Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

THP GII NHIT

1. GII THIU ...................................................................................................1
U

2. CC LOI THP GII NHIT ..................................................................4 3. NH GI THP GII NHIT ..................................................................8 4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU.....................10 5, DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP.....................................................15 6, CC BNG TNH ........................................................................................16 7, TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................18 1. GII THIU
Phn ny s gii thiu tm tt nhng c im ca thp gii nhit.

1.1 Thp gii nhit l g?

Nc lm mt c s dng cho, v d nh, thit b iu ho khng kh, cc qu trnh sn xut hoc pht in. Thp gii nhit l mt thit b c s dng gim nhit ca dng nc bng cch trch nhit t nc v thi ra kh quyn. Thp gii nhit tn dng s bay hi nh nc c bay hi vo khng kh v thi ra kh quyn. Kt qu l, phn nc cn li c lm mt ng k (hnh 1). Thp gii nhit c th lm gim nhit ca nc thp hn so vi cc thit b ch s dng khng kh loi b nhit, nh l b tn nhit ca t, v do s dng thp gii nhit mang li hiu qu cao hn v mt nng lng v chi ph.

Hnh 1. Gin ca mt h thng nc lm mt (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2001)

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

1.2 Cc b phn ca thp gii nhit

Cc b phn chnh ca mt thp gii nhit bao gm mt khung v thn thp, khi m, b nc lnh, tm chn nc, b phn kh vo, ca khng kh vo, vi v qut. Nhng b phn ny c miu t di y. 1 Khung v thn thp. Phn ln cc thp c khung kt cu gip h tr cho phn thn bao bn ngoi (thn thp), ng c, qut v cc b phn khc. cc thit k nh hn, nh cc thit b lm bng si thu tinh, thn thp c th l khung lun. Khi m. Hu ht cc thp u c khi m (lm bng nha hoc g) h tr trao i nhit nh ti a ho tip xc gia nc v khng kh. C hai loi khi m: Khi m dng phun: nc ri trn cc thanh chn nm ngang v lin tip bn to thnh nhng git nh hn, ng thi lm t b mt khi m. Khi m dng phun bng nha gip tng trao i nhit tt hn so vi khi m bng g. Khi m mng: bao gm cc tm mng nha mng t st nhau, nc s ri trn , to ra mt lp mng mng tip xc vi khng kh. B mt ny c th phng, nhn, r t ong hoc cc loi khc. Loi mng ca khi m ny hiu qu hn v to ra mc trao i nhit tng t vi lu lng nh hn so vi khi m dng phun. B cha nc lnh. B nc lnh c t gn hoc ngay ti y thp, b nhn nc mt chy xung qua khi m trong thp. B thng c mt b phn thu nc hoc mt im trng ni x nc lnh. Vi rt nhiu thit k thp, b nc lnh c t ngay di khi m. Tuy nhin, cc thit k i lu ngc dng, nc y khi m c ni vi mt vnh ai ng vai tr nh b nc lnh. Qut ht c lp di khi m ht kh t di ln. Vi thit k ny, thp c lp thm chn, gip d lp qut v ng c . Tm chn nc. Thit b ny thu nhng git nc kt trong dng khng kh, nu khng chng s b mt vo kh quyn. B phn kh vo. y l b phn ly kh vo thp. B phn ny c th chim ton b mt pha ca thp (thit k dng chy ngang) hoc t pha di mt pha hoc di y thp (thit k dng ngc). Ca khng kh vo. Thng thng, cc thp dng ngang c ca ly kh vo. Mc ch ca cc ca ny l cn bng lu lng kh vo khi m v gi li nc trong thp. Rt nhiu thit k thp ngc dng khng cn ca ly kh. Vi phun. Vi phun nc lm t khi m. Phn phi nc ng u phn trn ca khi m l cn thit t c t thch hp ca b mt khi m. Vi c th c c nh hoc phun theo hnh vung hoc trn, hoc vi c th l mt b phn ca dy chuyn quay nh thng gp mt s thp giin nhit i lu ngang. Qut. C qut hng trc (qut y) v qut ly tm u c s dng trong thp. Thng thng qut y c s dng trong thng gi v c qut ly tm v qut y u c s dng thng gi cng bc trong thp. Ty theo kch thc, c th s dng qut y c

Phn 1.2 c ly t phn Thp gii nhit. Trong: S dng nng lng hiu qu cc thi b s dng in. Chng 7, trang 135 - 151. 2004, vi s ng ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, B in lc, n

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit nh hay nghing cnh bin i. Qut vi cnh nghing iu chnh khng t ng c s dng trong di kW rng v qut c th c iu chnh lun chuyn lu lng kh mong mun mc tiu th nng lng thp nht. Cnh nghing bin i t ng c th thay odi lu lng kh theo iu kin ti thay i.

