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emeronTI1
TsSnrbs;RBHcMeBaHkarQW nigCmWeraKa
esctIepIm
TsSnrbs;RBH
RbPBnkarQW
RbsinebIeyIgeCOfakarQWmkBIRBH enaHeyIgnwgminGaceCOelIRTg;fa Cakar
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sarsMxan;nkareR)as[Ca
sarsMxan;cMeBaHRBH
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nigRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
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c,as;las;nUvmUlehtuedImrbs;va RbPBedIm nigeKalbMNgedImrbs;va .
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nkarQW CmWeraKa nigkarQWcab; enaHeyIgnwgeRCIserIsedayesrI edIm,I[)anTTYl
y:agrwgbuwgmaMmYn RBmTaMgkareFVIkareR)as[CaCaedIm . esckIBitKWCaRKwHEdlmanenA
kgtYGgRBHeysUvRKIs .
7
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eR)as[Ca dl;RKb;KaenaH mankarminc,as;las; . sataMgcUlmkTas;TTwgnwgeyIg
nigdak;BaksmI[mankarql;enAkgKMnitrbs;eyIg ehIyRbsinebIeyIgminRbgRbyt
eT enaHeyIgnwgdak;karql;enaHeTAkgkargarehIy .
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{ RBHGmas;eGIy RbsinebICabMNgRBHhbTyRTg; enaHeyIgTUlsUmTTYlkar
b:HBal;rbs;RTg; edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[CaenH> > >} .
karGFisanedayrebobenH nwgbeBajeTATaMgmankarminc,as;las; nigkar
sgSfa vaminEmnCabMNgRBHhbTynRBH sRmab;RKb;karTaMgGs;edIm,ITTYlkar
eR)as[CaenaHeT . ebIKankarc,as;las;edayviBaaNrbs;eyIgfa vaCabMNgRBH
hbTynRBH edIm,IeR)as[CaeT enaHvaKanlTPaBedIm,IGFisanedayesckICMenO
sRmab;eyIg bsRmab;GkdTeTot)aneLIy .
eyIgeXIjnUvkarebIksEmgedaykarsgSrebobenH KWenAkgmnusSmaneraK
Xg;mak; enAeBlEdlKat;)anniyayfa {ebIRTg;sBVRBHhbTy} .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 139-41 Ecgfa RTg;kRbkasR)ab;enAkgGs;TaMgsala
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bnlfa cg;Edr [CasateTA.
8
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dl;BYkGkEdlRsLaj;RBH KWdl;BYkGkEdlehARTg;mk tamRBHdMriHRTg; .
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RBH KWdl;BYkGkEdlehARTg;mk tamRBHdMriHRTg; r:Um 828 .
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eyIg . minEmnRKb;esckITaMgGs;EdleFVIkarrYmKa enaHsuTEtCaesckIlrbs;eyIgeT
CMnYsnUvkarenH {kgRKb;TaMgGs;} b {kgCmWrbs;eyIg} KWCakargareR)as[Carbs;RBH
EdlmanGMNacecsa nwgbegItkarlenaH .
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TuksRmab;RTg;b?
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 129 Ecgfa d,itmankasebIk[Gkral;Ka ehIyminEmn
[RKan;EteCOdl;RBHRKIsEtb:ueNaHeT KW[rgTukedayeRBaHRTg;Edr .
etIGVIeTAEdlCabnarbs;elaksavkb:ul?
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10
enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)anerobnwgykeyIgecjBIpH etIeyIgRtvkarTTYl
nUvCmW edIm,I[)ansab;b?
RbsinebICabMNgRBHhbTyRBH Edl[eyIgrs;enARbkbedaysuxPaB Ca
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[)ansab;eFVIGVI?
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kmaMgkayrbs;Kat;eLIy .
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ehIy EtEPkelakminexSay ehIykMLaMgmin)anGn;esaH.
