4.

Cng thc ni suy Lagrange

4.1. Cc v d m u

V d 1. Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) tho mn iu kin: P(1) = 1, P(2) = 2, P(3) =
4.

Li gii. R rng nu P v Q l hai a thc tho mn iu kin bi th P(x)
Q(x) s bng 0 ti cc im 1, 2, 3 v t , ta c P(x) Q(x) = (x-1)(x-2)(x-
3)H(x). Ngc li, nu P(x) l a thc tho mn iu kin bi th cc a thc
Q(x) = P(x) + (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)H(x) cng tho mn iu kin bi vi mi H(x).
T c th thy rng c v s cc a thc tho mn iu kin bi.

Ta t ra cu hi: Trong cc a thc tho mn iu kin bi, hy tm a thc c
bc nh nht. R rng a thc ny khng th l hng s, cng khng th l bc
nht. Ta th tm bc tip theo l bc 2.

Gi s P(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c l a thc tho mn iu kin bi. Khi
P(1) = 1 suy ra a + b + c = 1
P(2) = 2 suy ra 4a + 2b + c = 2
P(3) = 3 suy ra 9a + 3b + c = 4
Gii h ny ra, ta c nghim duy nht (a, b, c) = (1/2, -1/2, 1), ta c P(x) =
(1/2)x
2
(1/2)x + 1 l a thc bc nh nht tho mn iu kin. V theo nh l
lun trn, mi nghim ca bi ton s c dng
Q(x) = P(x) + (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)H(x) vi H(x) l mt a thc tu .

V d 2. Tm a thc bc nh nht tho mn iu kin P(-2) = 0, P(-1) = 1, P(0) =
1, P(1) = 2, P(2) = 3.

Li gii. T tng phng php h s bt nh v h phng trnh bc nht
trn. Ta thy rng chn chn s tn ti a thc bc khng qu 4 tho mn iu kin
bi. Xt P(x) = ax
4
+ bx
3
+ cx
2
+ dx + e. T iu kin bi suy ra h
16a 8b + 4c 2d + e = 0
a b + c d + e = 1
e = 1
a + b + c + d + e = 2
16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + e = 3
Gii h ny ta c a = -1/8, b = 1/12, c = 5/8, d = 5/12, e = 1.

4.2. Cng thc ni suy Lagrange

T cc v d c th nu trn, ta c th d on rng vi mi cc b n+1 s phn
bit (a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
n
) v b n+1 s bt k b
0
, b
1
, ..., b
n
s tn ti mt a thc P(x) bc
khng vt qu n tho mn iu kin
P(a
i
) = b
i
vi mi i=0, 1, 2, ..., n. (*)
Ngoi ra, do tt c cc a thc Q(x) tho mn (*) s phi c dng Q(x) = P(x) +
(x-a
0
)(x-a
1
)...(x-a
n
)H(x) vi H(x) l mt a thc no nn cc nghim khc ca
(*) u c bc > n+1.

V th ta c th xut nh l sau:

nh l. Cho b n+1 s thc phn bit (a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
n
) v b n+1 s bt k (b
0
, b
1
,
..., b
n
). Khi tn ti duy nht mt a thc P(x) c bc khng vt qu n tho mn
iu kin P(a
i
) = b
i
vi mi i=0, 1, 2, ..., n.

S duy nht c chng minh kh d dng theo nh l lun trn. Tuy nhin,
vic chng minh tn ti cho trng hp tng qut l khng n gin, v iu ny
tng ng vi vic chng minh mt h phng trnh n+1 phng trnh, n+1 n
s c nghim (duy nht). Rt th v l ta tm c cch chng minh nh l ny
mt cch xy dng, tc l tm ra c biu thc tng minh ca a thc P(x) m
khng cn phi gii h phng trnh h s bt nh nu trn.

tng chng minh ny nh sau. Ta i tm cc a thc P
0
(x), P
1
(x) , P
n
(x) bn
n tho mn iu kin sau
P
i
(a
j
) = o
ij
,
Trong

=
=
=
j i
j i
ij
0
1
o
Khi a thc

=
=
n
i
i i
x P b x P
0
) ( ) ( s tho mn iu kin v

= =
= = =
n
i
j ij i
n
i
j i i j
b b a P b a P
0 0
. ) ( ) ( o

Vn cn li l i tm cc a thc P
i
(x). V P
i
(a
j
) = 0 vi mi j = i nn
P
i
(x) = C
i
(x-a
0
)(x-a
i-1
)(x-a
i+1
)(x-a
n
)
V P
i
(a
i
) = 1 nn

) )...( )( )...( (
1
1 1 0 n i i i i i i
i
a a a a a a a a
C

=
+


Nh th ta tm c
(**)
) )...( )( )...( (
) )...( )( )...( (
) (
1 1 0
1 1 0
n i i i i i i
n i i
i
a a a a a a a a
a x a x a x a x
x P


=
+
+

l cc a thc tho mn h iu kin P
i
(a
j
) = o
ij
.

Cng thc ni suy Lagrange. Cho b n+1 s thc phn bit (a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
n
) v b
n+1 s bt k (b
0
, b
1
, ..., b
n
). Khi a thc

=
=
n
i
i i
x P b x P
0
) ( ) (
l a thc duy nht c bc khng vt qu n tho mn iu kin P(a
i
) = b
i
vi mi
i=0, 1, 2, ..., n. Cc a thc P
i
(x) l cc a thc bc n c nh ngha bi (**).