1.3 Vt liu ca thp

Ban u, thp gii nhit c lm bng g, bao gm khung, thn thp, ca khng kh vo, khi m v b nc lnh. i khi b nc lnh c xy bng b tng. Ngy nay, cc nh sn xut s dng rt nhiu vt liu khc nhau xy thp gii nhit. Cc vt liu c la chn tng kh nng chng n mn, gim bo tr v tng tin cy cng nh tui th s dng. Thp m km, cc loi thp khng r, bng thu tinh v b tng l nhng vt liu c s dng rng ri trong xy dng thp gii nhit cng vi nhm v nha c dng to ra mt s b phn. 2 Khung v thn thp. Hin nay vn cn c thp bng g, tuy nhin hu ht cc b phn ca thp c lm t nhng vt liu khc, nh thn bao quanh khung g l lm bng si thu tinh, cc ca ly kh vo lm bng si thu tinh, khi m bng nha v b nc lnh bng thp. Rt nhiu thp (thn v b) c lm bng thp m km hoc, vi nhng ni b n mn khng kh, thp v/hoc thn thp c lm bng thp khng r. i khi, nhng thp ln hn c lm bng b tng. Si thu tinh cng c s dng rng ri lm thn thp v b nc, v chng gip kp di tui th ca thp lm mt v gip chng li cc ho cht c hi. Khi m. Cc khi m c lm ch yu t nha, bao gm PVC, polypropylene, v cc hp cht polyme khc. Khi iu kin nc cn s dng khi m dng phun, khi m bng g qua x l vn c s dng cc thp gii nhit bng g v nhng khi m bng nha cng c s dng rng ri. V c hiu sut truyn nhit cao hn nhiu, khi m mng c la chn cho cc ng dng khi nc lu thng khng b cha cc tp cht c th lm tc nghn phn lu thng ca khi m. Vi phun. Vi c lm ch yu bng nha. Rt nhiu vi c lm t PVC, ABS, polypropylene, v nylon-thu tinh Qut. Nhm, si thu tinh v thp m km nhng nng l nhng vt liu chnh ca qut. Qut ly tm thng c lm thp m km. Qut y ddwowcj lm t thp m km, nhm, si thu tinh c gia c bng nha.

Phn 1.3 c ly t phn Thp gii nhit. Trong: S dng nng lng hiu qu cc thi b s dng in. Chng 7, trang 135 - 151. 2004, vi s ng ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, B in lc, n

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

2. CC LOI THP GII NHIT

Phn ny ni v cc loi thp gii nhit: thp gii nhit i lu t nhin v thp gii nhit i lu c hc.

2.1 Thp gii nhit i lu t nhin

Thp gii nhit i lu t nhin hay cn gi l thp gii nhit hypebol s dng s chnh lch nhit gia khng kh mi trng xung quanh v khng kh nng hn trong thp. Khi khng kh nng chuyn dch ln pha trn trong thp (do khng kh nng tng), khng kh mt mi i vo thp qua b phn kh vo y thp. Khng cn s dng qut v khng c s lun chuyn ca khng kh nng c th gy nh hng n hiu sut nh s b tr ca thp. V thp ch yu lm bng b tng, cao khong 200 m. Nhng thp gii nhit ny thng ch dng cho nhu cu nhit ln v kt cu bng b tng ln t tin.