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nwgeR)asBYkeK[Ca . vaCaeBlevlarbs;RBH enAeBlEdlviBaaNrbs;BYkeKnwgRtv
cakecjBIrUbkayrbs;eKeTA ehIyebHdUgrbs;eKnwgQb;elateTAEdr .
etIRBHRTg;GnuBaat[karenaHekIteLIgb?
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mnusSCati)anrs;enACaGkEdlRtv)anbegItmk [edIredaymanGMNac
RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmk edIm,IeRCIserIsmnusSCati[manesrIPaBBI
karCab;eTas karCab;cMNg nigkarsgt;sginrbs;CmW CmWeraKa nigkarkarQWcuk
cab; .
RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTyerIseyIg [rYcputBIkarsgt;sginrbs;sataMg . RTg;
sBVRBHhbTyrMedaHeyIg [rYcputBIcMNgrbs;sataMg . RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTy
[eyIg)ansuxRsYl
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sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
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dTeTot?
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3-
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emeronTI2
kareR)as[CaedaykarrMedaHrbs;eyIg
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RKIsan rIRBHeysUvvijRTg;EtgEt)anRbTannUvkareR)as[Cadl;eyIg edaykarrg
Tuk karsuKt nigkarrs;eLIgvijrbs;RTg; eyIgyl;dwgfaRTg;)anRbTanBr[eyIg
)anTTYlesckIsegaH b:uEnmanmnusSCaeRcInenAEteCOfa kareR)as[CaKWCaRBHraC
skmPaBrbs;RBH sRmab;EtmnusSEdleCOBitR)akd-bkCakarEdlRtv)anRbTanBr
sRmab;GayukaldMbUgb:ueNaH .
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b:uEn eKenAEtmin)anykcitnwgesckIBitEdlfa {edaysarsaMCaMrbs;RTg; EdleyIg
ral;Ka)anCa}enaHeLIy . sUm,ITaMgesckIEdlmanenAkgxdEdlenHkeday Edlfa
EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlgrbs;eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBI
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ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[Ca edaysarsamrMBat;enAGgRTg; eGsay 535 .
RBHRTg;)antaMgsBaaCamYynwgeyIgral;Ka ehIyRBmTaMg)ansnanUvkar
eR)as[Ca
kartaMgsBaaCamYyRBH
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RbTan[eyIg dwgnUvxagkgEpnkarrbs;RBH . karEckCaRkmenARBHKm<IrsBaacas;
ebIksEmgBItYGgbuKl nigRBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUvRKIs Edl)anseRmcenAkgRBH
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Rkhm KWCaRbeTPnkareR)aHelaHrbs;eyIg BIcMNgnGMeBI)ab .
kartaMgsBaa
kartaMgsBaa KWCaesckIsnadFn;nkicRBmeRBg Edl)ansna nig
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RbCarasrbs;RTg; .
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eR)as[Ca .
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tamRBHeyhUv:a CaRBHng ehIyeFVIkarRtwmRtvenARBHenRtnRTg; RBmTaMgepg
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17
eyhUv:a-saLm
eyhUv:a-r:aGas
eyhUv:a-yIer
eyhUv:a-nIsSI
RBHGmas;dKg;enA .
RBHKm<IreGesKal 4835x Ecgfa TIRkgenaHRtvmaneQaHfa RBH
eyhUv:aRTg;Kg;enATIenH .
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RBHGmas;emRtIPaB .
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cUr[manesckIsuxcuH kMu[PyGI gminRtvsab;eT enaHeKDanksagGasna1 fVay
RBHeyhUv:aenATIenaH rYcdak;eQaHfa eyhUv:a-saLim .
RBHGmas;CaGkKgVal
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 231 Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaGkKgVal nwgminxVH
GVIesaH .
RBHGmas;RTg;nwgRbTanBr
RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 2213/14 Ecgfa enaHGR)ahaMKat;egIbEPkeLIg
eXIjecomeQal1Cab;EsgenARBxageRkayxn rYckeTAykecomeQalenaH mk
fVayCadgVaydutCMnYskUnxnvij GR)ahaMehAkEngenaHfa eyhUv:a-yIer dUcCa
eKkniyaydrabdl;sBVfenHEdrfa enAPMnRBHeyhUv:a KWRTg;nwgpt;pg;[ .
