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&ckdif&mZ0if

OD;atmifomOD;

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tcef;(1)
(u) rm&,krif;quf (y|r-"n0wDNrKd Uawmf)
(c) uH&mZmBu;D rif;quf('kw,
d -"n0wDNrKd Uawmf)
(*) rm&,krif;rSp oD&&d mZmrif;xd &ckid jf ynftajctae

1
4
7

tcef;(2)
(u) pEo&l ,
d rif;vufxuf bk&m;oQif uk,
d af wmfwidk f &ckid jf ynfoYdk a'opm&D <ucsD
awmfrjl cif;
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(C) yOmNrKd U
(i) y|r-y&deNf rKd U
(p) 'kw,
d -y&deNf rKd U
(q) avmif;MuufNrKd U

12
24
36
36
37
37
38

tcef;(3)
(u) y|r-ajrmufO;D NrKd U
(c) 'kw,
d -ajrmufO;D NrKd U

46
53

tcef;(4)
rif;ygBu;D rS? rif;&mZmBu;D xd rif;ajcmufqufwidk af tmif rif;tm;usK;d aMumif;
Gejf yqk;H rawmfrcl ahJ om trwfBu;D r[mynmausm/f

67

tcef;(5)
(u) rif;&mZmBu;D
(c) ynm,S-d oHtrwf OumysH
(*) oD&o
d "k r&mZm(rif;[&D)vufxufawmf ay:wl*b
D ek ;f Bu;D refe&dwf
(Manrique) &cki
d jf ynfoYkd a&mufvmjcif;/

83
89
95

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OD;atmifomOD;

tcef;(6)
(u) &ckid &f mZ0if tqk;d qk;H tcsed f
108
(c) y|r-uke;f abmifrif;quf? tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D \ EG,af wmfpOfEiS fh &ckid &f mZ0iftqk/d
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tcef;(7)
(u) e&ywdBu;D rS? aemufq;Hk r[morwrif;xd? &ckid jf ynftajctae
(c) &ckid jf ynfudk bk;d awmfb&k m;odr;f yku
d af wmfrjl cif;/
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f cdk suf

122
131
135

tcef;(8)
(u) bk;d awmfb&k m;vufatmuf-&ckid jf ynf
(c) bBu;D awmfb&k m;vufatmuf-&ckid jf ynf
(*) t*Fvyd v
f ufatmuf-&ckid jf ynf

141
145
150

tcef;(9)
&ckdifjynf\a&S;a[mif;-aESmif;jzpfrsm;/
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

ukd;uG,faombmom
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(c)a&S;&ckid rf sm;0wfqifyHk
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158
161
165
169
171
174
175
177
180

&ckdif&mZ0if

pmrsufESm
6/
10/
11/
21/
23/
25/
28/
33/
35/
36/
37/
40/
42/
44/
45/
47/
47/
52/
58/
59/
70/
74/
83/
96/
102/
121/
123/
125/
125/
146/
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4
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chittagong

Chittagong

one

One

Sarakan

Arakan

tow
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two
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&ckdif&mZ0if

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

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&ckdif&mZ0if

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

OD;atmifomOD;

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rif;jyKap uH&mZmBuD;rSm Akdvfygrsm;pGmESihf zkd;acgifawmifukd ausmfvsuf &ckdifjynf ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUukd
wnfaxmifpHaeawmfrlav\/
rm&,ktEG,fawmf aemufqkH;rif;jzpfaom rif;i,faysmfvSpnfol\ rdzk&m;apmppfonf orD;awmf
ESpfyg;ESihf eDvmyef;awmif;NrdKU pHaeawmfrlaMumif; Mum;odvwfojzihf? ousomud0ifEG,fawmfpOfcsif;
jzpfMuonftm;avsmfpGm uH&mZmBuD;onf orD;awmfESpfyg;ukd odrf;ykdufum r,fawmfapmppftm; a,mur
t&mxm;awmfrlav\/ umvtwefMumvwfaomf/ ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUrSm awmifay:NrdKUjzpfojzihf NrdKUopf
wnf&ef ae&m&SmMuaomtcg? "n0wDNrKd Uawmfa[mif;ae&mukyd if awGU,SEd pS Nf rKd UMu 'kw,
d "n0wDNrKd Uawmfudk
ou&mZf (7843)ckwGif wnfaxmifpkd;pHawmf rlavownf;/
uH&mZmBuD;rif;rSp if;\tEG,fawmf (24)qufajrmuf? &mvrm,krif; eef;pH(22)ESpfa&mufcsdef
onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ bkd;awmftOe (P-0-p-aE)udef;t& NzdKtyfaom ou&mZf (8645)ESihfBudKuf
vwf\/ uH&mZmBuD;rif;quf (28)qufajrmuf oD&d&mZmrif;onf bkd;awmf tOeNzdK<uif;ou&mZf (97)wGif
ewf&GmpHawmfrl\/ oD&d&mZmrif; ou&mZf (72)ck jymokdvfvjynhfaeY? ae0ifvkqJqJ? v0ef;ay:opf&J&Jtcsdef
wGif om;awmfwpfyg; xl;jcm;pGmaom wdwfedrdwfjzihf zGm;jrifawmfrl&m taemufrsufESm-ae? ta&SUrsufESm
-v/ wNydKifwnf;,Sdaeonfukd taMumif;jyK pEol&d,[k trnfay;awmfrl\/ xkdpEol&d,rif;vufxuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf rZdra'orS "n0wDrif;|meDokdY a'opm&D? <ucsDawmfrlcJhavonf/

(*) rm&,krif;rS oD&d&mZmrif;xd? &ckdifjynftajctae

(1) wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;/
wkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm? ousomud0if trsKd;tEG,fyif jzpfMu\/ pum;ukd &Sif;ygOD;tHh/ **Fgjrpf0Srf;
jA[ykMwjrpf0Srf; paom tdEd,jynfajrmufykdif; ousomud0ifvlrsKd;wdkYonf tESHYtjym; aevmcJhamumif;
a&S;u qkcd ahJ yNy/D Erm,konfvnf; omud0iftrsK;d orD;jzpfaMumif; odMu&ayNy/D tZse&aohonf Erm,k

&ckdif&mZ0if

OD;atmifomOD;

ESihf aygif;zufrdNyD;aemuf rdrdwkdYESihf trsKd;wljzpfaom ousomud0if a>c&Hoif;yif;rsm;ESihf upye'Djrpfukd

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rm&,konf trsKd;trnfukd rod&aom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tay: tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfjcif; r[kwfay/
okdYaomf rm&,krif;rSm ,Ofaus;rItqifhwef;tvGefedrfhusaom? ausmuf*lausmufacgif;rsm; ae
om;pdrf; ig;pdrf;ESihf toufarG;aom (ausmufacwf)vlkdif;rsm;ukd(wenf;tm;jzihf? bDvl;rsm;ukd) ESdrfeif;
,Ofaus;atmif jyKjyif,l&ayao;onf/ xkdvlkdif;rsm;\ ta&twGufrSm tvGefenf;yg; wpfpwpfp
aysmufuG,foGm;avawmh\/

(2) &ckdiftp? rm&,ku/

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jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ rm&,k\rsK;d k;d rSm (qus)jrefrmtac:(ous)jzpf\/ trsK;d ukt
d vGeaf pmifph nf;wwf
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trsKd;a&m,SuftHhonfukd pkd;&drf? ESrESihfarmif? jynfwnfaxmifcJhMuayonf/ rsKd;apmihfw&m;,Sd ZmwdaoG;
ZmwdrmefBuD;olrsm; jzpfMu\/ trsKd;ukdapmihfpnf;wwfaom oabmw&m;,Sdjcif;aMumihfyifwnf;/ (&uwdapmihfa&Smuf\) [laompum;rS? (&udKif),ck (&ckdif)[k ajymif;a&TUvmjcif; jzpfayonf/ wkdif;jynfukdvnf;
&uyl& (&udKifjynf) ,ck(&ckdifjynf)[k ac:wGifayonf/
&ckdifwkdYonf emrnfESifhvkdufatmif rsKd;apmihfw&m;,SdMuaMumif;rSmvnf;? xif&Sm;vSygonf/ a&S;ESpf
&maygif;rsm;pGmuyif? ta&SUygupwefjynfe,fESihf ul;vl;qufqHvcmcJhMujim;aomfvnf;? rnfonfh&ckdif
trsKd;orD;wOD;wa,mufrQ ukvm;ukdvufxyf,lMuonf[l r,SdcJhbl;acs/ tu,f rSm;rdrSm;&m Oyrm
tm;jzih?f ESpaf ygif;w&mtwGi;f ? wa,mufwav ,lrad csvQiv
f nf;? aygif;oif;qufqaH &;avmurS woufywf
vk;H y,fxw
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vsufESihf? ,ckwkdif vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;taeESihf wnfNrJaevmEkdifcJhayonf/

(3) ,Ofaus;rItajctae
xkpd Ofu? aqGrsK;d tkypf ?k &yf&mG tkypf ?k axmifoif;tkypf ?k ponftm;jzifh tBu;D tuJ toD;oD;xm;,Su
d m?
uGyu
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Yd dk pk;Hk um? NrKd Ujyjynf&mG wnfaxmifMu\/ a&S;NrKd Uawmfa[mif;rsm; jzpfMuukeaf om
"n0wD? eDvmyef;awmif;? ausmufyef;awmif; NrdKUawmfa[mif;ae&mrsm;rSm? om,mus,fjyefYaMumif;? NrdKUkd;
wHwkdif;[k xif&aom tk|fausmuftptersm;ukdvnf; awGU&aMumif;? a&mufbl;aygufbl;olrsm;rSwqihf
ajymMum;Muonfukd rSwfrdygao;\/ twkdif;rSefcJhaomf? xkdacwfxkdtcguyif? tk|frsm;? ausmufrsm;jzihf
aqmufvyk w
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D
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f ifyh g\/
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Akdif;iif paomtvkyfrsm; ,SdcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ xkdtcsdefrSm pmay,Sd- r,Sdukdum; twufus rod&acs/
wcsKdUu? rm&,krif;vufxufuyif? jynfokH;'*Fg;,SdcJhonf[k ,lqMu\/ ajymjyonfukdvnf; rSwfrdbl;yg\/

(4) ukd;uG,faom bmom/

rm&,krif;quf (57)/ uH&mZmBuD;rif;quf (24)/ aygif; (81)quf/ oD&d&mZmrif;xd/ ESpfaygif;
(747)ESpfaomtcsdefonf &ckdifjynf Ak'omoemawmf r,Sdao;aomtcsdefjzpf\/ urmh&mZ0if tvGef
a&S;usaom vlrsKd;wkdif;ESifESif? ewfukd;uG,folrsm; jzpfMu\/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfrSmvnf;? taemf&xmrif;rwkdifrDS?

&ckdif&mZ0if

10

OD;atmifomOD;

r[m*D&dewfarmifESrukd ykyg;awmif xm;,Sdukd;uG,fMuaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ jrefrmhuAsmxJvnf;? ewfukd

cs;D usL;oDqx
dk m;aom ykyg ;ewfawmifvuFmukd awGU&\/ teD;tem;jzpfaom tdE,
d ESifh wkyjf ynfrsm;rSmvnf;?
xkdacwfxkdtcguyif ewfukdom ukd;uG,fvmcJhaMumif; awGU&\/ xkdYaMumihf? jyqkdcJhNyD;aom ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifh
ckESpf&mausmftwGif;? &ckdifjynf\ udk;uG,faombmomrSm ewft,l0g'om jzpf&ayrnf/
wzefvnf;/ (qus)vlrsKd;rSm [dELZmwf? ewfukdukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfMuojzihf? olwkdYvma&muf aexkdif&m
t&yfrSmvnf; ewfukdyif ukd;uG,fcsdrfhrnfwnf;/ ,if;aMumifhyifvnf; &ckdifjynf,Sd? a&S;a[mif;taqmuftOD;
rsm; [dELewfkyfrsm; ,SdcJhMuonfukd ,ckwkdif awGUjrifMu&ao;ayonf/

(5) ajymqkdaom pum;/

&ckid pf um;ESihf pmayonf rnfoaYdk y:aygufvmonf/ rnfonfah cwfrmS rnfonhb
f momu qif;ouf
vmonf[l twdtusajymjy&ef rsm;pGmcJ,Of;\/ a&S;acwf &ckdif'*Fg;? &ckdifausmufpmrsm; &ckdifpmukd
rsn;f ajzmifrh sm;jzihf qufpyfxm;ouJo
h Ydk a&;xm;aMumif; awGU&\/ ooFu u
dk b
f momrS ajymif;a&TUvmoavm
[k awG;awmbG,f,Sdayonf/ ayxuftu&mwifaomtcsdefrSm? rsnf;ajzmihfrsm;jzihf a&;&efcJ,Of;ojzihf
vkH;0kdif;aompmvkH:tjzpfodkY ajymif;vTJvmonf[k xif&ayonf/
&ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf pum;ukdvnf;? ajcmif;oHvQmvdyfoHrsm;jzihf ajymavh,Sd\/ toHxGufav;euf\/
cefYnm;\/ kefYMurf;\/ Oyrm-(,Sd)qkdaom pum;ukd &ckdiftoHjzihf (a[h)[l (bkef;a[hbk&m;? <uwkHjim;u)
vnfajcmif;oHjzihf &Gw&f \/ umva&GUavQmvmojzihf ([d)-(,S)d -(&S)d [l wqifw
h qif?h ajymif;a&TUvmcJah yonf/
() qkdaomtu&monfvnf; (&,f)/ aemuf()rSm atmufjrpfESihf/ aemuf()kd;kd;/ tu&m(\)rSmvnf;?
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aMumif; awGU&ayonf/ a&S;acwf jrefrmausmufpmrsm; &ckdiftoH? &ckdifpmvkH;aygif; rsm;pGmyg,SdaeaMumif;
awGU&\/ jrefrmayg&mPpum;rsm;rSm &ckdifjynf ,ckwkdifajymqkdokH;vsuf,SdaMumif; awGU&jyef\/ xkdYaMumifh
&ckdifpmonf jrefrmpmxuf a&S;usaom pmjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f,Sdayonf/

tcPf; (2)
(u) pEok&drif;vufxuf? bk&m;oQifukd,fawmfwkdif &ckdifjynfokdY
a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrljcif;/
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d jynhaf eY? ae0if-vxGucf sed f ? zGm;jrifawmfr
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aovm*D&?d trnf,adS om ausmufawmfawmifxyd f &yfwefaY wmfral v\/ pEo&l ,
d rif;onfvnf;? ,if;onfh
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f dk Ipm;um
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&ckdif&mZ0if

11

OD;atmifomOD;

buf ukd;q,fhukd;NrdKU-taemufbuf ukd;q,fhukd;NrdKUtm;jzihf pnfpnfum;um;? xif&Sm;aom wkdif;jynf

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l wH/h [l jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif
onf rdefYcGef;pum;? Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlcJhavonf/

jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif y&deAd m ef pHveG af wmfrNl y;D aemuf

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)

ausmufawmfawmif ausmufkd;awmf"mwf apwD wnfxm;ukd;uG,fMuvwHh/ (ausmufawmf apwD )

rOLyAwawmif csufawmf"mwfukd apwDwnfxm;ukd;uG,fMuvwHh/ (csufawmfapwD)
&rf;acsmif;\ ,mbufurf;? aovme'Dacsmif;zsm;? rd*yAw awmifxdyf ezl;oif;uspfawmf"mwf
ukd apwDwnfxm;ukd;uG,fMuvwHh/ (oif;usyfawmf apwD)
rd*yAwawmifteD;? eEyAwawmif yg;arG;awmf"mwfukd apwDwnfxm;? ukd;uG,fMuvwHh(yg;arG;
awmfapwD)
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xm;ukd;uG,fMuvwHh/ (NydKifwkdifawmifapwD)
xkad pwDrS w,lZemrQavmuft&yf? rkOy Awawmifxyd f vusmf yg;k;d awmf"mwfudk apwDwnfxm;uk;
uG,fMuvwHh/ (NydKif;wkdifamwifapwD)
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(*D0g"mwfawmfapwD)
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&ckdif&mZ0if

12

OD;atmifomOD;

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okYd odv
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&ckdif&mZ0if

13

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&ckdif&mZ0if

14

OD;atmifomOD;

r[mpEol&d,rif;tp? ol&d,auwkrif; tqkH;,Sdaom (25)qufaomrif;aumif;rif;jrwfwkdYonf

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&ckdif&mZ0if

15

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

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&ckdif&mZ0if

20

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============================================= /
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&ckdif&mZ0if