Hnh 2. Thp gii nhit i lu t nhin dng ngang

Hnh 3. Thp gii nhit i lu dng ngc

(Gulf Coast Chemical Commercial Inc, 1995)

C hai loi thp gii nhit i lu t nhin chnh: Thp dng ngang (Hnh 2): khng kh c ht dc theo nc ang ri v khi m t bn ngoi thp Thp ngc dng(Hnh 3): khng kh c ht qua nc ang ri v khi m c t trong thp, d thit k ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th

2.2 Thp gii nhit i lu c hc

Thp gii nhit i lu c hc c cc qut ln ht kh cng bc trong nc lu thng. Nc chy xung di trn b mt cc khi m, lm tng thi gian tip xc gia nc v khng kh-gip ti a ho qu trnh truyn nhit gia nc v khng kh. T l gii nhit ca thp i lu c hc ph thuc vo rt nhiu thng s khc nhau nh ng knh qut v tc hot ng, khi m tr lc ca h thng.
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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit Thp i lu c hc hin nay sn c vi di cng sut rt rng. Thp c th c xy ti nh my hoc cnh ng v d nh cc thp bng b tng ch c xy cnh ng Rt nhiu thp c xy dng theo cch c th hot ng cng nhau t c cng sut mong mun. V vy rt nhiu thp gii nhit c ni vi nhau gm t hai thp ring l tr ln, gi l S lng , v.d thp gm 8 l ch loi thp ny. Cc thp nhiu c th theo hng, vung hoc trn ph thuc vo hnh dng ca v tu theo phn ly kh vo c t bn cnh hay y ca . C ba loi thp i lu c hc nh tm tt trong bng 1. Bng 1. Nhng c im chnh hoc cc loi thp gii nhit khc nhau (theo AIRAH)
Loi thp gii nhit Thp gii nhit i lu cng bc (Hnh 4): Khng kh c ht vo thp nh mt qut t phn kh vo u im Thch hp vi tr lc kh cao nh qut thi ly tm Cc qut tng i khng n Lu thng km hn thp i lu cng bc v tc kh ra cao hn kh vo t 3-4 ln Nhc im Lu thng nh vn tc kh vo cao v vn tc kh ra thp, c th gii quyt bng cch t cc thp trong bung ca dy chuyn cng vi cc ng thi Qut v b iu khin ca ng c cn chng c cc iu kin ca thi tit, m v n mn v chng t trong ng kh m ra

Thp gii nhit thng kh dng ngang (Hnh 5): Nc i vo trn v i qua cc khi m Khng kh i vo t mt pha (thp mt dng) hoc t cc pha i din nhau (thp hai dng) Mt qut ht ly kh vo qua khi m i ln li ra pha trn cng ca thp Thp gii nhit thng kh ngc dng(Hnh 6): Nc nng i vo phn trn Khng kh i vo phn y v ra phn trn S dng qut ht v qut y

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

Hnh 4. Thp gii nhit i lu cng bc (THAM KHO)

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

Hnh 5. Thp gii nhit i lu ngc dng

Hnh 6. Thp gii nhit i lu dng ngang (GEO4VA)

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

3. NH GI THP GII NHIT

Phn ny nu cch thc nh gi hiu sut ca thp gii nhit. 3 (KHNG NH NGUN THAM KHO) Hiu sut ca thp gii nhit c nh gi nh gi mc hin ti ca chnh lch nhit 2 v chnh lch nhit 1 so vi cc gi tr thit k, xc nh cc khu vc b lng ph nng lng v xut gii php ci thin. Trong qu trnh nh gi hiu sut, cc thit b o c cm tay c s dng o cc thng s sau: Nhit bu t Nhit bu kh Nhit nc vo ca thp gii nhit Nhit nc ra ca thp gii nhit Nhit kh thi Cc thng s in ca ng c bm v qut Tc dng nc Tc dng kh Nhit nc nng (Vo)

Chnh lch nhit 1

(Vo) thp (Ra) t thp

Nhit nc lnh (Ra)

Chnh lch nht 2

Nhit bu t (xung quanh) Hnh 7. Chnh lch nhit 1 v chnh lch nhit 2 ca thp gii nhit Nhng thng s trn c o v s dng xc nh hiu sut ca thp gii nhit theo mt s cch. Bao gm: a) Chnh lch nhit 1 (range)-(xem hnh 7). y l s chnh lch gia nhit u vo v u ra ca nc thp gii nhit. Mt di CT cao c ngha l thp gii nhit c th gim nhit ca nc mt cch hiu qu v t hiu sut tt. Cng thc nh sau:

Phn 1.2 c ly t phn Thp gii nhit. Trong: S dng nng lng hiu qu cc thit b in. Chng 7, trang 135 151. 2004, vi s ng ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, B in lc, n

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit Di CT (C) = [Nhit vo CW (C) Nhit ra CW (C)] b) Chnh lch nhit 2 (approach)-(xem hnh 7). L s chnh lch gia nhit nc lnh u ra ca thp gii nhit v nhit bu t. Gi tr ny cng thp th thp hot ng cng hiu qu. Mc d c hai gi tr di v gii tip cn cn c o, gi tr ` Chnh lch nhit 2 l ch s nh gi hiu sut ca thp gii nhit thch hp hn. Chnh lch nhit 2 thp gii nhit (C) = [Nhit vo CW (C) Nhit bu t (C)] c) Hiu sut. y l t s gia chnh lch nhit 1 v di l tng (theo %), tc l s chnh lch gia nhit u vo ca nc gii nhit v nhit bu t, hay ni cch khc gi tr ny bng = Chnh lch nhit 1 / (Chnh lch nhit 1 + Chnh lch nhit 2). T s ny cng cao, hiu sut ca thp gii nhit cng cao. Hiu sut cu thp gii nhit (%) = 100 x (Nhit CW Nhit ra CW) / (Nhit vo CW Nhit WB) d) Cng sut gii nhit. y l nhit thi ra theo kCal/h hoc TR, l sn phm ca lu lng nc, nhit lng ring v s chnh lch nhit .
e)

Tn tht bay hi. y l khi lng nc bay hi trong qu trnh gii nhit. V mt l thuyt, khi lng bay hi chim 1,8 m3 cho mi 10,000,000 kCal nhit thi. C th s dng cng thc sau (Perry): Tn tht bay hi (m3/h) = 0,00085 x 1,8 x tc lu thng (m3/h) x (T1-T2) T1 - T2 = chnh lch nhit nc vo v nc ra

f) Chu trnh c c (C.O.C). y l t s ca cc cht rn ho tan trong nc lun chuyn vi cht rn ho tan trong nc qua x l. g) Tn tht x y ph thuc vo chu trnh c c v tn tht bay hi c tnh theo cng thc sau: X y = Tn tht bay hi / (C.O.C. 1) h) T s Lng/kh (L/G). T s L/G ca thp gii nhit l t s gia lu lng nc v kh. Cc thp gii nhit c gi tr thit k nht nh nhng nhng thay i theo ma v lu lng nc, khng kh i hi phi c iu chnh thp gii nhit t hiu qu cao nht. C th thc hin iu chnh bng cch thay i ti ca b nc hoc iu chnh gc cnh qut. Cc nguyn tc nhit ng lc cho thy, nhit loi b khi nc phi tng ng vi nhit c hp th bi khng kh xung quanh. V vy, c th s dng cng thc sau: L(T1 T2) = G(h2 h1) L/G = (h2 h1) / (T1 T2) Trong : L/G = t s lng/kh (kg/kg)
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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit T1 = nhit nc nng (0C) T2 = nhit nc mt (0C) h2 = entanpi ca hn hp hi khng kh-nc ti nhit x bu t (n v tng t nh trn) h1 = entanpi ca hn hp hi khng kh-nc ti nhit vo bu t (n v tng t nh trn)

4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

Phn ny ni v nhng phn chnh c th p dng gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu. Nhng phn c th tit kim nng lng bao gm: 4 (KHNG NH NGUN THAM KHO) Chn thp gii nhit thch hp (v khng th thay i cc phn cu trc ca thp gii nhit sau khi xy dng) Khi m Bm v h thng phn phi nc Qut v ng c

