloscopeintheloaddividerandswitchonthepowersupply. Varythefiringangleanddrawthecorrespondingwaveforms.
PROCEDURE: UJT firing circuit: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Connect a capacitor C1 in series with variable resistance. 3. Place the knob of variable resistance at either of the extreme positions and place one capacitor in series and take the reading of firing angle at that time period. i.e. total time is equal to the sum of turn off and turn on times. 4. Vary the resistance to the other extreme position and note down the readings. 5. Replace the capacitor with another one and calculate the RC from noted reading.
6. Calculate the RLmax and RLmin from the above readings. MODEL CALCULATIONS:
= ( RB1 ) /( RB1 + RB 2 ) =0.63 for UJT

T = RC (ln( 1 /( 1 )))
Model Graphs of R firing circuit:

47
ModelGraphsofRCgatefiringcircuit:
48
ModelGraphsofUJTfiringcircuit:
RESULT:Thewaveformsacrosstheloadanddevicefordifferentvaluesoffiringanglesare studied.
8. DC JONES CHOPPER WITH R& RL LOADS

AIM: : To obtain the output waveform of single phase fully controlled bridge converter with R and RL Loads. APPARATUS: S.No 1. Name of the Equipment Single phase fully controlled converter power circuit Firing Unit Type Ramge Quantity
1 1
2.
49
3.
Voltmeter
MI MC
(0-60V) (0-50V) 1KVA
1 1 1 1 1
4. 5. 6. 7. 8
1:1 Isolation Transformer Rheostat Inductive load CRO Patch Chords Wire wound
100ohm/5A 0-150mH
THEORY: The Jones Chopper circuit is another example of class D commutation. In this circuit SCR TM is the main thyristor, where as SCR TA, capacitor C, diode D1 and auto transformer forms the commutating circuit for the main thyristor TM. Therefore the special feature of this circuit is the tapped auto T/F through a portion of which the load current flows L1 and L2 are closely coupled so that the capacitor always gets sufficient energy to turn off the main SCR TM. Let us assume that initially capacitor C is charged to a voltage Edc with the polarity shown SCR TM is triggered current flows through the path CA-TM-L1-D1-CB and capacitor C charges to opposite polarity i.e., plate B positive and plate A negative, however diode D1 prevents further oscillation of the resonating L2C circuit. Hence capacitor C retains its charge until SCR TA is triggered.
Now, SCR TA is triggered current flows through the path CB-TA-TM-CA. Therefore, discharge of capacitor C reverse biases SCR TM and turns it off. The capacitor again charges up with plate A positive and SCR TA turns off because the current through it falls below the holding current value when capacitor C is recharged.
50
The cycle repeats when SCR TM is again triggered. The use of autotransformer involves that whenever current is delivered from dc source to the load, a voltage is induced in L1 in the correct polarity for changing the commutating capacitor to a voltage higher than Edc. Thus the autotransformer measurably enhances the reliability of the circuit.
The theoretical average value of the Dc output voltage can be found from
Where
is the average value of the DC output voltage?
is the duty cycle and is the average value of the DC input voltage
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
51
T1
TA
R
V
To CRO
DC Supply
L1 L2
D1
Fig-1: Circuit Diagram of DC Jones Chopper with R Load
T1
TA
Dm
R
V
To CRO
DC Supply
L1 L2
D1
Fig-2: Circuit Diagram of DC Jones Chopper with RL Load
PROCEDURE:
52
(a) For R-Load: 1. Set the rheostat for given value, before connecting in the circuit. 2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 3. Switch on the supply and set the input voltage to the given value. 4. For a particular firing angle note down the readings of ON time (Ton), OFF time (Toff), Total time (T) from the CRO and the practical value of the output voltage from the voltmeter. 5. Calculate the theoretical value of the output voltage from the data Ton, T and input voltage. 6. Repeat the step 4 and 5 for a set of different duty cycle. (b) For RL-load: 1. Now connect an inductance of given value and repeat the steps 3 to 6. OBSERVATIONS: (a) For R-Load: The value of input voltage= The value of load resistance= S.No: Ton(ms) Toff(ms) Total Time(ms) Duty cycle Vo(practical) Vo(Theoretical)
(b) For RL-load: The value of input voltage= The value of load resistance= The value of load inductance=
53
S.No:
Ton(ms)
Toff(ms)
Total Time(ms)
Duty cycle
Vo(practical) Vo(Theoretical)
Result: The operation of DC Joness Chopper is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltage are found, both for R and RL loads.
54
9. THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R& RL LOADS