21
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&ckdif&mZ0if

22

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

23

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&ckdif&mZ0if

24

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

25

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

26

OD;atmifomOD;

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pGm a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufvkyfcJhMuayonf/
pEol&d,rif;vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif ukd,fawmfwkdif <uvmawmfrl Asm'dwfpum;? >rufMum;
awmfrlcJhonfhtwkdif;? rif;zavmif;vufxuf "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;ukdvnf; &xm;NyD;jzpfojzihf? atmufyg
apwDawmfrsm;ukd wnfxm;ukd;uG,fawmfrlav\/
(1)
rd*yAwawmif ezl;oif;uspfawmf"mwf- oif;MuyfawmfapwD/
(2)
eEyAwawmif yg;arG;awmf"mwf-yg;arG;awmfapwD/
(3)
a0VKyAwawmif em;vdyfawmf"mwf-em;vdyfawmfapwD/
(4)
yOLyAwawmif csufawmf"mwf-csufawmfapwD/
(5)
umvm*D&dawmif vQmawmf"mwf- vQmawmfapwD/
(6)
uaygw*D&dawmif vnfawmf"mwf-*D0gapwD/
(7)
rkOyAwawmif vusfmyg;kd;awmf"mwf-yg;kd;awmfapwD/
(8)
a&Ekom&awmif vuf0Jyg;kd;awmf"mwf-yg;kd;awmfapwD/
(9)
O&yAwawmif &ifikHawmf"mwf-&ifikHawmfapwD/
(10) aovyAwawmif ar;ilawmf"mwf-ar;ilawmfapwD/
(11) yAmoawmif tqkyfawmf"mwf-tqkyfawmfapwD/
(12) aeom'awmif ovkH;awmf"mwf-ovkH;awmfapwD/
(13) uPavmrawmif em;arG;awmf"mwf-em;arG;awmfapwD/
(14) omvr,awmif pNrHawmf"mwf- pNrHKawmfapwD/
(15) pmkyAwawmif OD;uif;awmf"mwf- OD;uif;awmfapwD/
(16) 'Gg&m0wD? rPdauomawmif qHawmf"mwf- qHawmfapwD (topfxyfrHwnf\/)
(17) oDvyAwawmif OD;&pfawmf"mwf- OD;&pfawmfapwD/
rif;zavmif;onf omoemawmf ou&mZf (2122)ck? aumZmou&mZf (953)ck wef;cl;vqkwf
w&ufaeY? pdr;f kaYd omausmufwjYdk zih?f rif;\vufv&H pS q
f ,fv;Hk ywf ,Sad om apwDawmf jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif\
OD;&pf"mwfawmfukd Xmyem NyD;pD;atmifjrifawmfrlav\/ rif;zavmif;onf ou&mZf (955)ck? b0ewfxH?
pHvGefawmfrlavownf;/

pmrsufESm 59 zwfr& rkduf&yg/

&ckdif&mZ0if

27

OD;atmifomOD;

tcPf; (4)
rif;ygBuD;rS rif;&mZmBuD;xd (rif;ajcmufqufwkdifatmif) rif;tm;?
usKd;aMumif; TefjyqkH;rawmfrl cJhaom trwfBuD; r[mynmausmf/
ou & mZf (893)ck eef ; wuf a wmf r l a om rif ; ygBuD ; vuf x uf r S o nf ou & mZf (955)ck ?
eef;wufawmfrlaom rif;&mZmBuD;vufxufwkdif/ ajcmufqufaom rif;wkdYtm;? rif;usKd;ESihf jynfusKd;ukd
a&S;Ivsuf? raMumufr&GGHU? rwGefYrqkwf? [kwfwkdif;frSef&m avQmufxm;cJhaom? trwfBuD; r[mynmausmfrSm
rnfonfh&mZ0ifrqkd? xl;xll;jcm;jcm;? ay:ayguf&ef cJ,Of;aom ynm&Sifyk*dKvfBuD;wpfOD;aywnf;/ ,if;uJhodkY
xl;jcm;aom ynm&Sirf sm; ay:aygufcsed o
f nf rnfonf&h mZ0ifrqk?d wkid ;f jynfw;dk wuf-0ajympnfyifaomtcsed f
jzpf\/ r[mynmausmfrSxm rif;vkdvkduf rif;BudKufukdom avQmufxm;wwfaom yk*dKvfr[kwfay/ wkdif;a&;
jynfa&;ESihfywfouf avQmufxm;tyfaom pum;rsm;rSm xkdacwfxkdtcsdefrSmomr[kwf? rnfonfhwkdif;jynf
rnfonfv
h rl sK;d tbdrYk qkd tpOftvmrSwo
f m;vku
d ef mbG,&f mrsm; yg,So
d jzifh aemufom;? aemifvmwkYd rSwo
f m;
pdrfhaomiSg? tvsOf;oifh&m xkwfEIwf abmfjyvkdufygonf/ oabmw&m;ukd avhvmrSwfom;Muygukef/
(1)
rif;ygBuD;vufxuf? awmifilrif;w&m;a&TxD; ou&mZf(908)ck? &ckdifjynfukd xdyg;vmaom tcg
r[mynmausmftrwf-rnfuJhodkY w&m;jy qkH;rcJhaMumif; tcPf;(3) awGUcJhMu&ayNyD/ ynm,SdrSeforQ?
y#dyuukd vkdvm;Muonfr[kwfay/ rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf? ou&mZf (960)jynfhwGif [Hom0wD-yJcl;odkY
csw
D ufawmfrpl Ofu? tajctaet&? rvGrJ a&Smifomojzihf trwfBu;D ud,
k w
f idk v
f u
dk v
f mcJ&h ayonf/ ppfrufudk
vkdvm;um; r[kwfay/
(2)
rif;zavmif; vufxufawmf? ajrmufOD;NrdKUudef;cef;ukef NrdKUopfwnftyfNyD[k [l;&m;jzL? [l;&m;kd
wkdYu avQmufxm;Muonfukd? r[mynmausmf trwfBuD;u toQifrif;jrwf/ a&S;ynm,SdwkdYqkdcJhaom xD;eef;
pku
d &f m? y#dyl ponftm;jzihif pufav;yg; nDw
G af omatmifajrr*Fvmt&yf NrKd Uwnf xD;eef;pku
d &f aom
jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif\ "mwfawmfarGawmf? yd#u
d wfawmf? oDv0ef? *kP0ef? q&mrGef q&mjrwf? rSKL;rwftaygif;
ESijfh ynhpf
Hk omoemawmfxeG ;f vif;? jynh&f iS rf if;vnf; bke;f Muufoa&wk;d jcif;? tvGerf eG jf rwf wefc;dk ,Sad om
q'efqifjzLawmfa&mufjcif;/ trif;rif;wkdY MunfkdjrwfEkd;? usDusb@m&wemaygrsm;jcif;? &eftaygif;ukd
atmifjrifjcif;/ av;yg;ESifh jynhfpkHwwfaMumif; yx0Dbkrdr*FvH? pwkr[mvmbH [l usrf;*eftxGuf
,Syd gonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfudk wnfonfr?S ,ckwidk af tmif? &efozl suq
f ;D Ekid b
f o
l nfr,Syd g/ xkt
d *Fgav;yg;ESifh
nDpGm wkdif;jynfom,m? ow0gwkdYNidrf;csrf;? omoemawmfvnf;? a&mif0gaev? xGef;yqJyif jzpfygonf/
jrif;vnf;rorm? jynfolwkdYvnf; w&m;vGwfcJhaomf NrdKU&Gmajymif;aomffvnf;? rom,m? NrdKUajymif;zefrsm;vQif?
jynfoljynfom; rD;okdYylonfom/ Nidrf;csrf;om,mpGm? jynfolwkdYtm;/ &if0,fom;okdY tkyfcsKyfawmfrlyg/
waMumif;rSmvnf;? tmumrkdCf;vwf? euwfaev? emwm&m? &SpfjzmN*dK[foGm;? N*dK[fpm; N*dK[fpk?
OwkokH;vD &moDokH;&yf? aeMuyfvykyf? ajrvIyf? awmfvJ? ewfyGJ tajrmuf? ypfazmuftoH? OygysHESihf? onf;xef
rkC
d ;f apG? aevnf;ESppf if;? vwGiMf u,fomG ;? e*g;pufewf? axmifch wfzv
D m? ,MwmESi?fh Zmwmpef;vyf? N*Kd [yf suf
iSuf,kwf pkef;zkwfwap? zGwfa>rykxkd;? tckd;a&mifjcnf? xGufonfxkH;a[mif;? edrdwfaygif;rSm? avmuDomwnfh
ynma0zef? tjrifoefrS? okwHu0d todajrmufjrm;? w&m;ukdom? vdrmedp/ omrdeZmwf? xkH;rSwfoifhpG?
oDv0rif; ESvkH;oGif;odkY &efuif;y,fa>c? aysmuf&avonf/ rSefayrkcs/ ,Gif;rpG/ [lvnf; a&S;ynm,Sdrsm;
a&;xm;awmfrcl MhJ uygonf/ avmuDr[
I o
l rQ? olawmfaumif;ukd tjypfray;Ekid yf g[k avQmufxm;av\/ NrKd Uawmf
ukd rajymif;jzpfawmhay/
(3)
rif;zavmif;\ om;awmftvwf-oHawmifpm;onf/ oHawmif&Gm- tonfom; wOD;ukd taoowf

&ckdif&mZ0if

28

OD;atmifomOD;

aMumif;? jynf&h iS rf if; odawmfrv

l wf? uJo
h Ydk jynfow
l t
Ydk m;? ESyd pf ufuvl? jyKrjl cif; rnfuo
hJ Ykd pD&ifoifah Mumif;?
trwf B uD ; r[mynmausmf o d k Y wk d i f y if a r;jref ; awmf r l a v\/ trwf B uD ; onf v nf ; toQif r if ; jrwf /
om;awmfoHawmifpm;onf crnf;awmftmPmukd NydKifvsuf? tmPmykdif tpkd;&jyKjcif;/ aemifawmfrsm; rjyK
rusihf0Hhaom trIukd jyKusihfvsuf? aemifawmfrsm;ukd usL;vGefjcif;? rSL;rwfjynfolwkdYukd rcefYav;pm;jyKusihfjcif;?
jynfh&Sifrif;rSwyg; jynfolwkdYtoufukd rnfolrQrykdif a&S;xkH;,Sdygvsuf zsufqD;jcif;/ av;yg;aom tjypf,Sd
oljzpfygonf[k avQmufxm;av? NrdKUvlrsKd;wkdYae&m? r&dyfacsmif;nm? ayvmawmifokdY ykdYawmfrlav\/
-trwfBuD;r[mynmausmfonf? rif;\om;awmf[l t*wdw&m; rvdkufpm;bJ? raMumufr&GHU?
raxmufrm? [kwfwkdif;rSef&m avQmufxm;jcif;? bk&ifrif;jrwftbdkYrSmvnf;? om;awmfukd cspfygvQufESihf?
wkdif;usKd;jynfusKd;ukd iJh wkdif;jynfrSESifxkwfjcif;rsm;ukd axmufqjcif;tm;jzihf? rSL;rwfESihfwuG? jynfh&Sifrif;wkdY
onf? wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\ aumif;usKd;ukd b,fxd? amqif&GufawmfrlMuaMumif;? xif&Sm;pGm od&ayonf/
aemufw&yfrmS - jynh&f iS rf if;rSwyg;? rdz&k m;? om;awmf-orD;awmfrsm;?rSmyif toufO;D qHyidk af cwf jzpfvifu
h pm;
wkid ;f oljynfom;wk\
Yd toufudk owfyidk cf iG rhf ,Sad Mumif; awGU&ayonf/ jynf&h iS rf if;wkaYd omfrv
S nf;? wkid ;f oljynf
om;wkdYukd aopm;aoapay;cJh\/ &if0,fom;uJhodkY oem;mwm MuifempGm tkyfcsKyfwwfaMumif;
awGU&ayao;onf/
(4)
rif;zavmif;vufxufawmfrmS yif? oD[Vdk u
f Re;f rS ola|;Bu;D wOD;\ ajr;wa,mHonf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmf
okdY vma&muf? if;\bkd;atvufxuf? &ckdifjynfESifh a&mif;0,fazmufum;cJh&m? ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf\
oabFmqdyfjzpfaom aygif;xGwfNrdKU ola|;BuD;wOD;ESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;jcif;tm;jzihf tojymwodef;tyfESHxm;,Sd
onfukd jyefay;oifhaMumif;? vma&mufavQmufxm;av\/ aygif;xGwf ola|;uvnf;? ESpfaygif; w&mausmf
vwfNyD/ tbkd;ola|;BuD;ruG,fvGefrSD-ajymbl;onfukd rrSwfrd/ okdYaomf ausmufzsmBuD;wpfck ESpfOD;ESpfyg;
oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;um? trSwftom;jyK jrKyfxm;cJhaMumif;ukdrlum; od&ygonf[k xGufqkdojzihf?
ausmufzsmukd &SmazG&m? xGufqkdwkdif;yif awGU,Sdav\/
r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;onf tyfolESifhxdrf;odrf;ol txif&Sm;,Sdbdrl? oabmwl? tay;t,lESifh
aeoifh\/ ,cktcgrSm tyf&if;vlESifh ay;&if;vlvnf;r[kwfMu om;wquf ajr;wwef xdrf;odrf;vm&m?
ESpfaygif; w&mausmfvwfNyDjzpf? waomif;aom tojymukd oD[kdVfola|;BuD;ajr;okdY ay;ap[k pD&ifav\/
ESpfOD;ESpfbufrsm;pGm aMueyfMu\/
-oD[Vdk u
f Re;f ESifh &ckid jf ynfonf? tqufrjywf ukepf nfu;l oef; a&mif;0,fjcif;tm;jzihf qufcv
H mcJh
aMumif;? xif&Sm;aomoufaow&yfjzpfaywnf;/ &ckdifjynf-aumif;pm;cJhaomtcsdef? &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\ta&SU? taemufwkdif;jynfrsm; oD[kdVfuRef;? ta&SUtdEd,uRef;pkrsm;? wkyfjynf? *syef
jynfrsm;ESifhyif? ukefpnful;oef;oGm;vmcJhMuayonf/
(5)
om;awmfoHawmifpm;ukd NrHKwkdYt&yfokdY ESifxkwfcJhbl;&m? if;om;awmfrSm? NrHKvlrsKd;? vif;uJ vlrsKd;?
oufvlrsKd;-rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um? crnf;awmftm; jcm;em;ykefuefavawmh\/ 'g*gNrdKUpm-aumif;GefYolukdvnf;
tvkdjynhfvQif? trwfBuD;&mxl;ay;ygrnf? tvkdokdYvkdufyg[k vlapvTwfajymqkdap\/ 'g*gNrdKUpm;vnf;?
awmow0gudk tdrfow0gESihf &if;ESD; brf;&onf/ qkd;oGrf;aombk&ihfom;awmfukdvnf;? olYtvkdokdYvkduf
brf;&csdrfhrnf[k BuHvsuf? rnfonfudkrQ pkd;&drfawmfrrl&ef taMumif;jyefMum;av\/
tjcif;t&mukd odawmfrv
l wfaom bk&ifrif;jrwfonf trwfBu;D r[mynmausmt
f m; wkid yf ifawmf
rlaomtcg trwfBu;D r[mynmausmt
f m;? wkid yf ifawmfral omtcg? trwfBu;D u 'g*gNrKd Upm;onf? trsK;d tk;d
tm;jzihf rSL;k;d rwf;dk jzpfygonf/ rif;tqufquf? teD;ta0;xm;orQ? rnfonft
h csed u
f vnf;? rku
d rf mS ;blonf
r,Scd yhJ g/ crnf;awmfb&k m;vufxufawmftcgu? aumif;Geo
Yf \
l bcif owk;d jzLonf ppfcspD Ofu? 0wfqif&ef
ay;oem;aom aAmif;awmfjzLukd ppfjyefaomtcgrSmvnf;? 0wfqifrdojzifh? rQrmewuf<u&moavm[k
crnf;awmfu rmefatmifuRe;f okYd ykx
Yd m;awmfrcl b
hJ ;l ygonf/ wESpaf usmrf QMumvwfaomtcg? jyL-wvkid ;f wku
Yd ?