4.1 La chn thp gii nhit thch hp

Khi thp gii nhit c xy dng xong, rt kh thay i ng k hiu sut nng lng ca thp. Khi la chn thp gii nhit, cn lu n mt s cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut ca thp gii nhit: cng sut, di, chnh lch nhit 2, ti nhit, nhit bu t, mi lin quan gia nhng yu t ny. C th nh sau. 4.1.1 Cng sut phn tn nhit (kCal/hou) v lu lng (m3/h) l nhng ch s phn nh cng sut ca thp gii nhit. Tuy nhin, nhng thng s thit k khng hiu hiu sut ca thp gii nhit. V d nh, thp gii nhit c kch c gii nhit cho 4540 m3/h qua di 13,9 0C c th to hn thp gii nhit cho 4540 m3/h qua di 19,5 0C. V vy nn cng cn thm cc thng s thit k khc. 4.1.2 Chnh lch nhit 1 (Range) Chnh lch nhit 1 khng phi do thp gii nhit quyt nh m l qu trnh n phc v. Di b trao i nhit ch yu c quyt nh bi ti nhit v lu lng nc qua b trao i nhit v i vo nc gii nhit. Chnh lch nhit 1 l hm s ca ti nhit v lu lng qua h thng: Chnh lch nhit 1= Ti nhit (kCal/h) / Lu lng nc (l/h) Thp gii nhit thng c xc nh gii nhit cho mt lu lng nht nh t mt nhit h xung mt nhit khc ti nhit bu t nht nh. V d nh, thp gii nhit c th c xc nh gii nhit cho 4540 m3/h t 48,9oC xung 32,2oC ti nhit bu t l 26,7oC. 4.1.3 Chnh lch nhit 2 (Approach)
4

Phn 1.2 c ly t phn Thp gii nhit. Trong: S dng nng lng hiu qu cc thit b in. Chng 7, trang 135 151. 2004, vi s ng ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, B in lc, n

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit Trn nguyn tc chung, chnh lch nhit 2 cng gn vi bu t th chi ph thp gii nhit cng cao do kch thc phi tng ln. Thng thng, mt mc chnh lch nhit 2 l 2,8oC vi thit k ca bu t l nhit nc lnh nht m nh sn xut thp gii nhit c th bo m. Khi chn c kch thc ca thp, chnh lch nhit 2 l quan trng nht, tip theo l lu lng, chnh lch nhit 1 v bu t km quan trng hn. Chnh lch nhit 2 (5,50C) = Nhit nc c gii nhit 32,2 0C Nhit bu t (26,7 0C) 4.1.4 Ti nhit Ti nhit ca mt thp gii nhit do qu trnh s dng nc c gii nhitquyt nh. Mc lm mt cn c lm do nhit hot ng mong mun ca qu trnh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, chng ta cn c nhit thp tng hiu sut ca qu trnh hoc nng cao cht lng, tng s lng sn phm. Tuy nhin, mt s thit b ng dng (nh ng c t trong) li yu cu nhit hot ng cao. Kch thc v chi ph ca thp gii nhit tng khi ti nhit tng. Cn trnh mua thit b kch thc nh qu (nu ti nhit c tnh thp qu) v thit b qu c (nu ti nhit c tnh cao qu). Ti nhit ca qu trnh c th thay i ng k tu theo qu trnh lin quan, v vy rt kh xc nh chnh xc. Hay ni cch khc, c th xc nh ti nhit lm lnh v iu ho khng kh chnh xc hn nhiu. Thng tin v cc mc yu cu thi nhit ca cc loi thit b in khc nhau hin c sn. Di y l mt danh sch mu (NGUN THAM KHO): My nn kh - Mt cp- 129 kCal/kW/h - Hai cp vi b lm mt sau - 862 kCal/kW/h - Hai cp vi b lm mt trung gian - 518 kCal/kW/h - Hai cp vi b lm mt trung gian v b lm mt sau - 862 kCal/kW/h Lm lnh, nn - 63 kCal/pht/TR Lm lnh, hp th - 127 kCal/pht/TR Bnh ngng tua bin hi - 555 kCal/kg hi ng c diezen, 4 k, Nhit qu ti- 880 kCal/kW/h ng c kh t nhin, 4 k - 1523 kCal/kW/h (= 18 kg/cm2 nn) 4.1.5 Nhit bu t Nhit bu t l mt h s quan trng i vi hiu sut ca thit b gii nhit dng nc bay hi, bi v l nhit thp nht m nc c th c lm mt. V vy, nhit bu ca khng kh cp vo thp gii nhit quyt nh mc nhit hot ng ti thiu c dy chuyn, qu trnh hoc h thng. Cn xem xt n cc yu t di y khi chn la s b thp gii nhit da vo nhit bu t: Trn l thuyt, mt thp gii nhit s gii nhit nc xung nhit vo bu t. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, nc c gii nhit xung mc nhit cao hn nhit bu t v nhit cn phi c thi b khi thp gii nhit. Vic la chn s b thp gii nhit da trn nhit bu t thit k phi tnh n cc iu kin t pha thp. Nhit bu t thit k cng khng c vt qu 5%. Ni chung, nhit thit k c la chn gn vi nhit bu t ti a bnh qun trong ma h. Khng nh xem liu nhit bu t c xc nh l nhit xung quanh (nhit ti khu vc gii nhit) hay l u vo (nhit ca khng kh cp vo thp, thng b nh
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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit hng bi hi thi tun hon tr li thp). V khng th bit trc c tc ng ca hi thi tun hon tr li nn nhit bu t mi trng xung quanh c a chung hn. Khng nh vi nh cung cp xem liu thp gii nhit c th chu c cc tc ng do nhit bu t tng ln. Nhit nc lm mt phi thp trao i nhit hoc ngng hi ti mc nhit ti u. Khi lng v nhit ca nhit trao i c th c xem xt khi la chn thp gii nhit c kch c chun v b trao i nhit chi ph thp hn.