RBHGmas;RTg;CaTg;Cyrbs;eyIg eFVI[manCyCmH CaembBaakar .
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RBHGmas;CaesckIsucritrbs;eyIg
RBHKm<Ireyerma 236 Ecgfa enARKarbs;RTg; BYkyUdanwg)ansegaH
ehIyBYkGRsaEGlnwgenAedaysnisux RBHnamEdleKnwgehARTg; enaHKW
RBHeyhUv:adCaesckIsucritneyIgral;Ka .
eyhUv:a-r:ahVa
GjCaRBHGmas;nrUbkayrbs;g bGjCaRBHGmas;EdleR)asg
[Ca .
RBHKm<IrnikmnM 1526x Ecgfa >>> KWCaRBHEdleR)asgral;Ka[Ca .
eyIgmineXIjmanenAkEngNa EdlRBHRTg;)anlubRBHbnlnesckIsBaa
enHeLIy . eyIgkminGacrkeXIjenAkEngNa EdlRTg;min)anRtLb;mkCa {GjCa
RBHGmas;dCaRKeBTng} bk {GjCaRBHGmas;Edl)aneR)aseK[Ca} ehIyk
KankEngNaEdlRBHRTg;min)anmanbnlfa {GjCaRBHGmas;dCaRBHEdlbNal[
gQW} enaHEdr .
RBHRTg;minEdlpas;breLIy . RTg;KWenAEtdEdl BImSilmij fenH nigerog
rhUtteTA ehIyRTg;kenAEtCaGkeR)as[Carbs;eyIgEdr
kartaMgsBaa KWCaesckIsnakgkareR)as[Ca
eyhUv:a-r:ahVa KWCakarebIksEmgnUvkartaMgsBaaCaesckIsnarbs;RBH
edIm,IRbTanGMNacnUvkareR)as[Ca sRmab;RbCarasrbs;RTg; .
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TTYleCOtamryBYkGuIRsaEGl EdlmnusSTaMgGs;manesckIGMNr edaymansuxPaB
l .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 10537x Ecgfa >>> kgGs;TaMgBUCGMbUrenaH KanGk
NamYyRKakciteLIy .
enAeBlEdlBYkGuIRsaEGl)aneFVI)ab enaHsuxPaBrbs;BYkeKkRtvman\TiBl
elI BYkeKk)anERbcit nig)ansUm[BYkelvIfVayyBabUCadl;RBH ehIyrBHRTg;k)an
bneR)asdl;eKRKb;Ka[)anCa RTg;RbTaneyhUv:a-r:ahVadl;BYkeK . enAsmysBV
19
eTot BIRBHraCsarenH)anRKb;RKan; .
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esckIQWcab; rbs;eyIg ehIy)anTTYlpkGs; TaMgesckITukRBy nigkarQWcukcab;
edaykarCMnuMCRmH rbs;eyIgCaBit bu:EneyIgral;Ka CaGklg;exAKankarRbwkSa
)anrab;RTg; TukCaGkmaneTasvij KWCaGkEdlRBH)anvay nigeFVI[ekARkhay
CaGkEdlrgevTna dUcCargnUvCmWXg;CaedIm EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlg
rbs;eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBITucritrbs;eyIgeT eTaskMhus karvaypal
EdlcaM)ac; Gac)an naM[eyIg)anCaemRtI nig)ansuxsan enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg;
ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[CaedaysarkarGaRkat nigkarrgrbYs RBmTaMgman
samFHFayCarnRbehagFM edaysar rMBat;enAel IGgRTg; .
eharaeGsay)ansresrfa {RTg;)anrgTukedaysarCmW PaBkemSay nig
karmanTukRByrbs;eyIgCaBit ehIyRTg;k)anpknUvkarTukRBy nigkarQWcukcab;
22
etInwgdMNwglrbs;RBHbeT?