&ckdif&mZ0if

29

OD;atmifomOD;

yl;aygif;ykefuef&ef aoG;aqmifaomfvnf;? aus;Zl;opmawmfukd apmihfodkdaooljzpf? vufrcHcJhyg/ ,if;odkY

trsKd;tkd;tm;jzihf aus;Zl;opmawmfukd apmihfxdrf;aom 'g*gpm;rSmvnf;? taMumif;qkduf&m? OmPf&Sm
vkyf&jcif;rQom jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ tjypfay;xm;aom om;awmfoHawmifpm; ta&;rSmvnf;? 'g*gNrdKUpm;aumif;GefYol wpfOD;wnf;ESihfyif NyD;ajrmufygvdrfhrnf[k avQmufxm;\/
'g*gNrdKUpm;onfvnf; om;awmf oHawmifpm;ukd a&S;ucsDap aemufu y&d,m,fjzihf ppfwyfukd
uGyu
f v
J suf vku
d v
f mcJ\
h / ouf-NrKH -vif;uJwrYdk mS ? awmifajcomvQif uRr;f usi
f a&aMumif; rusiv
f nfMu
acs/ r,ljrpf0okdYa&mufaomtcg? avSwufrsm;ukd tm;vkH;tqifoifhjzpfap bk&ifhom;awmfukd y&d,m,fjzifh
zrf;NyD;vQif? 'Da&twufrSm? ukvm;wefjrpfaMumif; eef;awmfokdY csDwufum rif;BuD;tm; qufoav\/
xkdtcg r[mynmausmftrwfu? ,if;uJhodkY BuD;av;aom tjypfukd usL;vGefonfhom;awmfyif jzpfvihfupm;?
usrf;*efukd ukd;um;toufab;rS csrf;omay;yg&ef avQmufawmif;yefcsuft& om;awmfoHawmifpm;ukd?
r[mynmausmfokdY qkH;ray;&ef vTJtyfawmfrlvsuf? toufukd csrf;omcGihfay;awmfrlcJhayonf/ onfvnf;
- &ckdifrif;jrwfrsm;onf om;awmf-orD;awmf? aqGawmfrsKd;awmf? rSL;rwfjynfolwkdY\ toufukd rmrwm?
owfjzwfavhr,SdaMumif;? xif&Sm;aom oufaowpf&yfjzpfaywnf;/
(6)
rif;zavmif;vufxufawmf? rD;acsmif;pm; uG,fvGef? aygif;wkwfuRef;ae? ukvm;wpfOD;u? rdzk&m;
Bu;D okYd tojymwpfaxmif vufaqmifqufNy;D vQi?f rD;acsmif;pm; &mxl;uk&d atmif BuaH qmifay;yg[k awmif;yef
vwf\/ rdzk&m;BuD;u? rif;xHavQmufxm;&m? r[mynmausmfESihf? wkdifyifawmfrlojzihf? r[mynmausmfu
toQifrif;jrwf/ / &ckdifjynfonf Ak'bmom? omoemawmfxGef;um;aom wkdif;jynfjzpfonf tm;avsmfpGm?
tBu;D tuJvyk o
f w
l rYdk mS ? &wemok;H yg;ukd kad oukid ;f Iid ;f olrsm; jzpfMurS? vufatmufi,fom;rsm;? omoemawmf
ouf0ifMuygrnf/ bmomjcm;ukd tBu;D tuJ wifajrm ufjcif;tm;jzih?f Ak'b
mom? omoemawmfudk xdcu
dk Ef idk f
ygonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;rSmvnf;? rdrd\odumawmfukd rvTwfoifhyg[k avQmufxm;av\/
bk&ifrif;jrwfonfvnf;? rdzk&m;BuD;? wcg? w&m;vTwfacsonf/ trwfBuD;u tusKd;taMumif;okdY
jyqk;H r&rnf[k rdeaYf wmfral vaomf? rdz&k m;Bu;D vnf; tvGe&f u
S v
f
S ukvm;okYd tojymwpfaxmifudk jyefay;
NyD;vQif? trwfBuD;ukd ac:awmfrlvsuf? aemifukdvnf;? ravsmforQ? orD;trSwfxm; qkH;rawmfrlygrnfh
taMumif;? rdefYawmfrlav\/
wkdif;jynfEkdifiH tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJa&;? rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;rSm 0ifpGufzufcGifh r,SdaMumif; awGU&\/
wzefvnf;? ukvm;? wky?f *syef? ay:wl*pD aom vlrsK;d jcm;rsm;? &ckid jf ynf vma&mufaexkid cf MhJ ujim;aomfvnf;?
EkdifiHjcm;om;? bmomjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfa&;? ta&;ygt&ma&mufaomae&mrsm;wGif cefYxm;avhr,Sd?
tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;wkdY\ usihfxkH;"rowfukdomr[kwf? Ak'bmomw&m;awmfukdvnf;? trSDwHuJjyKvkyfum?
tkyfcsKyfpDrHcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
(7)
yJcl;-ausmfxifaemf&xmonf ,kd;',m;ukd csDwufwkdufckduf? ,kd;',m;wkdY ta&;edrfhojzihf? ,kd;',m;
trwf apmbGefrSKdif;onf? &ckdifjynf-rif;zavmif;xH 0ifa&mufckdvIHvSmcJh\/ jynfwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmaom
EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;ukd aocsmpGm pkHprf;ppfaq;avh&Sdaom &ckdifjynfonf? xkdtrwftaMumif;ukd aphiSaocsmpGm
ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg? r[mynmausmfvufokdY tyfxm;av\/ umvtwefMumaomtcg apmbGefrIdif;rSm?
vufkH;&nf-ESvkH;&nfjynhf0oljzpfaMumif; awGU&ojzihf? ray;bl;NrJ? xl;uJaomta&;tcGifhukd ay;awmfrlvsuf?
'g*gNrdKUpm; trwfBuD;\orD;? ukd,fvkyfawmfrif;kdESihf ay;jrm;awmfrlav\/ uHomNrdKUpm;tjzpfjzihfvnf;
csD;jrifhawmfrlwkHao;\/ if;trwf\ t&nftcsif;tm;avQmfpGm? uHomNrdKU ajrmufbufwpf0kdufvkH;onf?
rif;zavmif;\ opmawmfcH jzpfukefMu\/
umvtwefMumvwfaomf-ausmx
f ifaemf&xmrif;xHrS wrefapvTw[
f efjzihf vlEpS af ,mufonf Ncw
d f
ydwpf mxkyw
f pfxyk u
f dk ,lvQu?f &ckid jf ynfoYkd rxifr&Sm; a&mufvmvwf\/ tNrpJ pHk rf; ppfaq;avh,adS eMuaom?
rif;rSKxrf;rsm;ESiahf wGU&m pmxkyu
f dk csxm;cJ
h ? uk,
d v
f w
G x
f u
G af jy;Muav\/ pmxkyu
f dk rif;xHwifjy bwfaI p
&m trwfapmbGefrIdif;onf aus;Zl;opmawmfukd apmihfodkdaooljzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm? &uyl&wkdif;jynfukd

&ckdif&mZ0if

30

OD;atmifomOD;

tvkdawmfjynhfvQif? rdwfuvkHNrdKUukd tykdifpm; ay;oem;awmfrlrnf- *wdxm; apvTwfvkduf&m? ,cktcg

ok;H ESpaf usmv
f wfNy/D rnfoYdk taMumif;t&m? rnfonh&f uf csv
D mawmfrv
l Qi?f ta&;ukerf nf/ rSL;rwfrnfow
l EYdk iS fh
aygif;buf? nDGwfrdonfrsm;ukd apola&mufvmcsdefoifhvsuf ra&mufMuefYMumavonf/ ,kd;',m;rif;\
trwfjzpfaomfvnf;? rSL;rwfaumif;t*FgESifh jynhpf o
Hk jl zpf? ,kMH unfo;Hk awmfro
l nf/ trIudk OmPfEiS Bfh uNH y;D aomf?
rSmawmfrl&if;? pum;a&mufatmif? avQmufwif&ef? vlapvTwfrS? ynm,Sdt*Fgajrmufrnf[l yg,Sdav\/
taMumif;ESihfywfouf r[mynmausmftrwfu apmbGefrSKdif;rSm opmawmfukd azmufjyef
pnf;vJrnfhol r[kwfonfwpfaMumif;? ,ckcsD;jrifh NrdKUpm;ay;xm;aom uHomNrdKUrSm &ckdifjynfajrmufbuf
e,fedrdwfESihf eD;uyfaomae&mjzpf? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? ,kd;',m; jynfrsm;ESihf tvSrf;a0;aomae&mjzpfonf
wpfaMumif;? ol\ESvkH;&nfaMumifh? vufeuftiftm;ukd rokH;&bJ? ajrmufykdif;e,fpyfrSm opmawmfcHtjzpfjzihf?
Nird 0f yfvsuyf if ,Sad eonfwpfaMumif;/ bk&ifah emif ausmx
f ifaemf&xmxHrS apvTwv
f u
dk o
f nfqadk om pum;rSm?
apmbGefrSKdif;\ ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;? rif;y&d,m,frQom jzpfwef&monfwaMumif;/ taMumif;rsm;
aMumif?h ta&;,l&efyif rvkt
d yfaMumif; avQmufxm;av\/ rif;Bu;D vnf; r[mynmausm\
f avQmufxm;csuf
ukd ESpfNcdKufawmfrlojzihf? apmbGefrSKdif;ukd ac:yif rar;jref;av-csD;jrihfNrJ csD;jrifhxm;awmfrlav\/
(8)
trf;NrdKUpm;uG,fvGef? jynhf&Sifrif;\ i,fuRef ivkH;wifu rif;ESihf&if;ESD;onfukd taMumif;jyK
xkdvpfvyfaomae&mukd avQmufawmif;av\/ rif;BuD;vnf; ivkH;wifukd r[mynmausmfokdY apvTwfawmfrl
&m? trwfBu;D u ,ckpm;aeaom cGeaf o&oabFmqdyo
f m aumif;onf/ trf;NrKd Upm; &mxl;ESirfh awmf[q
k v
dk u
dk f
\/ ivkH;wifum;? raMueyf? rif;xHodkY aemufxyfwpfzef oGm;a&mufavQmufawmif;jyef\/
xkt
d cg r[mynmausmt
f rwfu- toQirf if;jrwf? a&ajrukd tpk;d &aomrif;wkrYd nfonfrmS ? teD;ta0;
ra&G;om/ jynfusKd;rif;usKd;ukd odwwfaomoltm;? rif;eD;yg;vnf;aumif;? ta0;-aus;pm; &Gmpm;ay;&m
vnf;aumif;? jynfMuufoa&,Sd? jynhf&Sifrif; ypKyef? oHo&m? ESpfjzmaomtusKd; vSonfyifjzpfygonf/
rvdrmaom olwkdYonf usKd;jypfrod? rdrdpdwfBudKuf? rif;u tvkdfvkdufonf[l? rawmfrw&m;? jyKusihfjcif;tm;
ESifh? jynf&Gmrom? ow0grsm; yifyef;acsu? xkdolaMumifh rif;tyg,fvm;&monf/ wa,mufukd o'gawmfrl
jynf&GmtysufrcHaumif;yg/ toQifrif;BuD;\ i,fuRefivkH;wifonf ynm,SdwkdYESihf aygif;abmfjcif;r,Sd/
Muufwkduf? tefcwf? taysmftyg;? taomuftpm; tm;BuD;oljzpf? NrdKUpm;ay;acsaomf? ow0gtrsm;yifyef;
jcif;odkY a&mufygvdrfhrnf[k avQmufxm;av\/ rif;BuD;vnf; BudKufawmfrl if;ivkH;wifukd ay;awmfrlav/
-rif;ESihf &if;ESD;ol? aqGrsKd;awmfpyfol[lvnf;? tusKd;tjypfukd ra0befbJ? ta&;BuD;aom
&mxl;rsm; cefYxm;jcif; rjyKcJhacs/ ynm,SdrSL;rwfrsm;uvnf;? rif;vkdvkdufcsnf; avQmufxm;Muonf
r[kwfay/ wkdif;usKd;jynfusKd;ukd Munhf? raMumufr&GH? raxmufrm? [kwfwkdif;rSef&m wifavQmufavh
,SdMu\/ ,if;uJhokdY avQmufxm;Muonfukdvnf; rif;wkdYt*FgnDGwfpGmESihf? vufcHawmfrlcJhaMumif; awGU&ay
onf/
(9)
rif;zavmif;vufxufawmfyif? xm;0,fvrl sK;d wufeG q
Yf o
dk o
l nf aemufvu
dk af emufyg vlwpfaxmif
avmufEiS ?fh &ckid jf ynf ckv
d aHI exkid cf iG ?hf rif;xHyefMum;av\/ r[mynmausmt
f rwfBu;D ESifh wkid yf ifawmfral om
tcg? trwfBuD;u- 'g;0,fvlrsKd;onf NrHKvlrsKd;tEG,fjzpf kd;ajzmihfjcif;? pdwfcufxef? ppfrufukd vkdvm;ol
rsm;jzpfjcif;? pGefYpm;wwfaomowd,Sdjcif;wkdYaMumihf ab;avmif;awmf 'o&mZmrif;vufxufawmfu?
rmefatmifuRef;ae&m csay;xm;cJhbl;ygonf/ xkduRef;rS wpfcsKdUaom olwkdYonf yJcl;ESihf ,kd;',m;pyfMum;?
urf;ajrmifa'o(,ck weoFm&De,f)okdY oGm;a&mufaexkdifMuygonf/ a&aMumif;vnf; usifvnfolrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ okdYjzpf tkef;uRef;onf olwkdYESihf oifhawmfaomae&m jzpfygvdrfhrnf[k avQmufxm;?
twkdif;yif ae&mcsay;awmfrlcJhavonf/
rS w f c suf /
/'g;0,fvlrsKd;wkdYrSm? c-q-yOm? NzdK<uif;ou&mZf (95)ck? eef;wufawmfrlaom plVpE&m;
rif;onf ykord f e*g;&pf0J ? oif;wG(J waumif;)jynfrS tjyefwiG f oabFmysu
f ewf&mG pHawmf
rl&m? "raZ,s trwfukd? rdzk&m;pEma'0Du txifrSm;? wkdif;jynfokdY jyef0ifcGifh rjyKav/

&ckdif&mZ0if

31

OD;atmifomOD;

xkaYd Mumifh "raZ,strwfonf aemufyga>c&Hoif;yif;ESifh ukvm;wefjrpfnmodYk qefwufum?