4.1.6 Mi lin quan gia di, lu lng v ti nhit Chnh lch nhit 1 tng ln khi khi lng nc lun chuyn v ti nhit tng. iu ny c ngha l tng di do ti nhit tng s cn s dng thp ln hn. C hai nguyn nhn khin Chnh lch nhit 1 tng: Nhit nc vo tng (v nhit nc mt u ra khng i). Trong trng hp ny, u t vo vic loi b nhit tng thm s kinh t hn. Nhit nc ra gim (v nhit nc nng u vo khng i). trng hp ny, cn tng ng k kch thc ca thp v chnh lch nhit 2 cng gim, v cch ny khng phi lc no cng l kinh t. 4.1.7 Mi lin quan gia chnh lch nhit 2 v nhit bu t Nhit bu t thit k do v tr a l xc nh. Vi mt gi tr chnh lch nhit 2 nht nh (v ti chnh lch nhit 1 khng i v chnh lch nhit 1 lu lng), nhit bu t cng cao th cn thp cng nh. V d nh, mt thp gii nhit 4540 m3/h c la chn cho chnh lch nhit 1 16,67oC v chnh lch nhit 2 t 4,45oC ti 21,11oC nhit bu t s ln hn thp vi nhit bu t l 26,67oC. Nguyn nhn l khng kh nhit bu cao hn c th c nhit ln hn. iu ny gii thch cho hai nhit bu t khc nhau: Mi kg khng kh cp vo thp nhit bu t 21,1oC cha 18,86 kCal. Nu khng kh ri thp nhit bu t 32,2oC, mi kg khng kh cha 24,17 kCal. mc tng 11,1oC, mi kg khng kh cha 12,1 kCal. Mi kg khng kh cp vo thp vi nhit bu t 26,67oC cha 24,17 kCals. Nu khng kh ri thp nhit bu t 37,8oC, mi kg khng kh cha 39,67 kCal. mc tng 11,1oC, mi kg khng kh cha 15.5 kCal, nhiu hn so vi tnh hung u tin.

4.2 Tc dng ca khi m

thp gii nhit, nc nng c a vo trn khi m v c lm mt qua bay hi khi nc chy xung di thp v tip xc vi khng kh. Khi m c nh hng n mc tiu th nng lng theo hai cch: in s dng bm nc ln trn khi m v qut i lu. Khi m c thit k hiu qu vi mc phn b nc hp l, tm chn nc, qut, hp s, v ng c s gip gim tiu th in. Trao i nhit gia khng kh v nc chu nh hng ca din tch b mt trao i nhit, thi gian trao i nhit (tng tc) v s chuyn ng hn lon ca nc nh hng n mc trao i. Khi m xc nh tt c nhng yu t trn v nh hng n trao i nhit. Mc trao i nhit cng ln, thp gii nhit cng hiu qu hn. C ba loi khi m: Khi m dng phun. Din tch trao i nhit nh nc c ln trn khi m v bn thnh nhng git nc nh hn. Din tch b mt ca git nc l din tch b mt trao i nhit vi khng kh.