AIM:Toobtaintheoutputwaveformsofthreephasefullwavehalfcontrolledbridgerectifier withRandRLloadandwithorwithoutcommutatingorfreewheelingDiode. APPARATUS: S.No 1. Name of the Equipment There phase Half controlled bridge converter power circuit Firing Unit Voltmeter MI MC 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 3-ph Variac Rheostat Inductive load CRO Patch Chords Wire wound (0-100V) (0-100V) 415V/(0-415V) 100ohm/5A 0-150mH Type Ramge Quantity
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. 3.
Theory : For large power dc loads, 3-ph ac to dc converter are commonly used. The various types of three phase controlled converter are 3-ph half wave converter, 3-ph half wave converter is rarely used in industry because it introduces de component in the supply circuit. If diodes are replaced by 3-thyristors, a semi converter bride is obtained.
55
Free wheeling mode of operation of bridge connected rectifiers can be realized half of its thyristor with diodes. Therefore, circuit of three phase half-controlled bridge converter contains three thyristor in three arms and diodes in the other three arms. For <600 the continuous conduction mode is possible. For firing angles >600 the discontinuous conduction mode occurs. It can be observed from the waveforms that the output voltage becomes zero during a part of the output voltage period, because of the free wheeling action. It is easily noted from the waveforms that the freewheeling period is . Therefore the supply current flows for the period (-) in each half cycle. As increase the duration of the supply current pulse decreases. Therefore, the harmonic content in the source current increases as the firing angle increases. For large firing angle delays, commutation failure may take place due to the limited time available in symmetrical half controlled converter circuit configuration, if the current is assumed to be continuous. This may result in half weaving effect.
The theoretical output voltage can be calculated as For R-load:
-----for continuous mode ------for discontinuous mode For RL-load:
56
R T1
415V, 3- 50hz, AC
T2
T3
V
To CRO
Y D1 B
415V, 3- 550hz, AC
D2
D3
Fig-1
R T1
415V, 3- 50hz, AC
T2
T3 R
V
To CRO
Y D1 B
415V, 3- 550hz, AC
D2
D3
Fig-2
Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Verify the connections before switching on the supply Keep the rheostat position and variac positions as the values given by the instructor. Switch on power circuit and firing circuit. Switch on the CRO and calibrate it with input voltage. Observe output voltage waveform on CRO. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and compare. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.
10. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.

57
11. Repeat the above steps.
OBSERVATIONS: For R-load: Input voltage Vph= Load resistance R=
S.No
Vo (theoretical)
Vo (practical)
RL-Load: Input voltage Vph= Load resistance R= Value of Inductance L= Theoretical Extinction angle = Practical Extinction angle =
S.No
Vo (theoretical)
Vo (practical)
58
Input Supply
Model Graphs RESULT:Observedanddrawntheoutputwaveformsof3phasehalfcontrolledbridge converterwithRandRLloads.
59
10. SINGLE PHASE PARALLEL INVERTER
AIM:TostudyandobtaintheACoutputvoltagewaveformofsinglephaseparallelinverterwith R&RLloads. APPARATUS: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Components SinglePhaseParallelInverterKit 01 Quantity
Bulbs230V/40W
CRO Patchcords Voltmeter(0100V)MI
02
01
01
Theory: The circuit diagram of 1-ph Parallel Inverter is shown in fig., SCR1 and SCR2 are main thyristors. Supply voltage Vdc appears across the left half of the transformer primary winding OA. Terminal O is positive w.r.t.A. By transformer action terminal B will be at potential of 2Vdc w.r.t A. Thus capacitor C will get charged twice the supply voltage. The load voltage will be positive and will have a magnitude VL . At the end of half period SCR2 is firing , capacitor C will be immediately apply a reverse voltage of 2Vdc across SCR1 and turns off it. Similarly the Vdc applies to right half of the primary winding and capacitor gets charged with 2Vdc in reverse direction. Now the load voltage is negative and hence the current. Since the commutating capacitor is in parallel with SCRs, so it is called parallel inverter.
60
Circuit diagram:
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Verify the connections before switching on the supply. Remove the link across the terminals marked LINK. Place the load lamps at place. Now switch on the main supply. Observe the wave form at terminal TP-1 and TP2 with respect to ground terminal with CRO by using 1:10 probe. 7. Now place the connecting link across terminals marked LINK. 8. Observe the output by glowing lamp. 9. Observer the waveform at terminals marked TP-3 and TP-4 with respect to the ground terminal.
61
Model Graphs:
ModelGraph
Result: The function of single phase parallel inverter is studied.
62
11 PSPICE SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER AND SINGLE PHASE ACVC
Aim:
TostudytheoutputwaveformsofsinglephasefullconverterusingRLEloadsandsinglephase ACvoltagecontrollerusingRLEloadsusingPSPICEsimulation. Apparatus : PSPICE Software