NrH K jynf u k d wnf a xmif v suf aeav\/ ok d Y j zpf NrH K vl r sKd ; rS m &ck d i f y if j zpf \ /
xkdNrHKvlrsKd;\tquftEG,fjzpfaom 'g;0,fvlrsKd;wkdYrSmvnf; &ckdifvlrsKd;ESihf aoG;csif; wlaom
vlrsKd;yifjzpfayonf/
(10) rif;zavmif;vufxufawmf ukvm;ola|;wpfO;D onf 'g*gNrKd Upm;odYk rif;ygBu;D vufxuf ukvm;b*Fg
q,fhESpfNrdKUukd odrf;ykdufawmfrlpOf? 'g*gNrdKUwGif ,m,Deef;awmfaqmufvkyf pHawmfrlcJhbl;aomae&mukd
tdraf qmuf&ef 0,f,v
l adk Mumif;? a&TtojymwpfaxmifEiS fh 0ifa&mufciG yfh efav\/ taMumif;ESiyfh wfouf
rif;zavmif;onf? r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;tm; wkdkfyifawmfrl&m trwfBuD;u- toQifrif;jrwf/ a&S;
ab;avmif;awmf? bk;d avmif;awmfw\
Ydk txdr;f trSw?f taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd rzsuq
f ;D tyfyg/ tjypfBu;D wwfyf g
onf[k &mZ0iftukd;tum;ESihf wifavQmufav&m? bk&ifrif;jrwfuvnf;? ukvm;jynfodkY csDwufawmfrlpOf
u? pcef;csawmfrl&mt&yfwkdif;rSm NrdKUjyaus;&Gmrsm;ukd pnfum;atmif jyKpkap/ ppfwaumif;ESihf 'gumNrdKUrsm;
wGif wnfaqmufawmfrcl ahJ om ,m,Deef;awmfrsm;ukd rysupf ;D atmif tapmift
h aeESix
fh m;,Sad p[l rdeaYf wmf
rlaomaMumihf? 'g*gNrdKUpm;vnf; ukvm;okdY a&Ttojymwpfaxmifukd jyefay;? rif;rdefYtwkdkif;jyKjyifvsuf?
ausmufpmarmfuGef; pkdufavawmh\/
odaYk omfvnf; umvMumjrifNh yjD zpfonfwpfaMumif;? ppfwaumif; 'gumpaom ae&mrsm;rSm? ,ckacwf?
&ckdifjynf\ e,fedrdwftjyifbufodkY a&mufaeonfvnf; waMumif;? taMumif;rsm;aMumifh? &ckdifvuf&m
ausmufpmrsm;rSm aysmufysufukefMuavNyD/
(11) armufolZmNrdKUpm-Owrausmfacgifu? a'vD-ukvm;yoDrif;onf w&m;ysuf NrdKU&GmrNidrfroufjzpf
aeygonf/ tvG,w
f ulEiS fh wku
d cf u
dk o
f rd ;f ,lEidk yf gvdrrhf nf[k vma&mufavQmufxm;av\/ xkt
d cg trwfBu;D
r[mynmausmfu? rif;BuD;tm;? odkYavQmufxm;av\/
toQifrif;BuD;/ / a'vDNrdKUawmfonf &ckdifjynftygt0if r[kwfyg/ armufolZmonfomvQif?
tygt0if jzpfygonf/ ab;avmif;awmf rif;apmrGef vufxuf w&m;ysufaomaMumihf ta&;rvS/ taemuf
b*Fg q,fhESpfNrdKUokdY xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh&ygonf/ xkdb*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKUukd a'vDrif;okdYtyf &ckdifjynfukd
jyefvnfwkduf,lcJh&ygonf/ ,if;aMumihfyifvnf; ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf b*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKUrSm ukvm;rif;vufokdY
a&mufcJh&ygonf/ rif;ygBuD;vufxufawmfusrS xkdb*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKUukd odrf;,lcJh&ygonf/ xkdpOfu a'vDNrdKUukd
tvG,ftulwkdufckdufodrf;,lEkdifonfukd odygvsufESihf rodrf;cJhyg/ EkdifxufuvljyKrljcif;onf olawmfaumif;?
rif;aumif; trwfaumif;wk\
Yd "avhr[kwyf g[l avQmufxm;av\/ armufoZl mNrKd Upm;ukv
d nf;? tjcm;ae&m
odkY ajymif;a&TUcefYxm;awmfrlav\/
- &ckdifrif;rsm;onf e,fcsJUvkdaom qEr,SdMu/ ta&;tcGihfumvtm;avQmfpGm? omonfukd
awGU&aomfvnf; xkdta&;tcGifhukd,l? wzufom;ukd ESdyfpufuvl jyKrlvkdaom pdwfr,SdMu/ vlwrsKd;uvlwrsKd;ukd zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f tEkdifusihfjcif;onf? rwnfNrJedkif? tcgtcGifh roifhaomtcg? ppfruf&efrD; jzpfyGm;
? wkdif;om;jynfol? &Sifvltaygif; ukd,fpdwfrcsrf; yifyef;kH,Sdrnfukd t&SnfarQmfawG;wwfMuaMumif; awGU&
ayonf/
=========================================================
====================================

&ckdif&mZ0if

32

OD;atmifomOD;

tcPf; (5)
(u) rif;&mZmBuD;
rif;zavmif; ewf&GmpHawmfrlavvQif? om;awmftdrfa&SU owkd;"r&mZmonf ou&mZf (955)ckwGif
crnf;awmf\ tku
d t
f &mudk qufcaH wmfral v\/ bdou
d cf aH wmfral omtcg rif;&mZm[laom bGUJ ukd cH,al wmf
rlavonf/ ou&mZf (957)okdY a&mufvwfaomtcg nDawmfrif;apmvS(ppfwaumif;pm;) onf? oufrif;?
NrHKrif;wkdYESihf yl;aygif;-jcm;em;-ykefuefjcif;aMumifh csDwufESdyfeif;awmfrlNyD;vQif? ppfwaumif;NrdKUukd crnf;awmf
enf;twkdif;yif r[mynmawmfodkY NrdKUpm;ay;tyfawmfrl if;trwfBuD;\om; usD;kdtm;? a&mifjzLNrdKUukd
ay;oem;awmfrlav\/ if;aemuf om;awmf'DCukd armufolZmNrdKUrSae ukvm;q,fhESpfNrdKUukd? tkyfcsKyfawmf
rlapNyD;vQif? xkdESpfrSmyif &ckdifjynfokdY jyefvnfawmfrlcJhavonf/
ou&mZf (959)ckwGif awmifil-rif;&Jausmfxifonf aemifawmf [Hom0wD-yJcl;rif;ukd vkyfBuHvkd
vufaqmifyPmrsm;jzihf rif;&mZmBuD;xHokdY oHapvTwfum? ppfulawmif;vSm\/ rif;&mZmBuD;vnf; ppful&ef?
Munf;wyf? a&wyftvkH;pkHaom ppfonfawmfrsm;ukd pDrHuGyfuJap ppfrcsDrSD penf;emap\/ xkdtcg oli,fwkdY
avSavSmfMu&if;? qkdMuaom Mwif;oHrSm/ qifjzLaygifusKd;? xD;jzLkd;? yJcl;bk&if? wkdYtoQifxH 0ifvdrfhrnf/
[ljzpf\/ ppfEkdifrnfh edrdwfvuPmaywnf;/ ppfcsDwuf&m om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;carmif;ESifh pdefwifpm;
OumysHwkdY a&wyfukd BuD;Muyf&\/ rif;&mZmBuD;ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf;? ou&mZf (960)jynhfwGif? a&aMumif;c&D;
jzihfyif? csDwufawmfrlcJhavonf/
rif;&mZmBuD;onf oHwGJodkYa&mufaomtcg tHawmfapwDukd wufa&mufzl;ajrmf ylaZmfNyD;vQif? ppfEkdif
rnf[ek rd w
d b
f wfaom bke;f awmfBu;D wpfyg;tm; tvkad wmfjynhv
f Qif a&Tausmif;aqmufvSLygrnf[k avQmuf
xm;NyD;aemuf? c&D;qufawmfrlcJh\/ rif;&mZmBuD;wyf rkwrrS tckdiftvkHaeNyD;vQif? om;awmfrif;carmif;wyf
onf oHvQifukdodrf;ykduf tckdiftvkHaeav\/ ,if;rSwzef [Hom0wD-yJcl;odkY csOf;uyf awmifilrif;u
ta&SU/ awmifilrif;om;awmf ewfoQifaemifu-ajrmuf/ rif;carmif;u-awmif/ rif;&mZmBuD;u-taemuf/
toD;oD;0kdif;&HNyD;rS NrdKU\pm;eyf&dumukd ydwfqkdYMuav\/ ckdifvkHvS\/ okdYaomf tpma&pmaMumifh? rjrihfrDS
NrdKUwHcg;ukd zGihfay;&awmh\/ awmifilrif;vnf;? [Hom0wDrif;\ orD;awmf-cifraESmif;ukd rdzk&m;taqmif
ta,mif? ukd,fvkyfarmif;r? ta>ct&HESihf? rif;&mZmBuD;odkY qufoawmfrlav\/
rif;&mZmBu;D aejynfawmfoYdk rjyefryDS if? ,k;d ',m;rif; jAe&mZf [Hom0wDudk xdyg;vSmojzih?f om;awmf
rif;carmif;ukd ESdyfeif;awmfrlap&\/ atmifjrifawmfrlNyD;rS rif;&mZmBuD;onf awmifilESihf [Hom0wDu
qufoaomvufaqmifyPmrsm;jzihf ou&mZf (961)ckwGif aejynfawmfodkY jyefawmfrlcJhavownf;/
c&D;tMum;? armfwifodkYa&mufaomtcg trwfBuD; r[mynmausmf? emrusef;jzpf? uG,fvGefav\/ rif;BuD;
vnf; tcrf;tem; BuD;us,fpGmjzihf oN*dK[f ocsKif;jyKvkyfNyD;vQif? apwDwnfawmfrl\/ if;apwDukd ,ckwkdif
armfwifapwD[k wGi\
f / 'Gg&m0wD-oHwNJG rKd UokYd a&mufaomtcg ppfatmifrnf[k edrw
d b
f wfvu
dk af om &[ef;ukd
*wdtwkdif;? a&Tausmif;aqmuf vSLawmfrlcJhojzihf if;ausmif;aqmuf&mt&yfukd a&Tausmif;jyif[k ,ckwkdif
atmifwiG \
f / rif;&mZmBu;D odr;f ,lvmaom vufaqmifyPmrsm; qifjzLawmfEiS fh tjcm;tbk;d wefypn;f rsm;
tjyif? ,kd;',m;aMu;kyfBuD;rsm;vnf; yg0if\/ r[mynmausmf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf? a&mifjzLNrdKUpm-usD;kdukd?
ppfwaumif;NrdKUukdyg ay;oem;awmfrlNyD;vQif? ynm0HobGJUjzihf csD;jrihfawmfrlav\/
*" The Arakanese invasion of Burma in 1599 during the reign of Bayin-naung's successor, Nandabayin; ruined that cxountry for the time being. It broke up into petty states. All
Bayinnaung's glory passed to Razagri. Pessessing the white Elephant and the Mahamuni he
had a right to call himself the champion of Buddhism, Arakan, not Burma, became the centre of
* The Land of the Great Image by Maurice Collis. Pages 205-206.

&ckdif&mZ0if

33

OD;atmifomOD;

the Buddhist world.

----byf 1610 Bayin-naung's grandson, Anauk-petlun, had again united the greater part of the
country. He was most anxious to get back the White Elephant, and in 1616 proposed to the
Viceroy of Goa a joint attack on Mrauk-u, declaring that if he secured the animal the Portuguese
could take the rest of the loot. But the proposal came to nothing. Arakan was too strong."

txufabmfjyyg aumufEw
I cf sut
f &-rif;&mZmBu;D onf aumZmou&mZf (960)jynf/h c&pfou&mZf
(1599)ckwGif yJcl;-eEbk&ifvufxufawmf? [Hom0wD-yJcl;okdY csDwufwkdufckdufatmifjrifawmfrlcJh&m? [Hom
0wD-yJcl;aejynfawmfrSm? upOfhu&JjzpfcJh&ayonf/ EkdifiHawmfvnf;? jynfe,fuav;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;
avawmh\/ bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm vufxufawmfu? x,fx,f0g0g? jzpfcJhorQ rif;&mZmBuD;vufxJ
odkY a&mufcJh&\/ rif;&mZmBuD;rSmvnf; [Hom0wD-yJcl;rSodrf;,lvmcJhaom qifjzLawmfESihfwuG aejynfawmf
,Sd r[mrked kyfyGm;awmfaMumifh? Ak'omoemawmfjrwfukd OD;pD;acgif;aqmifjyK&aom rif;wyg;jzpfvmawmh
\/ jrefrmjynfr[kwf/ &ckdifjynfonf Ak'bmomxGef;um;&m A[kd&fcsufr wkdif;jynfjzpfvmcJhayonf/
c&pfou&mZf (1610)odaYk &mufvwfaomtcg? bk&ihaf emif\ajr;awmf- taemufbufveG f rif;w&m;
BuD;onf zkdz&JNydKuGJaeaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukd pkkH; rif;&mZmBuD; odrf;,loGm;aom qifjzLawmfukd jyef
vkv
d m;awmfrjl cif;aMumif?h tdE,
d jynf-*kt
d e,f,?dS aygwk*b
D &k ifccH sKyEf iS fh yl;aygif;vsu?f &ckid jf ynfudk jyefwku
d f
ckduf&ef? atmifjrifawmfrlaomtcg? qifjzLawmfukdom jyef,l? &ckdifjynfukd ay:wl*DwkdY\ vufxJodkYay;tyf
&ef[al om tpDtpOfEiS fh BupH nfygjim;aomfvnf;? rjzpfajrmufcahJ y/ &ckid jf ynfonf tvGecf idk v
f aHk om wkid ;f jynf
jzpf\/ [l a&;om;xm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/
awmifirl if;u aemifawmf [Hom0wDrif;\orD;awmf-cifraESmif;ukd rif;&mZmBu;D xH vufaqmifquf
vkdufojzihf? awmifilrif;u? rif;&mZmBuD;ukd-wlawmf/ rif;&mZmBuD;u/ awmifilrif;ukd- OD;&D;awmf[k ac:awmf
rlMuvsu?f wrif;ESiw
f rif;? wjynfEiS w
hf jynf/ cspMf unfpmG ? rjywfapwrefvw
T u
f m? a&Tvrf;-aiGvrf;azmufMu
av\/ rif;&mZmBuD; [Hom0wDrS jyefa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf e,fjcm;vkHNcHKa&;ukd arQmfIvsuf? opmawmfcH
ukvm;iZ*Fgukd oHvsifpm; ay;xm;awmfrlav\/ if;iZ*Fgonf ou&mZf (965)ckwGif rkwrpm;-Anm'v
ESihfyl;aygif;jcm;em;bdojzihf? om;awmf rif;carmif;ukd ESdrfeif;&ef apvTwfawmfrl&\/ odkYaomfvnf; ta&;rvS
av/ omawmfrif;carmif;vnf;? ukd;vMumrS? aejynfawmfokdYa&mufav\/ wzef ou&mZf (967)ckodkY
a&mufvwfaomtcg? om;awmfrif;carmif;onf oHwGJrSae jcm;em;ykefuefjyef\/ ta&;rvS/ tjypfay;cH&
tHhqJqJwGif (r[mynmausmf\om;) ynm0Hotrwf avQmufxm;awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh toufab;rS
csrf;omcGihf &cJhavonf/
rif;&mZmBuD;vufxufawmf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf\ taemufbuf? a&Tqnf0urf;xdyfteD;? bk&m;
qif;wkawmfwyg;ay:onf[k tkwftkwfusufusuf jzpfvwfukef\/ wkdif;oljynfom;? vltrsm;u urf;ay:odkY
qGiJ ifyifah qmifMuaomfvnf;? r&Edik ,
f v
dS wfojzif?h rif;Bu;D uk,
d af wmfwidk f opmt"d|mefjyK yifah qmifawmfrrl ?S
urf;xdyfokdY <uawmfrlav\/ wzef ajrjrifh&mokdY yifhaqmifum; r&awmhacs/ ,if;ae&m(,ckwnf,Sdaom
ae&m)yif? r[m&HwHwkdif;ESifhwuG odrfausmif;aqmufvkyfukd;uG,fawmfrlav\/ a&xJrS ay:vmonfukd
taMumif;jyK ,ckwidk b
f &k m;ay:[kwiG \
f / ou&mZf (967)ckwiG f ay:xGe;f vmonf[k ,lqbG,,
f adS yonf/
rif;&mZmBuD;onf ukd;aomif;bk&m;ukdvnf; topfwzef wnfaqmufawmfrlcJh\/
rif;vufxufawmf vuFm'Dy-oD[kdVfuRef;wGif? Ak'omoemawmf? a&mif0garS;csdefjzpf &uyl&&ckid jf ynfBu;D onf bk&m;omoemawmf pnfyifxeG ;f um;&m |mejzpfaMumif; odawmfral om oD[Vdk -f 0drvaro&l d
rif;onf vufaqmifyPmajrmufjrm;pGmjzihf omoemjyKygcvSn[
fh k omraPBu;D wyg;ukd apvTwu
f m? avQmuf
xm;awmif;yefav\/ rif;&mZmBuD;vnf;? omoemawmftpD;tyGm;ukd Iawmfrlvsuf? ajrmufwefaqmif;?
q&mawmf pE0dvmotm;? t&HoCFmawmftyg;ESpfq,fESihf oD[kdVfuRef;odkY omoemjyK<uawmfrl&ef avQmuf
xm;awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh ou&mZf (968)ckwGif omoemjyK<uawmfrlcJhMuavonf/

(c) ynm&Sd-oHtrwf OumysH/

&ckdif&mZ0if

34

OD;atmifomOD;

ou&mZf (971)ck tif;0taemufbufvGef rif;w&m;u? vufaqmifyPmrsm;jzihf r[mrdwfzGJUvkd

aMumif;? oHwrefa&mufvSmaomaMumifh? rif;&mZmBuD;onf twkefYtjyef oHwreftjzpfjzihf? OumysHtrwfukd
&mZoBuFefbGJUESihf tif;0okdYapvTwfawmfrlav\/ OumysHrSm uAsm 0goemxkHoljzpfbdojzihf tif;0NrdKUawmf
tif;0-axmifoif;rSL;a&;aom tjznhcf &H wkudk jznhaf &;cJ\
h / r,fbUJG ? rkC
d ;f bGUJ ? bk&m;wkid &f wk-paomuAsmrsm;ukd
a&;cJh\/ rSwfom;bG,faumif;vS\/ rwdrfaum raysmufysuftyfay/