etInwgeCOtamTMenomTmab;cas;rbs;beT?
etInwgeCOnUvGVIEdlRBHRTg;)anmanbnl nigebIksEmg
cMeBaHviBaaNrbs;beT?
enAeBlEdleyIgTTYlBak{erm:a}GMBIRBH enaHesckICMenOnaMcUleTAkg
viBaaNrbs;eyIg . kareFVsRbehscMeBaHdMNwgrbs;RKeBT TMenomTmab;cas;
GarmN_ bkkarBiesaFn_rbs;eyIgBIGtitkal enaHesckICMenO)anmk ehIyesckI KW
CakareCOelIdMNwglrbs;RBH .
enAkgkareRbbeFobCabnbnab; enaHelakGkGaceXIjnUvtaragerobrab;
manesckIepSg rvagesckICMenOedayGarmN_ nigesckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBH .
karTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHTMenomTmab;cas;
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlesckIsegaHehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )ansegaHehIy
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIybenA?
cemIy eT
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy enAEtTTYlGarmN_faQW
karTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHesckICMenO
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlesckIsegaHehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )ansegaHehIy
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIy
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kareR)as[CatamryesckICMenO
kareR)as[CaKwtamryesckICMenO . eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca
enAeBlEdleyIgeron eCO ehIybnab;mkGnuvteTAelIRBHbnlrbs;RBH .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
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esckICMenOeCOdl;RBH eTACaminekItkarvijbGI eT minEmneLIy sUm[RBH)anrab;Ca
Bit ehIyRKb;TaMgmnusSCaPUtPrvijcuH>>> r:Um 33/4k .
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segaH enaHmnusSTaMgGs; nwgminRtv)anTTYlesckIsegaHeT etIehtu
GVI?}
cemIycMeBaHsMNYrTaMg2enHKW
BYkeKRtvEteCO .
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nUvkareR)as[Ca edaysaresckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBHdUecaHEdr .
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vac,as;las;BIskmPaBrbs;BYkeK EdlBYksavk)aneCOelIkareR)as[Ca
KWCaEpkmYynkareR)aselaHrbs;BYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeK)aneR)asGkCmW[Ca nig
)ansresrnUvdMNwglCaesckIrMBkTUnanrbs;BYkeK .
elaksavkm:afay)aneCO
elaksavkm:afay)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH tamryeharaeGsay .
RBHKm<IreGsay 816/17 Ecgfa cUrcgesckIbnal;Tuk ehIybiTRta
bBatic,ab;enAkgBYksisSrbs;GjcuH xMJnwgTnwgcaMRBHeyhUv:a EdlRTg;lak;RBH
PknwgBUCBgSy:akub xMJnwgcaMemIlEtRTg;.
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enAsmysBVfenHEdr .
elaksavkeBRts)aneCO
elaksavkeBRtsk)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH tamryTMnayrbs;ehara
eGsayEdr .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 224 Ecgfa RTg;)anpkGMeBI)abrbs;eyIgral;Ka enAelI
rUbGgRTg; Cab;elIeQIqag edIm,I[eyIg)anrs;xagesckIsucrit eday)ansab;xag
GMeBI)abehIy KWedaysamCaMrbs;RTg; EdlGkral;Ka)anCa .
elaksavkeBRts)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH enAeBlEdlKat;)anTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca KWCaGkTImYy EdledIrtamRBHeysUv enAeBlEdlRTg;Kg;enAEpndIenH .
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karrs;enAGs;kl,Canic
elaksavkeBRtsminRtwmEteCOelIRBHraCsarrbs;RBHEtb:ueNaHeT KWKat;
)andwgfa RBHbnlRBHKWBitR)akdCaCagGVI EdlKat;GacTTYlkarBiesaFn_ bEdl
Kat;Fab;)anKiteTAeTot .