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit Khi m dng mng. khi m loi ny, nc to thnh mt lp mng mng bn trong cc tm ca khi m. Din tch b mt cc tm ca khi m l din tch trao i nhit vi khng kh xung quanh. Khi m dng mng c th gip tit kim in ng k nh s dng t kh v ct p ca bm. Khi m dng mng t b tc. Khi m dng mng t b tc c kch thc ng rnh ln hn gn y c s dng x l nc b vn c. Nhng khi m loi ny c xem l s la chn tt nht cho nc bin v n gip tit kim nng lng v hiu sut so vi loi khi m dng phun truyn thng.

Bng 1: Cc gi tr thit k cc khi m khc nhau (BEE India, 2004; Ramarao; and Shivaraman) Khi m dng Khi m dng Khi m dng phun mng mng t b tc T s L/G c th 1,1 1,5 1,5 2,0 1,4 1,8 Din tch trao i nhit hiu qu 30 45 m2/m3 150 m2/m3 85 - 100 m2/m3 cao cn thit ca khi m 5 10 m 1,2 1,5 m 1,5 1,8 m Yu cu ct p ca bm 9 12 m 58m 69m Lng kh cn thit Cao Rt thp Thp

4,3 Bm v phn phi nc

4,3,1 Bm Nhng phn c th nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng c tho lun chi ti trong chng Bm v h thng bm, 4,3,2 Ti u ho x l nc lm mt X l nc lm mt (v,d, kim sot cht rn l lng, mc pht trin ca to) l tn ch i vi bt k thp gii nhit no khng ph thuc vo loi khi m s dng,Vi chi ph nc ngy cng tng, cc n lc nhm tng Chu trnh c c (COC), bng cch x l nc lm mt s gip gim ng k cc yu cu s dng nc qua x l, Vi nhng doanh nghip v nh my in ln, ci thin COC thng c xem l yu t ch cht gip tit kim nc, 4,3,3 Lp tm chn nc loi b vn nc nh git cc thp gii nhit l rt kh, Ngy nay, phn ln cc thng s ngi s dng cui cng gi nh l tn tht do nc r r vo khong 0,02% , Tuy nhin, nh nhng tin b k thut v nh c s ra i ca PVC, nhng nh sn xut ci to cc thit k cho tm chn nc. Kt qu mang li l lng nc tn tht do r r hin nay ch mc 0,003 0,001%,

4,4 Qut ca thp gii nhit

Mc ch ca vic s dng qut thp gii nhit l nh lng khng kh lu thng trong h thng, Qut phi vt qua c tr lc ca h thng, c nh ngha l tn tht p sut, dch chuyn khng kh, u ra hay cng ca qut sinh ra l sn phm ca dng kh v tn tht p sut, u ra ca qut v cng sut kW vo quyt nh hiu sut ca qut, V phn mnh, hiu sut ca qut li ph thuc nhiu vo nghing ca cnh, Cnh bao gm:
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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit Cc cnh kim loi, c sn xut theo quy trnh n hoc c, v vy rt kh to ra nghing kh ng lc l tng Cnh bng nha gia c bng si thu tinh (FRP) thng c c bng tay nn d dng to ra nghing kh ng lc ti u ph hp vi nhng yu cu c th, V qut c cnh FRP nh, i hi m men khi ng thp, ng c HP thp, tui th ca hp truyn ng, ng c v tng ln, bo tr d dng hn,

C th t c hiu sut 85-92% vi nhng cnh c nghing kh ng lc, xon ti u, nhn v c t s gia h s nng v h s st p cao. Tuy nhin, hiu sut ny b nh hng nhiu bi nhng yu t nh khong cch gia cc cnh, nhng vt cn i vi lu lng kh v hnh dng b phn kh vo, vv, C nhng trng hp khi cnh qut bng nha gia c bng thu tinh c thay bng cnh FRP c hiu qu, nh vy gip tit kim t 20-30% nng lng v vi thi gian hon vn gin n t 6 - 7 thng (NPC), Chng Qut v qut thi cung cp thm thng tin v qut,