(1) tif;0-axmifrLS ;a&;? tjznhcf &H wk

rrQaomif;axmif? eef;nmawmif0,f? tacgifpx
H m;? ewfrif;om;vQi?f aemifzmG ;Muifazmf? arsmufom;
awmfESihf? rSL;armfaojywf? zkdrSvGwfodkY? rcRwf{uef? aemifrSm[efum;? jznf;oGefavif;? pdrfhpdrfhcsif;vsuf?
tifMuif;0g;EG,f? tvS,fvS,fukd? prg,faysmfyg;? a&SU0,fxm;? OD;em;xdyfjyif? yefqifrwwf? av;jrwf,k,?
ay;csifvS\/ q,fqa&Txuf jypfrpufonf/ jzLnufxGufavm? jymvwfavm/ rvSawmif;atmif? jcef;om
acsmif0,f? jrLarSmifroef;? jcnfrwef;wnfh? v0ef;wefaqmif? aerajymifwnfh? ukd,fa&mifvQHvnf? xGef;awmh
onf[k? arT;MunfysH&Sm;? uREkfyfem;0,f? pum;ukdom? rl;armf&SmrQ? BuHumawG;awm/ odcsifarmpG? oabm
qufquf? ar;um>rufonf/ /jzLnufxGwfavm? jymvwfavm/ /

(2) Oumysq
H -dk r,fbUJG yk'd pf &Hk wk
csdefwGufqonf/ ESpf0ufty? vvnf;usL;axG? aeAdrmefvnf;? ,k*eftem;? qifvrf;oGm;?
z0g;pwGef;? wnfhrGef;rxif? udk,f&dyf0ifu? pkHjyifNrdKifaMumif;? Oa'gif;[oFm? iSufwumvnf;? ruGm,SOfETJ?
okduf0ifNrJ\/ abmf&Jukd,fxl;? rdefYrl;rajy? aysmfaxGrom? aevSnhf&mukd? aemifrSmNrJacs/ r,fuapokdY? aqmfaxG
&ihfa<u;? wacs;acs;onf/ &pfaxG;EIwfoH if;onfavm/
xderf Qjywfonf? vQr;f pufa&T&nf? ewfjynfrqH?h q,f&yfErHYS Q? avmiftb
hH eef;? jrwdrpf eG ;f u? oGe;f oGe;f &pf
qifh? bkef;a&mifwifhom;? usL;&ihfoHanmif;? wacsmif;acsmif;vQif? &SifaESmif;vnf;&? tvSvGefusL;? &SifOD;vnf;
rnf? eD;onfomcsif;? pkd;rif;ae&m? qDuomvQif? vSpfcgGwdrfrIef? jrL;uckefonf/ yZKefr,fu yif;onfavm/
pdeu
f qufonf/ bk;d e*foed ;f cef?Y wdrEf ,
S
f eG rYf Q? auG;&GecYf sLpm;? e*g;qkid rf sK;d ? rD;ck;d woG,?f tvS,v
f ,
S f
uk?d pdw0f ,ftavQmuf? NcKH xyfavSmufvnf;? vGr;f atmufarhaxG;? csr;f rajywnf?h azsmaf jzoufrQ? ocifuvQi?f
aMumif;paxGvm? o0PfpmESihf? apygwref? a&mufaumif;wefvsuf? jyif;xefa&BuD;? acsmif;ajrmif;qD;?
c&D;vrf;rSm? zifhETGJMumonf/ uRefomrkdCf;aMumifh xifonfavm/ /

(3) Oumysq
H -dk bk&m;wkid f yk'd pf &Hk wk/
waomif;aeajymif? vQHnD;aqmifom;? wifhacgifoG,fGwf? *D&dxG#f0,f? vlewfrsm;pGm? jA[mtaygif;
q,facsmif;vufzsm;? OD;xdyx
f m;? cpm;rScD ?dk awmif;qkqu
dk ? rNiKd vsiv
f n
S ?fh oQicf spjf znhaf vmh? rdawaemifawmf
jrwfbek ;f ausm?f Muifabmfoufay;? ysKNd ird ahf v;vQi?f &Snaf 0;jrifMh um? qD;oma0rQ? a<uyku
d u
f svsu?f ewfvuay?
&if a &T G c G m ajymif ; ? jrpf a Mumif ; {&m? pk H & vmaomf ? jrih f M umraES ; ? &S n f a 0;ranmif ; ? Ncd r f h a rmif ; oH N yd K if ?
usL;&ifhqkdifonf;? awmffvnf;ivQif? q,fcGif&yfvkH;? rzkH;cifrSD? jyefvnfcsKdatmif? bkef;acgif&Sifwd? OmPfawmf
odavmh? rked&wem? jrwfousmonf/ awZm vQHwufjrL;vSnhfaomf/ /
tarmifa&Ta&mif? awmokH;axmifvnf;? uGma&Smif&Gufajymif;? zl;anmif;oEm? pdrf;jymkdvJh? cspfzGJUty?
iSufrQpkHESpf? vnf&pf,Sufwif? vlwGifpaw? wlae&Tifvef;? csLcufeef;xuf? tqef;xl;vnf? &ifhIjrnfu?
NrdKifpnfawm,H? iSufaygif;oHukd? t&Harmifhem;? qGwfrQMum;aomf? onf;zsm;vefYa,mif? vdyfjyma&mifaMumihf?
oef;acgifoefvQr;f ? vGr;f 0ef;acGUacGU? atmufarhrwnf? ajzpnfrwwf? MumES,
f w
G cf ?hJ wk&Yd yfbek ;f acgif? &efarSmif

&ckdif&mZ0if

35

OD;atmifomOD;

y,fpif? q'ef&Sifum;? MumwifvSbd? Bwdemr? a'GowESihf? okntv,f? ypfy,ft|? {utu&m? usrf;vm

aA'if? odjrifool? Bu
H ,lavmh? NzKd ;xl;rsm;ajrmif? &maxmifuak #? &HAv
dk af xGvnf;? bkaH &Teef;jrif?h jyefcsed cf iG u
f ?dk
vifhpyum? wif;oHem? xkdrSmwpk? rSmwpkHvqif? a&mkHwkdifyif? qdyfjyifvrf;aMumif;? *lausmif;,Sd&m? xkdifum
a&&Gwf? wwGwfwGwfonf/ / &ifbwfowfum rl;vSnhfaomif/ /
raomif;apatmif? EIwaf &TapmifEiS ?fh cspaf ,mifomjzm;? qko
d nfrsm;uk?d aemifem;Mumwif? ? ppfycJG iG u
f ?
r&Tifaysmif;&d? r,SdwwfbJ? 0rf;uGJylqm? aevSnhf&m? tmumvkH;0,f? jrES,ftqif;? 0g0if;w&yf? 0if;vQyf&Suf
wif? ywfu;Hk qif? oHwif&ihjf rnf? &Smvwfonfum;? a&Tjynf&yfo?l jymjzLxGm;ysK?d vJv
h
hJ v
dk Qi?f e*k&d af jcmufxyd ?f
pk;d rk;d ESyd o
f nf? bke;f &dyv
f QaH jymif? olZmharmifu?dk vufaqmifq,f>rm? q,fpMHk umESi?fh yefxmG Mum;acs? EIwaf &TcsKrd j?
Asm'dwf&? &SmMuonfavm? awG;awmvSnhfum? atmufarh&Smaomf? a'0grmC? 0Em? arcvmwkdY?
vGrf;&SmavSmuful? em;ylem;qm? tmumaAGcsuf? NydKuftufbeef;? ac:rSef;rod? pdwf,Sdwkdif;om? axmufrpm
onf/ csdefcgrJh usL;vSnfhaom0f/ /
(4) OumysH &ckdifokdY jyefcgeD;a&;cJhaom {uykd'f&wk/
txl;txl;? O'gef;usL;ydrfh? pEul;yifrGef? o&uefukd? rcsefvkH;uRwf? tukefjzwf ? jyrSwfa0bl?
jrESihfwl[k? Muufql GefY&Sif? yef;wkdifyifukd? pD&ifwwfrSL;? apmif&ef;jyKokdY? cspfrITwfaysmif;? wGefoHanmif;vsuf?
Oa'gif;BudK;Mum? a&T[oFmukd? rwm if;qJ? uvlrJ? pGef&JusD;euf? cifykyfiSufukd? ESpfouf&Tifys? arG;,k,odkY?
rkef0&Jacgif? qifajymifajracG;? ykHaoG;EIdif;csdef? bkrodefjym? trQom[k? yrmkjyKtyf? xkdt&yfukd? vQyfvyfvsifpGm?
pGefYtyf&m[k? ynm,Sdrsm;? usrf;pum;ukd/ rSwfom;Muukef? vltykH/ /
(5) Ou m ysH a &;0-rk d ; Cf ; bG J U {uyk d ' f & wk
atmuftmumAG?D 0ga,mxD
G vDxufum;&D? &DxufNrED iS ?hf yx0Dx?k xlxEk pS o
f ed ;f ? av;aomif;ude;f xuf?
&Hxdrf;pMum0Vm? nDpGm0ef;onf? ausmufwdwnfom;? vSnhfvnfywf&pf? ork'fjzpfrS? wufopfNzdK;rQ? yZKEewf?
wefckd;jrwfaMumihf? &[wfESihfwif? pufESihfiifokdY? aumif;uifuom? ewfawZmjzihf? oDwma&cJ? vSpfcGJwdrfMum;?
,E&m;puf? oHvsufvSnhf0ef;? vnfxGef;rQ? &pfoef;NydK;ajymif? b,ufa&mifESihf? pufa&mifvQHwuf?
wvufvufvif;? w0if;0if;vQif? tkef;tifxpfarmif;? kdufajcmif;yJhwif? aumif;uiftvkH;? rnf;rnf;zkH;rQ?
&GmvwfuvQif? tvSMuifwef? onf&efarG;rd? rodygav? &pfacGAsmyg? r,frSmukdvGrf;? aemifrSmcsrf;cJh? Id;oef;
0gv? r&&dyw
G ?f ewfvnf;rEk;d ? &ufu;dk q,fv;Hk ? rusK;H &moD? vifu
h mvDonf/ oefEu
DG ek
f ? yZmef0? umvief&Y
OD;rnfavm/
OumysHonf wreft*FgnDGufpGm? aqmif&Gufp&m ,SdorQ? udpt00ukd aqmif&GufNyD;vQif? tif;0
aejynfawmfrS? &ckdifjynfodkY jyefcJhav\/
rif;&mZmBuD; vGefawmfrlvQif? om;awmf rif;carmif;onf e&m"dywd 0&"r&mZmbGJUukd cH,lawmfrl
vsuf? ou&mZf (974)ck eef;wufawmfrlav\/ rif;carmif;[k wGifjcif;rSm bkd;awmf rif;zavmif;onf
tOee'DjrpfnmokYd qefwufawmfrcl phJ Of? zGm;jrifonfu?dk taMumif;jyK wGiaf om[l\/ rif;rSm &wemok;H yg;
ukd tvGefMunfkdaom rif;jzpf bk&m;ykxkd;apwDausmif;uefrsm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrl\/ wkdif;jynf
Nidrf;csrf;om,m\/ ajymyavmufatmif ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;r,SdcJhacs/ rif;carmif;vGefawmfrlvQif ou&mZf
(984)ck om;awmfrif;[&Donf oD&dok"r&mZm[laom bGJUjzihf crnf;awmf\ tkduft&mukd qufcH
awmfrlav\/ [&Dawmif\ta&SUbuf? eef;awmfxuf zGm;jrifonfukd taMumif;jyK rif;[&D[k wGif\/
if;rif;vufxuf &ckdifjynfodkYa&mufvmaom EkdifiHjcm;om;{nfhonfwkdY\ rSwfwrf;rSm? &ckdif&mZ0ifESihf? orkdif;
twGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftxm; &bdojzihf if;\rsujf rifu,
dk af wGUrSww
f rf;rS aumufEw
I u
f m? atmufabmfjy
vkdufyg\/
(*) oD&dok"r&mZm(rif;[&D)vufxufawmf? ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rife&dwf (Manrique) &ckdifjynfodkY

&ckdif&mZ0if

36

OD;atmifomOD;

a&mufvmjcif;
oD&dok"r&mZmrif;vufxuf? ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD;rife&dufonf ay:wl*DvlrsKd;ykdif-tdEd,jynf *kdte,frS
wqifh &ckdifjynfodkY vma&mufcJh\/ vma&mufaomou&mZfrSm (991)ckjzpf? c&mZf,efou&mZf (1730)
jynhfESpfaywnf;/ if;bkef;BuD;\rsufjrif-ukd,fawGUrSwfwrf;rSm? &ckdif&mZ0iforkdif;tbkdY rsm;pGm taxmuf
txm;&aom rSwfwrf;wpfck jzpfayonf/ &moDOwkrSm? &ckdifjynfonf tvGefrkdCf;BuD;aom wkdif;jynfjzpf
aMumif;? rSwfwrf;wifcJh\/ qefpyg;rSm? vlOD;a&ESihf rvkdufatmif ykdvQHpGm xGufaomwkdif;jynfjzpfaMumif;?
ay:wl*u
D ek o
f abFmrsm;onf ESppf OfEpS w
f idk ;f ? qefpyg;vma&muf0,fMuaMumif; a&;xm;cJ\
h / txl;qef;qk;H aom
rSwfcsufwpf&yfrSm &ckdifjynfoljynfom;wkdYonf tdEd,jynfESihf qufpyfaeygvsufESihf? tjyKtrl? bmom
pm&dw? xkH;pH"avhwkdYrSm tdEd,ESihfrwlbJ? if;wkdYESihfvnf;? vufxufxdrf;jrm;jcif; r,SdaMumif;yif jzpfay
onf/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdifvlrsKd;onf rsKd;apmifhw&m;,Sdaom vlrsKd;jzpfaMumif;? ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD;\rSwfwrf;u?
axmufcHxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/
(1) pD;yGm;a&;
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;pm;rukefatmif qefpyg;ykdvQHxGuf\/ 0wf-pm;-aexkdifa&;? oufomacsmifcsd
\/ ,ckacwf-jrefrmaiGwusyfukd xkdpOfu? MuuftaumifokH;q,frQ 0,f,lEkdif\/ ,ckacwf-jrefrmq,fjym;
jzihf MuufOw'gZifrQ &Ekdif\/ jynfwGif;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm? acsmif;ajrmif;tvGefaygrsm;aom wkdif;jynf
jzpfonftm;avsmfpGm a&aMumif;c&D;jzihf oGm;vmMu&\/ ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD;onf oD&dok"r&mZmukd awGUqkHzl;ajrmf&ef r[mrkedwefaqmif;odkY a&aMumif;c&D;jzihf oGm;a&mufcJhpOfu jrpfxJ avSBuD;avSi,frsm;jzihf
jynhfMuyfvsuf aejcif;aMumihf jrpfv,frSyif cJ,OfpGm qefwufcJh&aMumif;? a&;xm;cJhojzihf jynfwGif;wpfae&m
ES iS fh wpfae&m ukepf nfu;l oef;oGm;vma&; tajctaeukd aumif;pGmawG;qEkid Mf uayvdrrhf nf/ ay:wl*u
D ek o
f nf
rsm;ESihf qufqHrI &ckdifjynf\ xkdpOfu xGufukefrSm qefpyg;ESihfabmfaiGjzpfaMumif; awGU&\/
jynfyul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tajctaerSm aygwl*Dukefonfrsm;ESihf ylaygif;um? taemufbufokdY
tdEd,jynf ta&SUbufyifv,furf;ajcESihf oD[kdVfuRef;? ta&SUbufokdY pkrmMwm? *smbm tp,Sdaom ta&SU
tdE,
d uRe;f pkrsm;okYd tESt
YH jym; ukepf nfu;l oef; oGm;vmcJMh u\/ ay:wl*v
D rl sK;d rsm;ESifh ylaygif; **FgESijfh A[yMk w
jrpf0uRef;ay:t&yfa'orsm; aexkdifcJhbl;Muaom tdEd,vlrsKd;rsm;ukd brf;qD;um? uRefukefvnf;ul;cJhbl;Mu
ayonf/
(2) bmoma&;
&ckdifjynfonf bk&m;ocif ukd,fawmfwkdif omoemjyKcJhaom Ak'bmom wkdif;jynfjzpf\/ r[mrked
kyfyGm;awmfonf urmhta&SUbufwvTm; txif&Sm;qkH;aom kyfyGm;awmfjzpf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf
c&pfawmfryGihfrSD ou&mZf (543)ckESpfuyif? y&dedAmefjyKawmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ xkdtcsdefrSmqkdvQif ESpfaygif;
(2173)ESpf,SdcJhayNyD/ ,if;rQavmufaom umvywfvkH; kyfyGm;awmfrSm wnfawmfrl&if;jzpfaom oD&d*kwf
awmifxdyf wnf,SdawmfrlaMumif; (r[mrkedkyfyGm;awmfrSm-urmay: ta[mif;qkH;? txl;qef;qkH;? Munfkd
bG,ftaumif;qkH;jzpfaMumif;/ &ckdifjynfrSmvnf; xkdtcsdef Ak'bmomxGef;um;um A[kdVfXmejzpfojzihf
oD&o
d "k r&mZmrSm wkid ;f jynfEidk if t
H yk cf sKyaf &;omr[kw?f omoemawmfEiS yfh wfoufvnf;? Bu;D pGmaom wm0ef
,Sad omrif;wpfyg;jzpfaMumif;? rSww
f rf;wifco
hJ nfudk awGU&\/ atmufygaumufEw
I cf suu
f v
dk nf;? uk;d um;Muyg
ukef/
*" The Buddha had died in 543 B.C. Altogether 2173 years had elapsed since then, and
for that immense period the image of the Founder of the Religion had remained on Sirigutta, the
oldest, most mysterious, the most holy found and enshrined. Arakan was a sacred country; it
was the heart of Buddhism; and he (king Thiri-thudeamma) as its king, was the most notable
Buddhist ruler in existence. Grave indeed was his responsibility. He had not only to maintain the
state as the homeland of the Arakanese rece, but as the one place on earth where an authentic

&ckdif&mZ0if

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OD;atmifomOD;

shape of the Tathagata was preserved, a possession of greater potency than The most precious relcis."