RBHKm<Ir2eBRts 119k Ecgfa ehIyeyIgxJMmanBakTMnaydBitCag >>> .
elaksavkeBRts)andwgfa RBHbnlRBHKWrs;enA nigzitefr . RTg;rs;enA
kgCIvitrbs;eyIgerogrhUt .
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ehIIyenACab;lab; .
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TaMgGs;enaHKWCakarcaM)ac; EdlRtvEteCOelIdMNwglrbs;RBH sUm,IEtTMenom
Tmab;cas;rbs; BYkGkdwknaMsasnakeday kCameFa)ayEdlRtvEtrk bkCa
meFa)ayEdl)anRtvTTYlGarmN_fa )anR)ab;nUvPaBepSgeTotEdr .
xJMRtvEtTTYlkareR)as[Carbs; edayesckICMenO .
RtvEtcab;epImniyay nigeFVIskmPaBnUvesckICMenOrbs;
enAeBlEdlesckICMenOrbs;kMBugEtsg;eLIg enaHnwgbeBajy:ag
skmnUvesckICMenOenaH edaycab;epImy:agGg;Gac edIm,IbeBajnUv
esckICMenOenaH ehIyTTYlkareR)as[Carbs; .
dUcCamnusSBikar Gakarrbs;nwgrlay)at;eTA y:ageCOnelOn RBm
TaMgy:agqab;rhs . knwgedIrTaMgelat nigsresIrtemIgdl;RBH .
28
etIelakGjnkeCObeT?
etIelakGknwgeCOnUvdMNwgrbs;eharaeGsaybeT?
\LvenHKWCaeBlEdlRtvEtTTYlmkBIRBHehIy . elakGkGacTTYlnUvkar
ebIksEmgBIkareR)as[Carbs;elakGkenAeBl\LvenHehIy
eyIg)aneXIjRBHnamrbs;RBHmYybNaRBHnamrbs;RBHCaeRcIn dUcCa
-eyhUv:a-r:ahVa EdlecjmkBIkarrgTukrbs;RBHeysUv sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_
dl;eyIg EdlecjmkBITMnayrbs;eharaeGsay nigecjBITIbnal;rbs;BYksavk
EdlsMxan;eTAelIkareR)as[Ca KWCaEpkmYynEpnkarrbs;RBH sRmab;CIvitrbs;eyIg
ral;Ka .
kareFVsRbEhscMeBaHGVIEdlrUbkayrbs;eyIgRtvkar enaHRBHbnlRBH
)anRbkasfa {edaysarsamCaMrbs;RTg; EdleyIgral;Ka)anCa}
enAxNeBlnkarebIksEmgenH KWelatcUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;elakGk
enaHesckICMenO nigkarTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgBIkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk nwgmk
dl; . cUrRbkasedayGg;Gacfa {edaysarsamCaMEdl)anCa} edaymankarsgwm
y:agGg;Gac KW)ancab;epImBinitnUvrUbkayrbs;elakGk . etIGVIEdlelakGkminGac
eFVIBImunmk? cUrEbrmkskmPabdGg;GacnesckICMenO nigcab;epImsresIrtemIg
RBH edIm,IbBaak;nUvkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk
cMNaM esckIbeRgnBIkarebIksEmgenAkgemeronenH KWCakareFVsRbEhs
BIeraKsBaaEdlenAkgrUbkayrbs;eyIg -RBHbnlRBH)anEcgfa eyIg)an
TTYlkareR)as[Ca KWesIrEtCitBIrBan;qaMkngputmkehIy . CMnYs[kar
eR)as[CaenAeBl\LvenH bkenAeBleTAGnaKtkalxHeTot esckIBitBI
kareR)as[Carbs;eyIgenaH KWRKan;Et)anebIkEmgenAkgrUbkayrbs;eyIgEt
b:ueNaH . enAkgkarsikSaenH eyIgsMedAeTAelIesckIBit EdlEtgEtRtveK
)aneRbIBakfa {karsEmgnUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIg} Etb:ueNaH .
karebIksEmgGacRtv)aneK[Gtnyfa {)aBR)akdy:agc,as;las;cMeBaHkar
KiteXIj nigkaryl;c,as; bkRtv)anebIksEmgehIy} .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- etIkartaMgsBaaGVIxH EdlRBHRTg;)aneFVICamYynwgRbCarasrbs;RTg; kgkareR)as[Ca? ehtuGVI)anCakarenHmansar
sMxan;?