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

5, DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP

Phn ny a ra cc gii php quan trng nht nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng thp gii nhit, Tun theo nhng xut ca nh sn xut v khong trng quanh thp gii nhit v dch chuyn, hoc ci tin cu trc tip xc vi phn kh vo hoc kh ra, Ti u ho gc cnh qut ca thp gii nhit theo ma v/hoc theo mc ti, iu chnh khong cch qu ln gia cnh qut nghing v cn bng qut km Vi nhng thp gii nhit ngc dng c, thay vi phun c bng vi phun vung kiu mi khng b tc. Thay khi m dng phun bng khi m dng mng PVC t hu S dng vi phun nc u hn Thng xuyn lm sch vi phn phi thp gii nhit Cn bng dng ti b nc nng thp gii nhit y cc b nc nng gim thiu ru bm lm tc nghn Ti u ho lu lng x y, c tnh n gii hn chu trnh c c (COC) Thay tm chn nc dng thanh c mc st p thp bng tm mng PVC t hu Gii hn lu lng thng qua cc thi ln gi tr thit k Gi nhit nc lm mt mc ti thiu bng cch (a) tch ring nhng ti nhit cao nh l t, my nn kh, b DG v (b) cch ly thp lm mt khi nhng thit b nhy cm nh dy chuyn A/C, bnh ngng ca trong nh my in, vv, Lu : Mi mc tng nhit nc lm mt ln 1oC s lm tng tiu th in my nn A/C khong 2,7%, Mi mc gim nhit nc lm mt ln 1oC s gip tit kim khong 5 kCal/kWh nh my nhit in o mc chnh lch nhit 2, hiu sut v nng sut lm mt lin tc ti u hiu sut ca thp gii nhit, nhng cn xem xt n nhng bin i theo ma v theo khu vc. o t s lng/kh v lu lng nc lm mt v iu chnh ty theo gi tr thit k v bin i theo ma, v d: tng ti nc trong ma h v thi im khi chnh lch nhit 2 thp, Xem xt cc bin php ci thin COC tit kim nc Xem xt vic s dng cnh qut nha gia c thu tinh c hiu qu s dng nng lng tit kim nng lng qut iu chnh qut thp gii nhit da trn nhit nc ra c bit l cc t nh Thng xuyn kim tra bm nc lm mt ti u ho hiu sut bm

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

6, CC BNG TNH
Phn ny bao gm cc bng sau: 1. Cc thng s k thut chnh 2. Hiu sut thp gii nhit

Bng 1 : CC THNG S K THUT CHNH

STT Thng s n v Thp gii nhit CT 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Loi thp gii nhit S thp S lng mi thp Din tch mi Lu lng nc Cng sut bm Ct p bm Cng sut qut Nhit nc nng thit k Nhit nc lnh thit k Nhit bu t thit k m3/h kW m kW
0 0 0

CT 2

C C C

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

Bng 2: HIU SUT CA THP GII NHIT

STT Thng s n v Thp gii nhit (CT) CT 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Nhit bu kh Nhit bu t Nhit u vo CT Nhit u ra CT Chnh lch nhit 1 Chnh lch nhit 2 Hiu sut ca CT Lu lng nc trung bnh Khi lng khng kh trung bnh T l Lng/kh (L/G) Tn tht bay hi Ti nhit ca thp gii nhit C C C C C C % kg/h kg/h kg nc/kg kh m3/h kCal/h CT 2

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Thit b s dng in: Thp gii nhit

7, TI LIU THAM KHO

Australian Institute of Air Conditioning Refrigeration and Heating (AIRAH), Types of Cooling Towers, In: Selecting a Cooling Tower Level 1 Participant Guide Version 1,0 www,airah,org,au/downloads/CPD-samplepg,pdf, American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, ASHRAE Handbook, Fourth edition, 2001 National Productivity Council (NPC), NPC Case Studies, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, India, Cooling Towers, In: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities, Chapter 7, pg 135 - 151, 2004 Perry, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Page 12-17, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Photo Library, 2001, www,pnl,gov, www,cce,iastate,edu/courses/ce525/Cooling%20Towers,doc Gulf Coast Chemical Commercial Inc, Cooling Systems, 1995 www,gc3,com/techdb/manual/coolfs,htm GEO4VA, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, Ground Loop Configuration and Installation, www,geo4va,vt,edu/A2/A2,htm Ramarao, R,A, Paltech Cooling Towers and Equipment Ltd, Design of Fills, Shivaraman, T, Shiriram Towertech Ltd, Selection and Design of Cooling Towers, www,shiriramtowertech,com Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.

Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

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