,if;uJhodkY (Ak'bmom? &wemokH;yg;ukd tvGefMunfkdukdif;Idif;aom wkdif;jynfjzpfygvsuf ay:wl*D

bkef;BuD;u aejynfawmfwGif; c&pf,efausmif; aqmufvkyfcGifh? avQmufxm;awmif;yefaomtcgrSm? oD&d
ok"r&mZmonf MunfjzLpGm vkdufavsm-cGihfjyKawmfrlcJhavonf/ a&S;acwfu Oa&mywkduf? c&mZf,ef
tcsif;csif;yifvQif *kdPf;*PuGJjym;rIaMumihf bmoma&;ppfyGJrsm; jzpfcJhbl;\/ &ckdifrSm bmomrwlbJvsuf?
uJhodkY vkdufavsmMunfjzLcGifhjyKawmfrljcif;ukd ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD;rSm? rcsD;MuL;bJ raeEkdifawmhacs/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU
eef;awmf\tjyifbuf? 'kdif;usDt&yf c&mZf,efbkef;BuD;ausmif; aqmufvkyfcJh\/) aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;?
ausmif;zGifhyGJ tcrf;tem;jyKvkyfaomtcg b@mawmfwkdufrS ausmufoHywjrm;rsm;jzihf pDcs,ftyfaom
a&Tyef;tk;d Bu;D rsm;ukyd if xkw
f iSm;&rf;cJah o;\/ xkaYd Mumihf oD&o
d "k r&mZmonf oabmxm;Bu;D jrwfawmfrjl cif;?
&ufa&mjcif;? oem;mwmaxmufxm;wwfjcif;? a&SUaESmufajrmfjrifwwfjcif; paom*kPfrsm;ESihf jynfhpkHygay
onf[k aygwl&Dbkef;BuD;onf olwkdY\ &mZ0if rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/
(3) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ /
&ckdifrif;rsm;onf toufOD;qHykdif rif;rsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;urf;aumif;vS\/ aopm;?
aoap tjypf'PfrsKd;ukd tvGefta&;BuD;rS? wpfcgwpfavay;wwf\/ tjypfBuD;olrsm;ukd rmefatmifuRef;okdY
wuRef;ykdYwwfMu\/ xkduRef;rSm? yifv,fuRef;jzpfojzifh? jynfrESihftvSrf;a0;aeaomaMumihf ykdYcs&jcif;jzpf
ayonf/ oufoufvlqkd;rsm;ukd xm;&m vlqkd;rsm;ae&m uRef;um; r[kwfay/ toufukd owfykdifcGihfrSm
tdrfa&SUrif;om;aomfrS r,Sdacs/ taemufbufukd b*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKU armufolZmxd/ awmifbufukd oHwGJarmfwifpGef;xd/ ta&SUukd taemufkd;rawmifwef;xd/ rif;wpfyg;wnf; tkyfcsKyf ya'o&mZfpepf r&SdcJhacs/
tcGeftwkyfukd q,fckdifwpfckdifaumufcH\/ ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; 0ifvmaomtcg wpfqifhwpfqifh tcGihfawmif;
0if&jcif;/ tajctaeukd pkHprf; {nfhonftaMumif;ukd eef;awmfokdYrjywf tpD&ifcH&jcif;/ oD&dok"r&mZm
\/ ukd,f&HawmfxJ *syefvlrsKd;/ tdEd, (yxefvlrsKd;) jrefrmvlrsKd;? rGefvlrsKd;? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd awGU&aMumif;
rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
(4)
a&aMumif;ppfwyf/ /
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; &ckdifokdY0ifvm OD;&pfawmifqdyfurf;okdYa&mufaomtcgrSm &ckdifa&aMumif;
ppfwyfukd rsuf0g;xifxif? awGUjrif&ojzihf if;a&wyfrSm? wkdufoabFm(350)xufrenf;? yg0ifaMumif;
cefYrSef;cJhayonf/
ay:wl*DvlrsKd;rsm;ESihf qufqHaomtcsdef? &ckdifa&wyfESihf &ckdifyifv,ful;ukefonfrsm;ukd
(a&ol&J)[l rSwfwrf;wifcJhMu\/ ay:wl*DvlrsKd;wkdYonf &ckdifa&wyfukd aMumuf&\/ ,if;aMumihfvnf;?
ay:wl*Da&wyfukd xGufwkduf&ef toifhpDpOfaeaom &ckdifa&wyfukd OD;&mZfawmifqdyfurf; awGU&aomtcg
xGufrwkduf&efESihf? ay:wl*DvlrsKd;rsm;rSm &ckdifrif;tquf\ MoZmcHjzpfaMumif;jzihf avQmufxm;awmif;yefcJh
bl; avonf/ atmufygxkwfEIwfcsufukdvnf; zwfIMuygukef/
"We have come to assure His Majesty that the Portuguese of Dianga are His Majesty's
devoted humble servants, as they have ever been in the past, having served him and his father
and grand-father of glorious memory, not only by harrying the Mogul in Bengal, but by fighting
his enemy, the king of Pegu. If God grant me the good fortune of being admitted to the royal
presence, my, endeavour will be to convince His Majesty of my nation's continued desire to
serve him."

*The Land of the Great Image by Maurice Collis. Page.(168)

&ckdif&mZ0if

38

OD;atmifomOD;

(5) &ckdifaq;ynm/ /
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; &ckdifokdYa&muf rMumrSD iSufzsm;rd\/ wpfpwpfpESihf arQmfvifhcsufr,Sdatmif
tonf;toef jzpfvmav\/ rdrdvlrsKd; q&m0efvnf; ygrvm/ &ckdifaq;ukdvnf; txifrBuD;/ aorif;ESihf
&ifqkdifae&aomtcsdef rif;BuD;odawmfrl orm;awmfukd uko&ef apvTwfawmfrl\/ aq;jrpfwpfjrpfwnf;?
aq;wpfcu
G w
f nf;ESifh xl;jcm;pGm a&m*gaysmufuif; csr;f omaMumif;awGU&\/ okjYd zpf rdru
d ,
dk w
f idk f rBuKH &vQif
,kHEkdifbG,f r,Sdavmufatmif? aq;ynm txufwef;usaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&awmh\/
oD&dok"r&mZmESihf tif;0-omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;wkdYrSm? xD;NydKifeef;NydKifjzpfMu tcsif;csif; oHwref
apvTwfNyD;vQif? ESpfjynfhwpfjynf r[mrwfzGJUum? a&Tvrf; aiGvrf; azmufcJhMuayonf/
"The capital (city of Mrauk-u) was crowded, too, with visitors from the towns and villages, and a large number of foreign merchants from the countries of the Bay, Siam, Burma,
India and the Spice islands, took the opportunity of what was expected to be a lively market and
arrived in ships laden with every sort of merchandise, food, medicines, scented woods, minerals, silk, carpets, metal-work and porcelain. The goods were allowed in duty-free.
---It should be borne in mind that Mrauk-u, though less substantially built, was comparable in size and wealth to such Western cities as Amsterdam and London. Schouten--- declares it the richest city in that part of Asia, exceeding inits resources both Pegu and Ayudhya,
the capital of Siam."

ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; (refe&dwf)onf &ckdifjynfodkY oD&dok"r&mZmvufxuf a&mufvmaomtcg? if;rif;

\ bdodufyGJESihfvnf; BuHKBudKufcJh\/ xkYdaMumihf bdodufyGJ rusif;yrSDuyif? ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfokdY &ckdifjynfwGif;&Sd
NrKd U&Gmrsm;rSom vl&iS t
f rsm; vma&mufMuonfr[kw/f b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwpf0u
dk &f dS wkid ;f jynfrsm;? ,k;d ',m;
jynf? jrefrmjynf/ tdEd,jynfESihf ta&SUtddEd,uRef;pkrsm;rS? ukefonfBuD;rsm;onf tpm;taomuftrsKd;rsKd;?
aq;trsKd;rsKd;/ tarT;tBudKif? tausmf? pyg? eHYom? u&ruf? wGif;xGufowKrsm;? ykd;xnf? aumfaZm? owKxnf?
yef;uefcu
G af ,muf paom ukepf nftrsK;d rsK;d ukd oabFmBu;D i,frsm;jzihf wifaqmifvmMujcif;/ xkt
d csed t
f wGi;f
a&mufvmaom ukefpnfrsm;ukd taumuftcGef vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihf ay;oem;awmfrljcif;taMumif;rsm;ukd
rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfuv
dk nf; xkt
d csed u
f NrKd U\yrmPESifh <u,f0csr;f omjcif;rsm;rSm urmt
h aemufbuf,?dS
trfpwm'rfNrdKUawmf/ vef'efNrdKUawmfrsm;ESihf wlnDaMumif; cefYrSef;cJhao;\/ (pukdwif)qkdaom yk*dKvfuvnf;
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfonf tm&Swu
dk ?f bufwpf0u
dk rf mS ? t<u,f0qk;H aom NrKd UjzpfaMumif;? NrKd Uawmf<u,f0csr;f om
jcif;\ tajccHtaMumif;w&m;rsm;rSmvnf; [Hom0wD-yJcl;ESihf t,k',(,kd;',m;)NrdKUawmfrsm;xuf omvGef
aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhbl;ayonf/
"With a rainfall of between 200 and 300 inches a year the crop never failed, while in
adjacent India poor monsoons followed by famines periodically occurred. Thus in Arakan wealth
increased from generation to generation. The export of rice to undernourished India brought in
a steady flow of those commodities which were lacking on the spot. Moreover, the dyausty of
Mrauk-u had maintained itself successfully against all foreign or domestic rivals for two hundred and ten years. The few wars were short and ended in victory. No civil strife had ruined the
peasantry. Littlewonder, then, it was a rich and prosperous country. What state in Europe could
boast of two centuries of peace, uniformly good harvests, a tolerant religion and a slave population to do some of the hard work? And the administration was not inefficient. Though corrupt
in the manner of the age, it administered a code of law. Person and property were reasonably
safe.
----The kingdom of Arakan was divided into twelve provinces, each under a governor."

ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; (rife&dwf)\rSwfwrf;-&ckdifjynfESifhqufpyfaeaom tdEd,jynfonf rkdCf;acgifa&

&Sm;? iwfrGwfjcif;ab;rsm;ESihf awGU&aomfvnff; &ckdifjynfrSm ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; rkdCf;a&csdefvufr(200)rS (300)
xd &GmoGef;jcif;aMumihf? &ckdifjynf\<u,f0jcif;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpf wkd;wufom vmcJhaMumif;? ykdaom

&ckdif&mZ0if

39

OD;atmifomOD;

qefpyg;rsm;ukd tdEd,jynfodkY tNrJwifykdYa&mif;cs vkdaomukefrsm;ukd tdEd,jynfrS wifoGif;MuaMumif;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhao;\/
&ckdifjynfonf ESpfaygif; ESpf&mhwpfq,faom (wqufwnf;aom) umvywfvkH;? jynfwGif;jynfy?
ppfrufr,Scd /hJ rajympavmuf ,Sjd yefuvnf;? atmifjrifjcif;ESio
fh m tqk;H owfcv
hJ su?f awmifov
l ,form;rsm;
rSm jynfwGif;qlylrIaMumifh epfemysufpD;&onf [lr,SdcJh/ taMumif;rsm;aMumifh? &ckdifjynfonf 0ajym
pnfyifaom wkdif;jynfjzpf&aMumif;/ Oa&mywkdufrSm? ESpfaygif;ESpf&mrQ (wpfqufwnf;) &ckdifjynfuJhodkY
0ajympnfyifjcif;/ Nidrf;csrf;jcif;? tpm;taomufaygrsm;jcif;? bmoma&; vspfvsLIjcif; awmifolv,form;
ukd rif;qJjcif;wnf;[laom t*Fgtaygif;ESihf wpfNydKifwnf; jynhfpkHygonf[k b,fwkdif;jynfu <um;EkdifMuygh
rnfvJ [lvnf; a&;xm;onfukd awGU&wkHao;\/
&ckdifjynfonf tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif;aMumif;? acwftm;avsmfpGm? csKdU,Gif;csuf,Sdonf[k qkd&apumrl?
&cdkifrif;wkdYrSm? "rowfusihfxkH;ESihftnD tkyfcsKyfMuaMumif;/ toufOD;qHykdifrif;rsm; jzpfMuaomfjim;vnf;?
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ toufESihfpnf;pdrfrsm;rSm vkHNcHKoifhoavmuf? vkHNcHKaMumif;/ &ckdifjynfe,fukd e,fi,f
wpfq,fhESpfe,fcGJNyD;vQif bk&ifcHwpfq,fhESpfyg;? xm;,Sd tkyfcsKyfawmfrlMuaMumif;rsm;ukdvnf; rSwfwrf;wif
xm;cJhayao;onf/
av;NrdKUpm; ivufkHonf aA'iftwwfukd wbufurf;cyf wwfajrmufaom ynm,Sdjzpf\/
avmifMuufpm;-iukovonf tif;tkdifrEef tvGefuRrf;usifoljzpf\/ wpfcgaomf- iukovonf
oD&o
d "k r&mZm\ rdz&k m;ewfoQirf ,fEiS hf cspBf uKd uNf y;D vQif rif;ukd y&d,m,fjziho
f wf xD;eef;ukd vk,o
l rd ;f yku
d f
&efBuH&G,fbd\/ ,if;odkYBuHNyD;aomf rif;ukd tif;tkdif,Mwmjzihf eHESdyfvsuf? qifjzLawmfa&mufygvdrfhrnf/
odkY odkYvkyfawmfrlyg[k avQmuf&m? rif;vnf; ,kHMunfojzihf? qkdwkdif;vkyfbd\/ ynm,Sd ivufkH;u?
iukov\ rawmfrw&m;jyKvkyfykHrsm;ukd wifavQmufNyD;vQif? aq;0g;-ya,m*rd toQifrif;BuD;ukd,fawmf
yif a&m*guyfa&mufaeNyD;jzpfaMumif;? twkdif;qkdvQif ckepfvaphaomtcg ewf&GmpH&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif;?
owday;avQmufxm;cJhaomfvnf;? rif;BuD;,kHawmf rrlav/ NrdKUwGif; jrdKUjyif Mwif;emvwfaomtcg(1)
rif;[&D arSmufrSm;? tvm;vm;? [&Dvnf;ao jynfvnf;aMu/
(2)
uRefESihfrwef? rif;jzpfBuHonf? trSefwefYwefY ckepfvwGif rif;jzpftHh/
(3)
zGwu
f rD;ausmif;jzpf? acsmif;ajrmif;rcHom/ uReo
f al umif;jzpf/ wkid ;f jynfrpnf&m-[lwzef? Mum;&jyef
\/
odkYESifh? ynm,Sd ivufkH;aemufxyf wifavQmufygao;\/ odkYaomfvnf;? rdzk&m;ewfoQifr,f\vSnhf
pm;rIaMumifh? iukovrSm &mxlk;rysuf? csrf;ompGmae&\/ ivufkH;vnf; ynmenf;aom rif;xHcpm;aeacs
aomf aemiftjypfBuD;pGm jzpf&monf[k rif;xHcGifhyef &[ef;jyKavawmh\/ rif;vnf; ckESpfvaphaomtcg
ewf&Gmvm;awmfrlavownf;/ avmif;Muufpm;onf avmuDynmjzihf rif;ukd eHESdyf eef;awmfxJ
(ipnf)ujyap\/ ynm,SdtrwfBuD;rsm; tvDvDowday;ygvsuf? r-wnf;[laom ewfoQifr,frdzk&m;\
vSnyfh wfzsm;a,mif;rIudk rvGeq
f efEidk jf cif;aMumif?h rysupf ;D wefbJ ysupf ;D &acsonf/ rif;Bu;D vGev
f Qif om;awmf
rif;pae eef;wufygaomfvnf; eef;oufr&Snf? &ufaygif; (20)twGif ewfoQifr,fvufcsufjzihf ewf&GmpHawmf
rl&Smav\/ &ckdif&mZ0if tjzpfbl;NrJ? tvGefqkd;0g;aom tjzpftysuf wpf&yfaywnf;/