2-
3-
30
31
emeronTI3
RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUrbs;eyIg
RTg;)anyagmkekItCamnusS
vaKWCakarsMxan;[yl;fa RBHeysUvRTg;)andak;esckIsuctitkgPaBCaRBH
rbs;RTg;CabeNaHGasn enAeBlEdlRTg;)anyagmkKg;enAEpndIenH . RTg;)an
yagmkCaelakGdamcugeRkay KWkgPaBCakUnmnusS . RKb;karTaMgGs;EdlRTg;)an
eFVIenAelIEpndIenH KWRTg;)anGnuvtCaelakGdammundMbUg EdlRBHRTg;)anbegItmk[
GnuvtkargarepSg . RBHeysUvRTg;)anGnuvtnUvParkic edaynUvGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaNbrisuT dUcCaBYkGkeCOEdlRtvEtbMeBjParkicenAsmysBVfenHEdr .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrGMBIRBHeysUv EdlRTg;)anyagmkCamnusS .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 27 Ecgfa KWRTg;)anlHbg;RBHGgRTg; mkykrUbPaBCa)av
bMerIvij RBmTaMgRbsUtmkmanrUbCamnusSpg .
karGsarTaMgBIrdMbUgrbs;RBHeysUv
kareFVITwk[eTACaRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr
karGVIEdlRTg;R)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH
karGsarelIkTImYy KWRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVITwk[eTACaRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr enH
KWCakarGsarenABiFIbuN . bnab;BInagm:araCamataRBHeysUv)anR)ab;RTg;fa kar
GVIEdlBYkeK)anGs;RsaTMBaMg)ayCUrehIy nag)anniyayBakxHEdlsMxan;bMput
eTAkan;BYkGkbeRmI .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 25x Ecgfa karGVIEdlelakR)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH .
edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkarBiesaFn_BIkarGsarrbs;RBHeysUv enAkgCIvitrbs;
eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtsab;semgrbs;RBH ehIyRtvEtsab;bgab; eTaHCamanPaBeFVs
RbEhstamkarqtlIlay:agNakeday RtvEtsab;semgrbs;RBHEdlEcgfa {karGVI
EdlelakR)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH} karenHKWCakarGnuBaatBIRBHviBaaNbrisuT[eFVI
kartamryeyIg .
BYkGkbeRmI)ansab;bgab;RBHeysUv BYkeK)ancak;TwkeBjenAkgBag . BYk
eK)anbnsab;bgab;dl;RTg; edaykarcak;Twk nigdgykeTACUnemenAkgBiFIbuN
enaH . enAeBlEdlefAEk)anPk;TwkenaHehIy kniyayfa {Gk)anTukRsaTMBaMg
)ayCUry:agl drabdl;\LvenHvij} .
32
kareRCIserIsedayesrI
RBHeysUvRTg;Rtv)ancak;eRbgtaMgedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT edIm,IpSaynUvkar
rMedaHdl;BYkGkeTas ehIyeRCIserIsedayesrInUvGs;GkNa EdlRtveKCiHCan; .
RKb;cMNgTaMgGs;rb;bBalTaMgcMNgnCmW nigcMNgnBikarPaB EdlminEmnCa
bMNgRBHhbTynRBH cab;taMgBIkarTTYlcak;eRbgtaMgnRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdlRtv
Et)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca nigkareRIserIsedayesrI .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaHRTg;)an
cak;eRbgtaMg[pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,InwgeR)as
mnusSEdlmancitseRgg ehIyRbkasR)ab;BIesckIeR)aselaHdl;BYkeQIy nig
esckIPWeLIgvijdl;mnusSxVak; ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc .
bM)ak;bMEbkRKb;TaMgnwm
elakeharaeGsay)anTayGMBIRBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv EdlRTg;nwgedaH
BYkGkRtveKCiHCan;[manesrIPaBeLIgvij .