4.3. ng dng ca cng thc ni suy Langrange

Bi ton ni suy l mt trong cc bi ton c bn ca ton l thuyt v ton ng
dng. Trong thc t, chng ta khng th o c gi tr ca mt hm s ti mi
im, m ch o c ti mt s im. Cc cng thc ni suy cho php chng ta,
bng php o ti mt s im, dng li mt a thc xp x cho hm s thc t.
Cng thc ni suy Lagrange, v th c nhiu ng dng trong vt l, trc a, kinh
t hc, kh tng thu vn, d on d bo Tuy nhin, ta s khng i su v
cc vn ny. Di y ta xem xt mt s ng dng ca cng thc ni suy
Lagrange trong cc bi ton ph thng.

4.4. Cc bi tp c li gii

Bi 1. Rt gn biu thc

) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2 2
b c a c
c
a b c b
b
c a b a
a
A

+

+

=
Li gii. p dng cng thc ni suy Lagrange cho hm s P(x) = x
2
vi cc im
a, b, c v gi tr tng ng l a
2
, b
2
, c
2
ta c

) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) (
2 2 2
b c a c
b x a x c
c b a b
c x a x b
c a b a
c x b x a
x P


+


+


=
So snh h s ca x
2
hai v, ta c A = 1.

Bi 2. Cho a thc P(x) bc n tho mn iu kin P(k) = k/(k+1) vi mi k=0, 1,
2, , n. Hy tm P(n+1).

Li gii. Theo cng thc ni suy Lagrange th

=

+
+
=
n
k
n k k k
n x k x k x x x
k
k
x P
0
) )...( 1 .( 1 )... 1 (
) )...( 1 )( 1 )...( 1 (
.
1
) (
T

=
+
+

=
=

+
=
+ +
+
=
+
+ + +
+
=

+ +
+
=
n
k
k
n
k n
n
k
k n
n
k
n
k
kC
n
k n k
n
k
k n n k k k
k n k n k n n
k
k
n k k k
k n k n n
k
k
x P
0
1
2
0 0
0
) 1 (
2
1
)! 1 ( )! 1 (
)! 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 )( )...( 1 .( 1 )... 1 (
) 1 )...( )( 1 )( 2 )...( 1 (
.
1
) )...( 1 .( 1 )... 1 (
) 1 )...( )( 2 )...( 1 (
.
1
) (

Cch 2. Xt a thc (x+1)P(x) x c bc n v c n+1 nghim x = 0, 1, 2, , n.
Do , ta c
(x+1)P(x) x = ax(x-1)(x-2)(x-n)
vi a l 1 hng s.

Thay x = - 1, ta c 1 = a.(-1)(-2)(-n-1) = a(-1)
n+1
(n+1)!
Suy ra a = (-1)
n+1
/(n+1)!.
T (n+2)P(n+1) (n+1) = n!(-1)
n+1
/(n+1)! = (-1)
n+1
/(n+1)
Suy ra P(n+1) = ((n+1)
2
+ (-1)
n+1
)/(n+2).

Bi 3. Cho tam thc bc 2 P(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c tho mn iu kin |P(x)| s 1 vi
mi | x | s 1. Chng minh rng |a| + |b| + |c| s 3.
Li gii. Thc hin php ni suy ti 3 im -1, 0, 1, ta c

) 1 1 )( 0 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 0 )( 1 0 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 1 )( 0 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) (
+ +
+
+
+
+
+


=
x x
P
x x
P
x x
P x P
Suy ra
) 0 (
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
) 0 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) (
2
P x
P P
x
P P P
x P +

+
+
=
T
) 0 ( ,
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
,
2
) 0 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
P c
P P
b
P P P
a =

=
+
=
Suy ra
|
. 3 | ) 0 ( | 2 |} ) 1 ( | |, ) 1 ( max{| | ) 0 ( | 2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
| ) 0 ( |
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
) 0 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
| | | | | |
s + s +

+
+
s
+

+
+
= + +
P P P P
P P P P
P
P P P P P
c b a


4.5. Bi tp t gii


Bi 1. Rt gn biu thc

) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
4 4 4
b c a c
c
c b a b
b
c a b a
a
A

+

+

=
Bi 2. Cho M(y) l mt a thc bc n sao cho M(y) = 2
y
vi y = 1, 2, , n+1. Hy
tm M(n+2).

Bi 3. Cho a thc P(x) = x
10
+ a
9
x
9
+ + a
1
x + a
0
. Bit rng P(-1) = P(1), P(-2)
= P(2), , P(-5) = P(5). Chng minh rng P(-x) = P(x) vi mi x thuc R.

Bi 4. Cho x
0
< x
1
< x
2
< < x
n
l cc s nguyn v P(x) l a thc bc n c h s
cao nht bng 1. Chng minh rng tn ti i e {0, 1, , n} sao cho |P(x
i
)| > n!/2
n
.

Bi 5. Mt chic tu vi vn tc khng i i ngang qua mt hn o. Thuyn
trng c mi gi li o khong cch t tu n o. Vo lc 12, 14 v 15 gi tu
cch o cc khong cch tng ng l 7, 5 v 11 km. Hi vo lc 13 gi tu cch
o bao nhiu km. V lc 16 gi, tu s cch o bao nhiu km?

Bi 6. Trn mt phng cho 100 im. Bit rng vi bn im bt k trong chng
u c mt parabol bc 2 i qua. Chng minh rng tt c cc im cho u nm
trn mt parabol bc 2.