&ckdif&mZ0if

40
tcPf; (6)

OD;atmifomOD;

(u) &ckdif&mZ0if tqkd;qkH;tcsdef

oD&dok"r&mZm\om;awmf rif;paeukd ewfoQifr,f\ya,m*jzihf tqdyfxnfowfvkdufNyD;vQif?
avmif;Muufpm; iukovonf e&ywdBuD;[laom bGJUtrnfjzihf ou&mZf (1000)jynhfwGif rif;jyKawmfrl
av\/ 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUwnf? rif;ygBuD;tp-rif;paeetqkH; ukd;qufaomrif;wkdYonf ESpfaygif; (107)ESpf
pkd;pHawmfrlcJhMuayonf/ e&ywdBuD; eef;wufawmfrlaomtcg? rdrdtouf tE&m,fukd pkd;&dfrfaomaMumihf?
rif;aqGrif;rsKd;? rSL;rwfaoemywd? ynm&Sdyk*dKvfrsm;ukd wdkif;oljynfom;wkdY rod&atmif? ntcsdefwkdif;vkdvkdyif?
brf;,lowfjzwfjcif;ukdjyKbd\/ BuD;pGmaom trSm;awmfykH wpf&yfaywnf;/ rl;aumif;rwf&m? aoemywd?
ynm,Sd &[ef;&Sifvltrsm;rSm? a0;&mt&yfokdY a&SmifMu-ykef;Muukef\/ taemufukvm;jynfokdY a&mufoGm;Mu
\/ ppfuGyfq&mawmfBuD;ESihf ivufkH;wkdYvnf; ajy;Mu&m? ivufkH;rSm rvGwfcJhacs/ odkYaomfvnf; rowfawmh
bJ? ynm0HobGJUjzihf cpm;ap\/
ynm0HobGJUcH ivufkH;rSm? aee euwf wm&mESihf aA'ifynmukd xl;cRefpGm wwfajrmufaom
ynm,Sdaywnf;/ if;\tem*wf &mZ0ifrsm;rSm? rSwfom;bG,faumif;vS\/ if;txJ (bm;jyKwfau&mZ
0if)vnf;tygt0if jzpfayonf/ ivuf;Hk ou&mZf (1005)ck uG,v
f eG t
f edpa &mufaomtcg? ynm,Srd sm;ukd
owfjzwfro
d nfrmS ? trSm;Bu;D rSm;avpG[k ,lusK;H r&? aomuBu;D pGm jzpf&av\/ e&ywdBu;D vnf; ivuf;Hk ae&m
jynfp;dk Bu;D ukd cefx
Y m;awmfral v\/ okaYd omfvnf; ivuf;Hk avmuf t&nftcsi;f r,Sad wmhacs/ &ckid w
f pfjynf
vk;H vnf; wkev
f yI af csmufcsm;avawmh\/ taMumif;ukd Mum;odawmfral om oD&o
d "k r&mZm\ tMunfawmf?
tif;0-omvGefrif;w&m;onf &ckdifjynfodkY &mZoHjzihf oHtrwfrsm;ukd apvTwfawmfrlav\/ &mZoHbk&m;yvifusonf [kwfwnf;avm/ / &mZyvifrSm acG;ao;jzef;onf[kwfwnf;avm/ Mu,frsm;a&
0,f usonf [ k w f w nf ; avm/ [l ygvwf \ / t"d y g ,f r S m &[ef ; oCF m awmf r sm; awmt&yf o k d Y
ESifxkwfjcif;onf bk&m;yvifusjcif;yifwnf;/ uReftrsKd;u rif;jzpfjcif;onf &mZmyvifrSm acG;ao;jzefjcif;
yifwnf;/ rif;om;rif;orD;? rSL;rwfrsm;ukd owfjzwfjcif; Mu,frsm;a&0,f usjcif;yifwnf;/
wGif oD&dok"r&mZm\om;awmftvwf (iwkH;cif) onf &ckdifjynf\ taemuftpGef-uHomNrdKU
NrdKUpm;tjzpfjzihf ,SdaecJh&m? e&ywdrif;jzpfaomtcg? xkdNrdKUrSmyif? jcm;em; tvkH;t&if;ESihf aeav\/
rif;aqGrif;rsKd;? rSL;BuD;rwf&m? aoemywd? ynm,Sdyk*dfKvfrsm;onf wpfpwpfp? iwkH;cifxHokdY 0ifa&mufMuav
\/ e&ywdBuD;onf ou&mZf (1007) ckESpf uG,fvGefawmfrl om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;onf owkd;rif;w&m;
bGUJ trnfjzihf qufcaH v\/ owk;d rif;w&m;vGeaf wmfrv
l Qi?f om;awmfpEo"k r&mZm/ xkrd if;vGev
f Qif om;awmf
OumAvonf ou&mZf (1036)ck OumAv oD&dok"r&mZmbGJUjzihf qufcHawmfrlav\/

(c) r|ruke;f abmifrif;quf? tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D \ EG,af wmfpOfEiS fh

&ckid &f mZ0iftqk/d
OumAvoD&dok"r&mZmonf eef;wufawmfrlaomESpfrSmyif? Ncdyfacsmif;t&yf NcdyfNrdKUukd wnfawmfrl
\/ xkdNrdKUrSmyif? r*FvmOD;apwDawmfESihf r*FvmOD;ausmif;awmfukd wnfaqmufukd;uG,fawmfrl\/ ajrmufOD;
NrdKUawmftwGif;,Sd? avmurmefatmif odrfawmfvnf;? yOif;wpfaxmifcH tvSLBuD;ay;awmfrljyef\/
ou&mZf(1037)ckoYdk a&mufaomtcg? Bu;D pGmaom rif;crf;rif;em;jzihf rdz&k m;? rSL;rwfu,
dk &f aH wmfrsm; Nc&H v
H suf
r[mrkedkyfyGm;awmfodkY tzl;tajrmfxGufpnfwD; eef;rSxGufawmfrlav\/
,if;uJhodkY pnfawmf&Trf; xGufcsDawmfrlvmaMumif;ukd Mum;od&aom e&wfpm;-aA'ifq&mBuD;onf
touft&G,ftkdrif;vSNyDjzpfojzihf? rif;rSLrxrf;EdkifawmhbJ tNidfrf;pm;ae&mrS? euwfwm&m? toGm;tvmukd

&ckdif&mZ0if

41

OD;atmifomOD;

wGupf pf tcsed x
f u
G af wmfrv
l Qi?f eef;awmfoYkd jyef0ifvrf; rjrifaomaMumih?f qifp;D qdyu
f rf;odx
Yk u
G af wmf
rlvmaom OumAvoD&dok"r&mZm a&SUawmfrS&yfvsuf? jyefvrf;rjrif? ,cktcsdefxGufawmfrrloifhaMumif;?
rif;ESit
hf usK;d awmftwGuf xGuaf wmfr&l mrSm? tr*Fvmpum;? avQmufxm;&moavm[k trsuaf wmf ,SNy;D vQi?f
e&wfpm;ukd axmifxJrSmcsKyf? jyefawmfrlrS? igudk,fawmfwkdif pD&ifawmfrlrnf[k? auma"mtwHeZmemwd[laom pum;twkdif;? tusKd;-tjypfukd rqifjcif/ ynm,Sdpum;ukd em;r0ifbJ? xGufNrJxGufawmfrlcJhav
ownf;/
r[mrkedbk&m;ukd zl;ajrmfuefawmhNyD;vQif? NrdKUawmfokdY ab;rxd? &efrcbJ jyef<uawmf rlvmvwf\/
acsmacsmrGwfrGwf? NrdKUawmfqdyfurf;odkY uyfa&mufNyD;aom rif;jrwfonf e&wfpm;a[mxm;csufukd rav;pm;
awmhacs/ e&wfpm;uvnf;? axmifwGif;rSaevsuf? qdyfurf;odkY uyfrdNyD rSef\/ eef;awmfodkY r0ifao;bJ?
Ncdyfacsmif;bk&m; rNyD;rjywf ,Sdaeonfukd? ukd,fawmfwkdif uGyfuJpDrHwnfxm;vkdaom qEay:aygufvmjcif;
aMumifh Ncdyfacsmif;okdY xkdqdyfurf;rSyif xGufcGmvmav\/ eef;awmfodkY r0ifjzpfcJhay/
Ncyd af csmif;bk&m;okYd a&mufaomtcg? rSL;awmfrwfawmf? uk,
d &f aH wmfrsm;ukyd if? ,m,DweJ ef;aqmufvyk f
&ef? opf0g;ckwfckdif;av\/ pifppfrSm tvkyfonf rSL;rwfukd,f&HawmfwkdY\ tvkyfr[kwfay/ if;wkdYrSm
a&S;rqGuyif? ykeu
f efcsio
f rl sm;jzpfMubdojzih?f awmxJwkid yf if nDw
G Mf uNy;D vQi?f 0g;cRerf sm; tqifq
h ifjh yKvyk f
um? rif;tm; 0kdif;0ef;xkd;owfMuav\/ rif;BuD;vnf; vufpGJawmfoHvsufESihf wukd,fawmfwnf; wGef;vSef
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&ckdif&mZ0if

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&ckdif&mZ0if

47

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&ckdif&mZ0if

49

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&ckdif&mZ0if

50

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

51
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&ckdif&mZ0if

52

OD;atmifomOD;

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d af vsm tkycf sKyEf ikd af om t&nftcsi;f nHzh si;f jcif;? &[ef;ynm,S?d vlynm,Srd sm;rSm
qlylaomif;Murf;rIukd &GH&SmpufqkwfMuojzihf qdwfNidrf&m w&m;ESifh aysmfarGUum aeMujcif;ESihf tcsKdUukdvnf;?
ta&SUodkYajymif;a&TUaexkdifapjcif;rsm;aMumifh? w&m;rQwpGmESihf? wkdif;a&;jkynfa&;ukd pDrHcGJcxefY&ef tBuHOmPf
ay;rnfhyk*dKvfrsm;rS qdwfokrf;jcif;/ &ckdifjynfoljynfom;rsm;\ pdwf"mwfysufjym;NyD;vQif wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;
,kMH unfru
I if;rJv
h su?f pnf;k;H rIr&So
d avmuf jzpfvmjcif;/ taMumif;rsm;aMumihyf if? zkzd &JNyKd uv
JG suf ,Sad ecJh
aMumif; awGU&ayonf/

(c) bBu;D awmfb&k m;vufatmuf- &ckid jf ynf/

ou&mZf (1181)ckwiG f bk;d awmfb&k m;\ajr;awmf? ppfuidk ;f rif; (okrYd [kw)f bBu;D awmfb&k m;eef;wuf
awmf rlav\/ rif;vufxuf &ckdifjynfwGif qlylaomif;Murf;rIrsm; &mZ0ifwifavmufatmif r&Sd[kqkdap
umrl? &ckdifjynf\ taemufbuf e,fpyfjyemaMumihf? t*FvdyfwkdYESihf qufvuf roifhrwifh jzpfcJh&ay
onf/ taMumif;ESihf ywfouf? c&Zfou&mZf (1923)ck xkwfa0cJhaom jrefrmjynf okawoe*sme,f?
pmapmif(13) uG,fvGefol OD;pHa&Tyk atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;cJhaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
*Mr. C.R. Cartwaright was the Acting Controller of chittagong. one Mr. Linguist attached
to some small force landed on the island of Shapuri and without authority removed the Burmese Flag. He was severely censured for this. it was early in 1824.
Ill feeling between the two peoples being really due to the boundary dispute, Robertson
on the 8th. january, 1824, sends a letter to the Burmese Governor of Srakan to appoint some
one to meet him to adjust the boundary. The dispute arose out of the arrest of tow Englishmen
who were found anchoring near the island. the Raja's letter being unfavourable, war is expected
and Robertson takes precautions. He finds Arakanese co-operation indispensible. He praises
their patriotism and their regard for their ancestors."

pD? tm&f? uwku

d o
f nf xkpd Ofu? ppfwaumif;NrKd Uukd wm0ef,
l tkycf sKyaf e&oljzpf\/ vdi*f g(pf)qko
d l
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wpfOD;onf ppfwyfi,fwpfwyfESihf? &Smyl&d (&SifrjzL)uRef;ay:okdY wufa&mufNyD;vQif? rnfolYxHrQ
tcGifhtmPmr&bJ? jrefrmhtvHukd EIwfy,fvkduf\/ odkYaomf ,if;uJhodkY jyKrlrItwGuf? if;tm;BuD;pGmaom
tjypfukd ay;vkdufayonf/ tcsdefonf ou&mZf (1824)ckESpfjzpf\/

&ckdif&mZ0if

53

OD;atmifomOD;

jrefrmESihf t*FvdyfwkdY tcsif;csif;? roifhrwifhjzpfMu&jcif;rSm? e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;yif jzpfojzihf