ACModelofSCR:
F1=P1Ig+P2Ia =50Ig+11Ia
63
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT Circuitdiagramofsinglephasefullconverter:
CircuitfileforSinglephasefullconverter: VS100SIN(0169.7V60HZ) VG162PULSE(0V10V2777.8US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) VG270PULSE(0V10V2777.8US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) VG382PULSE(0V10V11111.1US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) VG491PULSE(0V10V11111.1US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) R2410 L4520MH C211793UF RX1130.1 64
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT VX53DC10V VY101DC0V *SUBCIRCUITCALLSFORTHYRISTORMODEL XT1162SCR XT2082SCR XT3370SCR XT4391SCR .SUBCKTSCR132 S11562SMOD RG3450 VX42DC0V VY52DC0V RT261 CT6210UF F126POLY(2)VXVY05011 .MODELSMODVSWITCH(RON=0.01ROFF=10E+5VON=0.1VVOFF=0V) .ENDSSCR .TRAN10US35MS16.67MS .PROBE .OPTIONSABSTOL=1.00URELTOL=1.0MVNTOL=0.1ITL5=10000 .FOUR120HZI(VX) .END CircuitdiagramofsinglephaseACVC:
65
CircuitfileforSinglephaseacvoltagecontroller: VS100SIN(0169.7V60HZ) VG124PULSE(0V10V4166.7US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) VG231PULSE(0V10V12500.0US1NS1NS100US16666.7US) R452.5 L566.5MH VX60DC0V CS170.1UF RS74750 *SUBCIRCUITCALLSFORTHYRISTORMODEL XT1124SCR 66
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT XT2431SCR .SUBCKTSCR132 S11562SMOD RG3450 VX42DC0V VY52DC0V RT261 CT6210UF F126POLY(2)VXVY05011 .MODELSMODVSWITCH(RON=0.01ROFF=10E+5VON=0.1VVOFF=0V) .ENDSSCR .TRAN10US33.33MS .PROBE .OPTIONSABSTOL=1.00NRELTOL=1.0MVNTOL=1.0MITL5=10000 .FOUR60HZV(4) .END Result:
TheoutputwaveformsofsinglephasefullconverterusingRLEloadsandsinglephaseACvoltage controllerusingRLEloadsusingPSPICEsimulation are studied.

67
12 PSPICE SIMULATION OF BUCK CHOPPER AND RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION

Aim: Studyof resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck chopper with PSPICE simulation
Apparatus: PSPICE Software

Circuitdiagramofbuckchopper
CIRCUITFILEFORRESONANTPULSECOMMUTATION VS10DC12V VY12DC0V VG80PULSE(0V20V01NS1NS12.24US40US) RB87250 R6010 LE2325.47UH CE301.38UF 68
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT C340.0958UF L56445.63UH VX45DC0V Q1370MODQ1 .MODELMODQ1NPN(IS=6.734FBF=416.4ISE=6.734FBR=.7371 +CJE=3.637PMJC=0.3085VJC=.75CJE=4.493PMJE=.2593VJE=.75 +TR=239.5NTF=301.2P) .TRAN2US300US180US1USUIC .PROBE .OPTIONSABSTOL=1.00NVNTOL=0.1ITL5=20000 .END Circuitdiagramofbuckconverter
CIRCUITMODELFORBUCKCHOPPER VS10DC110V VY12DC0V 69
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT VG73PULSE(0V20V00.1NS0.1NS27.28US50US RB76250 LE34681.82UHCE408.33UFIC=60V L4840.91UH R853 VX50DC0V DM03DMOD .MODELDMODD(IS=2.2E15BV=1800VTT=0) Q1263QMOD .MODELQMODNPN(IS=6.734FBF=416.4BR=.7371CJC=3.638P +CJE=4.493PTR=239.5NTF=301.2P) .TRAN1US1.6MS1USUIC .PROBE .OPTIONSABSTOL=1.00NRELTOL=0.01VNTOL=0.1ITL5=50000 .FOUR20KHZI(VY) .END Result:PSPICEsimulationofresonantpulsecommutationcircuitandBuckchopperisstudiedand outputwaveformareobserved.
70
13 PSPICE SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM CONTROL