kdbwfqifonf c&Zfou&mZf(1824)ck? ZE0g&Dv(8)&ufaeY &ckdifjynfukd tkyfcsKyfvsuf,Sdaom jrefrmbk&ifcH
xHokdY? if;ESifhawGUqkH e,fpyfudpukd &Sif;vif;owfrSwf&ef wpfOD;OD;ukd apvTwfygrnfhtaMumif;? pma&;om;
ay;ykcYd \
hJ / wzef &Sirf jzLuRe;f teD; ausmufpaJG eaom oabFmrS? t*Fvyd Ef pS Of ;D ukd jrefrmwku
Yd brf;qD;Muojzih?f
tIyftaxG; tjiif;tckHay:aygufvmcJhjyef\/ taMumif;ESifh ywfouf t*FvdyfwkdYu wkdifMum;Muygaomf
vnf;? jrefrmbk&ifcH\pmrSm? aMueyfbG,fr,Sdojzifh? ppfrufjzpfyGm;&csdrfhrnf[k? kdbwfqifu owdxm;rd\/
tu,f ppfrufjzpfyGm;cJhaomf? &ckdifwkdY\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrSm rygvQifrNyD;aMumif; awGU&\/ if;rSm
&ckdifwkdYonf rsKd;cspfpdwf,Sdolrsm; jzpfMuaMumif;? rsKd;kd;ukd apmihfpnf;? av;pm;wwfolrsm;jzpfaMumif;ukd awGU&Sd
csD;rGrf;cJhayonf[l a&;xm;\/
ppfwaumif;ESihf &ckdifjynf\e,fjcm;jzpfaom ewfjrpf\ta&SUbufurf; jrefrmwkdYu wyfpGJ?
taemufbufurf; t*FvdyfwkdYu wyfpGJvsuf tckdiftvkH,SdaeMuav\/ ,if;uJhodkY ,SdaeMupOftwGif;rSmyif
t*Fvyd w
f o
Ydk nf &Sirf jzLuRe;f ukd ou&mZf (1184)ckwiG f odr;f ,l ppfwyftapmiht
f ae xm;cJMh u\/ ,if;uJo
h Ykd
usL;ausmv
f maom t*Fvyd pf pfwyftm; jrefrmppfwyfwu
Ydk ou&mZf (1185)ckwiG f wku
d zf su
f &Sirf jzLuRe;f ukd
jyefvnford ;f yku
d Mf uav\/ t*Fvyd w
f v
Ydk nf; ppfwaumif;ESifh yif;0g (&mrl) NrKd U,Sd t*Fvyd pf pfwyfudk 0ifa&muf
wkdufckduf&m? t*FvdyfwkdY ta&;edrfhMuav\/ tu,f AEKvppfolBuD;onf a&SUodkYqufvuf csDwufwkdufckduf
oGm;rnfqkdvQif? t*FvdyfwkdYrSm rsm;pGmtcuftcJESifh BuHKMu&ayrnf/ odkYygvsuf? a&SUokdYcsDrwufjcif;ukd t*Fvdyf
wkdY em;rvnfEkdifatmif jzpfMu\/ pifppfrSm AEKvppfolBuD;onf t*FvdyfwkdY\ tBuHtpnfukd od&Sdjcif;aMumifh?
[Hom0wDESihf &efukefukd pdwfrcsaomaMumihfom jzpfayonf/ t*FvdyfwkdYrSm? tmoHrPdyl&e,fbufrS ppf
aMumif;wpfaMumif;/ &ckdifjynfbufrS ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif;/ yifv,fc&D;jzihf/ [Hom0wD &efukefbufrS
ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif; odkYtm;jzihf ppfaMumif;okH;aMumif; jzefYcsDwkdufcdkufMuojzifh AEKvppfolBuD;\ pdwfrcs
jcif;ukdvnf;? rSm;onf[k rqkdEdkifay/
*sife&,fqmtmcsdaAmvfurvf (General Sir Archibald Cambel)onf a&aMumif;csDwufum?
rmefatmifuRef;(csD'lAm)/ armfwifuRef;ESihf [kdif;BuD;uRef;rsm;ukd odrf;ykdufNyD;vQif? c&pfou&mZf (1824)ck?
arv(10)&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUukd odrf;ykduf a&Twd*kPfbk&m;ukef;awmfukd tajcjyKum? tckdiftvkHwyfpGJae
Muav\/ t*Fvyd pf pfAv
dk f kb
d wfqifonf ppfwaumif;rSae &ckid jf ynfoYdk 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk &f m? jrefrmwkrYd mS ?
[Hom0wD &efukefbuf ta&;BuD;aewpfaMumif;/ &ckdifwkdY\tultnDukd &&SdwpfaMumif;/ taMumif;
ESpf&yfaMumihf/ t*FvdyfwkdYonf &ckdifjynfNrdKUawmfjzpfaom ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfukd tvG,fwulESihf ou&mZf
(1186)ck? wef;cl;vqef;(14)&uf? aomMumaeY odrf;ykdufvkdufMuavonf/ ou&mZf(1187)ck? uqkefvqef;
(6)&uf? aomMumaeYwGif &rf;NAJ(&rm0wD)/ ou&mZf(1187)ck? uqkefvqkwf(5)&uf? aomMumaeYwGif
rmefatmif(arC0wD)ou&mZf(1187) e,kefvef;(4)&uf? aomMumaeYwGif oHwGJ('Gm&m0wD)NrdKUrsm;ukd
toD;oD; odrf;ykdufvkdufojzihf ou&mZf(1187)ck? e,kefvqef;(4)&uf? aomMumaeYrSm? "n0wD/ &rm0wD/
arC0wD/ 'Gg&m0wD-[k qkt
d yfaom 0wDav;&yf\ pnf;vk;H nDw
G &f m? &umyl&? &ckid jf ynfBu;D onf? tNy;D owf
t*FvdyfvufatmufodkY a&mufcJh&avownf;/
rS w f c suf /
/"n0wD? &rm0wD? arC0wD? 'Gg&m0wD? 0wDav;&yfuk t*Fvdyfodrf;ykdufaomaeY&ufrSm
aomMumaeYcsnf; jzpfaeonfukd owdjyKMuapvkdygonf/

(*) t*Fvyd v
f ufatmuf-&ckid jf ynf/
t*Fvyd w
f o
Ydk nf wpfpwpfp csw
D uf jrefrmrif;wkYd xD;jzLjzefrY ;dk ? pk;d pHawmfr&l m? tif;0aejynfawmfEiS rfh idk af jcmuf
q,frQomuGma0;aom &EykdNydKxd? odrf;ykdufrdaomtcg jrefrmou&mZf (1187)ck? waygif;vjynhfaeY
c&pfou&mZf(1826)ck? azazmf0g&Dv(24)&ufaeYn t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfajyNidrf;aMumif;? &EykdpmcsKyfukd csKyfqkd
Muav\/

&ckdif&mZ0if

54

OD;atmifomOD;

xkdpmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;rSm(1)
t*FvdyfESihfjrefrmwkdYonf ppfajyNidrf;? tcsif;csif;? r[mrdwftjzpf? todtrSwfjyKMu&rnf/
(2)
tmoef? rPdyl&ESihf ucsme,frsm;ukd jrefrmwkdYu taESmuft,Suf rjyK&/
(3)
0wDav;&yf tygt0if? &ckdifjynfukd kd;r-zkd;acgifawmifwef;? armfwifpGef;? [kdif;BuD;uRef;xd? e,fjcm;
owfrSwf? t*FvdyfwkdYu tkyfpkd;&rnf/
(4)
weoFm&De,fudk oHviG jf rpfjzihf ykid ;f jcm;um? awmifbuf&dS uRe;f pkrsm;ESiw
hf uG t*Fvyd v
f ufoYdk ay;tyf&
rnf/
(5)
ppfp&dwfavsmfaMu;tjzpfjzihf? jrefrmu t*FvdyfokdY tdEd,lyDaiG wpfuka#ay;qyf&rnf/
(6)
t*Fvdyfe,fajrbufodkYjzpfap? jrefrme,fajrbufodkY jzpfap/ wbufbufodkY 0ifa&mufckdfvIHolrsm;
tm;? &mZ0wfrif;'Pf taESmuft,Suf r,Sdap&/
(7)
t*Fvdyfu cefYxm;aom t&m&Sdwpfa,mufukd ta>ct&H(50)ESihf jrefrmrif;\NrdKUawmf? jrefrmrif;u
cefYxm;aom t&m&Sdwpfa,mufukd ta>ct&H(50)ESihf t*Fvdyfrif;\ odrf;ykdufxm;aomNrdKUawmf/
toD;oD;xm;&Sdap ESpfEdkifiH\tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfapjcif;iSm? vGwfvyfpGm a&Tvrf; aiGvrf;zGifh
tcsif;csif;azmufum; a&mif;0,f-xGuf0ifoGm;vmcGifh jyK&rnf/
(8)
t*Fvdyfe,fajr? jrefrme,fajrrsm;? toD;oD;&SdaeMuolwkdYrSm? a&S;a<u;a[mif;? NrDa[mif; t&Suf
twif&SdcJhMuvQif? ajyukefatmif ay;qyfap&rnf/ ppfjzpfyGm;onfukd taMumif;jyK rnfolYOpmukdrQ
odrf;,ljcif; rjyKap&/ wbufuvl wpfbufrSm ao tarGpm; tarGcH r&SdcJhvQif xkdOpmukd
tykd'f(7)yg? t&m&SdxHokdY ay;tyf&rnf/
(9)
t*Fvyd o
f abFm? jrefrmoabFmrsm;onf wpfbufrw
S pfbufoYkd taESmuft,Suf r&Sad pbJ oGm;vmcGihf
&Sdap&rnf/
(10) ,k d ; ',m;onf t*F v d y f w k d Y \ r[mrd w f j zpf o nf t m;avsmf p G m ? pmcsKyf y g-ouf q k d i f a om
tcsuftvufrsm; ,kd;',m;vnf; tusKH;0ifonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/
(11) pmcsKyf jrefrmrif;\ ukd,fpm;vS,foHwrefwkdYu vufrSwfwHqdyf cyfESdyf? jrefrmwkdYu brf;qD;xm;
aom ukvm;jzL? ukvm;eufrsm;ukd? t*FvdyfoHtrwfvufokdY vTJtyf&rnf/
(12) jrefrmwkdY vufrSwfwHqdyfcyfESdyfxm;aom pmcsKyfukd t*FvdyfwkdYu xkdvtwGif;rSmyif vufrSwfwHqdyf
cyfESdyf? jrefrmwkdYvufokdY jyeftyfvsuf? t*FvdyfwkdYbrf;qD;xm;aom jrefrmwkdYtm; jrefrmrif;odkY
jyeftyf&rnf/
(13) ppfavsmfaMu;aiGukd vG,fulapjcif;iSg? y|rt&pfukd csufjcif;ay; useft&pfrsm;ukd (2)ESpftwGif;
ay;qyf&rnf/ [ljzpfayonf/
,if;uJhodkYaom &EykdpmcsKyfukd csKyfqkdMuNyD;aemuf? t*FvdyfwkdYonf &ckdifjynf/ weoFm&De,frsm;ukd
odrf;ykduftkyfpkd; avMuawmhownf;/ ,if;uJhokdY odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfcJhpOfu? a&SUtdEd,ukrPDrS odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyf
jcif;rQom jzpfaomfvnf;? EkdifiHa&;udp us,fjyefvmjcif;aMumihf? t*Fvefjynf-0dwdk&d,bk&ifrvufxuf?
c&pfou&mZf (1858)ck/ jrefrmou&mZf (1220)jynfhwGif t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufodkY ukrPDrSwqifh vTJtyfvkduf
awmh\/
&ckid jf ynfonf xD;usK;d -pDayguf jzpfvmcJo
h nfrmS bk;d awmfb&k m;vufxuf jrefrmou&mZf (1146)ckr?S
bBuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf jrefrmou&mZf (1187)ckxd? ESpfaygif;(40)ESpf? t*FvdyfwkdY\vufatmufodkY
oufa&mufcJh&aom jrefrmou&mZf (1187)ckrS jrefrmou&mZf(1309)ckxd ESpfaygif;(122)ESpf/ ESpf&yfaygif;
(163)ES p f M umjrif h c J h a vonf / vl w pf r sKd ; onf vl w pf r sKd ; uk d zd E S d y f c sKyf c s,f j cif ; rS m "r w mobm0ES i h f
wkdufkdufqefYusifjcif;aMumifh? ,if;uJhodkY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;onf t"GefY&SnfpGm? wnfNrJEkdifonf[l rnfonfh
&mZ0iforkdif;rSmvnf; r&Sdao;ay/ ,ckvnf;r&Sd/ aemifukdvnf; &SdEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/

&ckdif&mZ0if

55

OD;atmifomOD;

,if;uJo
h Ykd obm0ESiw
hf u
dk f u
dk q
f efMY uifaom zdEd ydS cf sKycf s,rf rI sm;? urmtESt
YH jym; &Sad ecJjh cif;aMumifyh if
vnf;? ppfyGJBuD;rsm;? ae&mwumrSm rMumcPjzpfyGm;cJhMu&ayonf/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI? raMueyfrI? usL;ausmf
apmfum;rIpaom y#dyursm;ukd ppfjzihaf jz&Si;f Edik o
f nf[
l vnf; r&Scd ahJ y/ tiftm;ukd rwGev
f eS Ef idk
f tI;H ay;
vkudfapumrl tiftm;jyefvnf awmifhwif;vmaomtcgrSm? jyefawmfvSefjickf;amumihf ppfyGJukd ppfyGJjzihf
tqkH;owfvmcJh&onfrsm ,aeYwkdifatmifyif jzpfawmh\/
pifppfrmS urmol? urmom;wko
Yd nf a&S;acwf&mZ0ifq&mBu;D rsm;u rnfow
l jYdk zpfonf/ rnfoaYdk yguf
yGm;vmMuonf[l t,ltqrnfokdY uGJvGJMuapumrl? tm;vkH;ukd owKcsMunhfvkdufvQif? wpfrsKd;wnf;wpfaoG;wnf;yif jzpfayonf/ aexkdif&mt&yf\ a&-ajr/ &moDOwk? ywf0ef;usiftajctae ponfrsm;
aMumihf? pdwfa&m-ukd,fyg? ykHoPmeftoGiftjyif rnfodkYuGJjym;Muapumrl t&if;ukdppfvQif? tjrpfajru
qkdaom pum;twkdif; tm;vkH;wpfaoG;wnf;? wom;wnf;yif jzpfMuojzihf? vlrsKd;wpfrsKdu vlwpfrsKd;ukd?
tjrifwpfrsKd;ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;onfvnf;? trSm;oufoufom jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh t*Fvdyfvufatmuf ESpfaygif;(12)ESpfwkdifwkdif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;ukd cHcJh&vmaom &ckdif
wkdYonfvnf;? tuGufaumif;onf wpfNydKifeuf? awmfvSefvkdaom pdwfwzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;rSm?
"rwmobm0rQom jzpfayonf/ ,if;uJhodkY rsKd;cspfpdwfay:aygufvmatmif vIHYaqmfay;cJhaom urmhtmZm
enf OD;Owr toQifoljrwfrSm &ckdifrsm;tbkdYomr[kwf/ jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvkH;\ aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfayonf/ xkdyk*dKvf
aMumihfyifvnf; trsKd;om;pdwf"mwf wuf<uvmNyD;vQif jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvkH;? wcgrS rBuHpzl;? xl;uJpGm armfuGef;
wif&atmif? vlrsK;d ra&G;? bmomra&G;? wpfEikd if v
H ;Hk tk<H uaom pnf;k;H nDw
G rf I tiftm;Bu;D wpfck ay:aygufvm
cJhayonf/ xkdtiftm;pkukd rsKd;aphay; ysKd;axmifcJhaom OD;OwrrStp? vGwfvyfa&;atmifyef;ukd qGwfvSrf;
cJah om Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tqk;H tmZmenfy*k Kd vrf sm;\ rm;rm;rwfrwf? OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrEI iS hf vlxw
k pf&yfv;Hk ?
nDGwfrItiftm;pkaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;onf jrefrmou&mZf (1309)ck? jymokdvjynhfausmf (9)&uf
c&pfou&mZf (1948)ck? ZE0g&Dv (4)&uf? we*FaEGaeY eHeuf(4)em&D rdepf(20)wGif vGwfvyfaom tcsKyf
tcsmtmPmykdif EkdifiHawmfBuD;tjzpfokdY a&mufcJh&ayonf/
-vlrsK;d ra&G;? bmomra&G;? wkid ;f &if;om;rSeo
f rQ? pdw0f rf;wlrQpmG ESi?fh pnf;vk;H nDw
G rf ?I orm"d&
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a&SUaemufajrmfjrifaom tmZmenfyk*dKvfrsm;\ wnfhrwfaom acgif;aqmifrIrsm;onf wkdif;jynftwGuf
rnfa&GUrnfrQ wefbkd;&SdaMumif;? txl;ajymae&ef rvkdawmhacs/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ vGwfvyfa&;ckdifNrJwnfwefY
rI? vlrsKd;ra&G;-bmomra&G; wkdif;&if;om;rSeforQ? tbufbuf wkd;wufrI? urmolurmomwkdYESihf wlrQaom
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D ae
ESihfaomfvnf;aumif;? yl;aygif;aomfvnf;aumif;? tywfwukyf? BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnfh wm0efjzpf\/
y#dyuukd y#dyujzihfom ajz&Sif;vmcJhMuaomaMumihf? urm tESHYtjym;? ppfrufjzpfyGm;vmcJhMuayNyD/ wefbkd;
rjzwfEdkifaom urmol urmom;rsm;\ ra&wGufEkdifaom toufrsm;vnf; qkH;IH;cJhMu&ayNyD/ avmu"mwf
ynm xGef;um;rIaMumihf? tEkjrLacwfodkY a&muf&Sdaeaom tcsdefrSm tu,f y#dyuenf;jzihf? odkYr[kwf
ppfukdppfjzifhom ajz&Sif;&OD;rnfqkdvQif? wurmvkH; qdwfokrf;&rnfrSm? rvGJawmhacs/
pEo&l ,
d rif;? pE&m;rif;tp,Sad om a&S;rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwo
Ydk nf w&m;apmifMh uuke\
f / xkaYd Mumihf
jynfoljynfom;wkdYvnf;? w&m;apmihfMu\/ xkdYaMumihf &moDOwkaumif;\/ xkdYaMumifh tpma&pmaygfrsm;\/
xkaYd Mumifh jynfojl ynfom;wkrYd mS a&csr;f tk;d Bu;D ukd yku
d b
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d pf w
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awmf xGef;um;\/ wkdif;jynf0ajym pnfyif\/ ,cktcsdefrSmvnf;? twkdif; w&m;apmihfMuonf&Sdaomf?
wpfjynf wpfEkdifiHrSmomr[kwf? wpfurmvkH; Nidrf;csrf;a&;wpfbufurf;odkY wufvSrf;EdkifMurnf jzpfayonf/
urmol urmom;rsm; ukd,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omMuygapownf;/

&ckdif&mZ0if

56

OD;atmifomOD;

tcPf; (9)
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&ckdif&mZ0if

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&ckdif&mZ0if

58

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

59

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

60

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

61

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

62

OD;atmifomOD;

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&ckdif&mZ0if

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OD;atmifomOD;