Aim:To study the output of single phase Inverter with PWM control using PSPICE simulation.
Apparatus:PSPICESoftware
Circuitdiagramsofsinglephaseinverterwithpwmcontrol
(a)Circuit
71
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT (b)PWMgenerator
(c)carrierandreferencesignals CIRCUITMODELFORSINGLEPHASEINVERTERWITHPWMCONTROL VS10DC100V VR170PULSE(50V0V0833.33US833.33US1NS16666.67US) RR1702MEG VC1150PULSE(030V01NS1NS8333.33US16666.67US) RC11502MEG VC3160PULSE(030V8333.33US1NS1NS8333.33US16666.67US) RC31602MEG R452.5 L5610MH VX34DC0V VY12DC0V D132DMOD D206DMOD D362DMOD D403DMOD .MODELDMODD(IS=2.2E15BV=1800VTT=0) Q1273QMOD Q2690QMOD Q32116QMOD Q43130QMOD 72
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT .MODELQMODNPN(IS=6.734FBF=416.4CJC=3.638PCJE=4.493P) RG187100 RG2109100 RG31211100 RG41413100 *SUBCIRCUITCALLFORPWMCONTROL XPW1171583PWM XPW21715100PWM XP31716126PWM XP41716140PWM *SUBCIRCUITFORPWMCONTROL .SUBCKTPWM1234 R1151K R2251K RIN502MEG RF53100K RO6375 CO3410PF E164052E+5 .ENDSPWM .TRAN10US16.67MS010US .PROBE .OPTIONSABSTOL1.00NRELTOL=0.01VNTOL=0.1ITL5=20000 .FOUR60HZV(3,6) 73
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT .END Result : PSPICE simulation of single phase Inverter with PWM control is studied and output
waveforms are observed.

74
14. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR USING HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER
Aim:TocontrolthespeedoftheDCShuntmotorusinghalfcontrolledconverter. Apparatus: Sno NameofEquipment 1 Singlephasehalfcontrolled Converterpowercircuit 2 3 4 5 6 7 CircuitDiagram: FiringUnit Voltmeter(060)VMI Voltmeter(050)VMC 1 1 1 Quantity 1
1KVA1:1IsolationTransformer 1 Tachometer PatchChords 1 Asrequired
75
DPST Switch
230 V AC Supply
F
+ A
V M
0300V
0250VMC
AA
FF
Fuse +
+ FIELD
Procedure: withoutload: 1. Makeconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram. 2. Keepingthefairinganglepotat180degreesswitchonthesupply. 3. Byvaryingfiringanglepotnotedownthereadingofvoltmeterammeterandspeedofthe motor. 4. PlotthegraphspeedvsFiringangle. Withload: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Makeconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram. Keepingthefairinganglepotat180degreesswitchonthesupply. Byvaryingfiringanglepotbringthemotortoratedspeed. Putsomeloadonthemotorwiththehelpofloadingarrangement. Bydecreasingthespeedstepswiseupto90degreesnotedownthereadingsofammeter voltmeter,speedandspringbalances. 76
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT 6. Plotthegraphspeedvsefficiencies. Observationtable: Withoutload: S.NO. Withload: S.NO. Firing angle Volt meter Ammeter reading reading Speed. Load on Torque Output Efficiency motor Firingangle Voltmeterreading Ammeterreading Speed.
Result:ThespeedoftheDCShuntmotoriscontrolledusinghalfcontrolledconverter.

77
15.CircuitDiagramforSpeedcontrolofIInductionmotorusingAC Voltagecontroller
Aim:ToobtainthespeedcontrolandtocalculatetheoutputpowerofIInductionmotor. Apparatus: Sno Equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CircuitDiagram:
1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply V (03000)V (03000)V V
IM
Quantity 1
I- Transformer
1 I- AC voltage controller power circuit with firing unit 1 I- Induction motor
Voltmeters(MI meters) CRO with (1:10) Probe Patch Chords Tachometer
1 1 Asrequired 1
Ph
DPST
(0-5)A MI A S1
Brake Drum
78
N
1-230v Isolated Transformer
PowerElectronicsandSimulationLabManual,EEEDepartment,BVRIT Procedure: Withoutload: 1. Makeconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram. 2. Keepingthefairinganglepotat180degreesswitchonthesupply. 3. Byvaryingfiringanglepotnotedownthereadingofvoltmeterammeterandspeedofthe motor. 4. PlotthegraphspeedvsFiringangle. Withload: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Makeconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram. Keepingthefairinganglepotat180degreesswitchonthesupply. Byvaryingfiringanglepotbringthemotortoratedspeed. Putsomeloadonthemotorwiththehelpofloadingarrangement. Bydecreasingthespeedstepswiseupto90degreesnotedownthereadingsofammeter voltmeter,speedandspringbalances. 6. PlotthegraphfairinganglevsOutputpower.
Observationtable: Withoutload: S.NO. Withload: S.NO. Firing angle Volt meter Ammeter reading reading Speed. Load on Torque Output Efficiency motor Firingangle Voltmeterreading Ammeterreading Speed.
Result: ThespeedofinductionmotoriscontrolledwithsinglephaseACvoltagecontroller
79

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PADMASRI Dr. B. V.

RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS & SIMULATION LAB MANUAL (2012-2013)

POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB CODE

11. 12. 13.

POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB

POWER ELECTRONICS AND SIMULATION LAB

PSPICEsimulationofsinglephasefullconverterusingRLEloadsand singlephaseACvoltagecontrollerusingRLEloads. PSPICEsimulationofresonantpulsecommutationcircuitandBuck chopper PSPICEsimulationofsinglephaseInverterwithPWMcontrol.

1. STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR, MOSFET AND IGBT

MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS: A) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS B) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

VGS1= S.NO. VDS= V

MODEL GRAPHS: SCR CHARACTERISTICS:

MOSFET V-I Characteristics

ID VGS4 >VGS3 >VGS2 VGS4 VGS3 VGS2 VGS1

IGBT IC VGE4>VGE3 >VGE2 >VGE1 VGE4 VGE3 VGE2 VGE1 VCE

2. STUDY OF FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS

Forced Commutation circuits can be classified as

3. SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH R & RL LOADS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER:

Fig-1 Single Phase AC Voltage controller with R-load

Fig-2 Single Phase AC Voltage controller with RL-load

S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds

Firing angle() in degrees

Firing angle() in radians

MODEL GRAPHS: With R-Load:

4. SINGLE PHASE FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOAD

V OTH = ( 2V m / )(cos cos )

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: With R-Load:

T1 1-, 230V AC Supply

T1 1-, 230V AC Supply

MODEL GRAPHS: With R-Load:

S.NO. Firing angle() in milli seconds

Firing angle() in degrees

Firing angle() in radians

5. SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOAD

(0-60V) (0-50V) 1KVA 100ohm/5A 0-150mH

Where extinction angle =+ And can be calculated as

T1 1-, 230V AC Supply

Fig-1 for R-load

T1 1-, 230V AC Supply

Fig-2 for RL-load

OBSERVATIONS: For R-Load: Input voltage Vph= Load resistance R=

Firing angle() in msec

Firing angle in Degrees

Firing angle in radians

Firing angle() in msec

Firing angle in Degrees

Firing angle in radians

Model Graphs: R-Load:

6. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOADS

center tapped transformer

center tapped transformer

Firing angle() in degrees

S.NO. Frequency division

Firing angle() in degrees

Time period in msec

MODEL GRAPHS: 1/2fcycloconverterwaveforms

7. STUDY OF GATE FIRING CIRCUITS

UJT firing circuit:

UJT Firing circuit:

PROCEDUREFORRFIRINGCIRCUIT: 1.Turnthepotentiometerfullyanticlockwise,connectloadasshownbyjumpers, 2.ConnectSCRinthecktbyusingshortinglinksasshownbythedashedlines. 3.ConnecttheOscilloscopeacrosstheload. 4.VarythefiringangleandobservethewaveformsontheCRO 5.Drawthecorrespondingwaveforms.

PROCEDUREFORRCFIRINGCKT: 1. 2. 3. 4. ConnecttheloadandSCRintheCKTbyjumpersasshowninthecktdiagram. Tunethepotentiometerfullyanticlockwise. Connectoscilloscopeintheloaddividerandswitchonthepowersupply. Varythefiringangleanddrawthecorrespondingwaveforms.