RBHKm<IreGsay 586 Ecgfa etIminEmnCakartmGt;y:agenHvij EdlGj
eBjciteTbGI KW[edaHRcvak;Edlgdak;eKedayGMeBIGaRkk; [RsaycMNgEdlg
)ancgeK ehIy[GkEdlg)ansgt;sgin)anrYcecjTeT RBmTaMgbM)ak;RKb;
TaMgnwmpg .
bMpajkargarrbs;sataMg
tamRBHKm<Iry:Uhan mUlehtuEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmkenaHKW
KWedIm,InwgbMpajkarrbs;GarkSecj 1y:Uhan 38x .
RbTanCIviteBjbribUr
edaykarbMpajkargarrbs;sataMg enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTanCIvitGs;
kl,Canicdl;RbCarasrbs;RTg; enaHRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
>>>Etvij )anmkedIm,I[varal;KamanCIvit ehIy[manCIvitenaHeBj
bribUrpg y:Uhan 1010x .
eR)asBYkeKTaMgGs;[Ca
tamesckIemtakruNaenAkgRBHKm<Ir cMeBaHRBHraCkiceR)as[Carbs;RBH
eysUv KWEdlRTg;)aneR)asmnusSTaMgGs;EdlmkRTg;[)anCa .
enAkgRBHKm<IrmankarBNnadBitR)akdBIesckIsegaH nigkareR)as[Ca .
cMENkEdl)anBNnaBIGkEdl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca KWRsedogKaeTAnwgcMENk
nkarBNnaBIGs;GkEdlRtv)anekIgCafIEdr .
sRmab;esckIsegaH
sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
34
TaMgGs;
TaMgGs;
GkNakeday
RKb;Ka
manRBHKm<IrEdlbgajfa kareR)as[CaKWsRmab;RKb;KaTaMgGs;
enAeBlEdlelakGk)anGannUvxxageRkamTaMgenH enaHelakGknwgrukrkeXIjnUv
esckIemtakruNa eTAelIcMENksRmab;RKb;Ka nigsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka .
sRmab;RKb;Ka
sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
RTg;minEdlpas;breLIy
GkniBnesovePARBHKm<IreheRBIr)ansresrfa RBHeysUvRTg;minecHpas;br
eLIy KWRTg;enAEtdEdlmkdl;sBVfenH .
35
RBHraCkicrbs;RTg;)anseRmcedayGMNacecsa nigGnuvtedaynUvGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaNbrisuTCaGFiFmCati KWedayehtuenaH )anCaeyIgRtvEtrs;enA nigbMeBjkickar
CaGkeCO Edl)anRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN .
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT
RbePTkargarsMxan;bIy:ag
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa RBHviBaaNbrisuT)ancak;eRbgtaMgdl;RTg; .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418-19 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaH
RTg;)ancak;eRbgtaMg[pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,Inwg
eR)asmnusSEdlmancitseRgg ehIyRbkasR)ab;BIesckIeR)aselaHdl;BYkeQIy
nigesckIPWeLIgvijdl;mnusSxVak; ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc RBmTaMg
RbkasR)ab;BIqaMEdlRBHGmas;kMNt;Tuk .
RBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv)anrab;bBalTaMg
karbeRgn
karGFib,ay
kareR)as[Ca nigkarrMedaH
RBHKm<Irm:afay 935 )anEcgfa RBHeysUv RTg;kyageTAdl;RKb;RkgRKb;
PUmi RBmTaMgbeRgnkgsalaRbCMuTaMgb:unan ehIyRbkasR)ab;dMNwglBInKr RTg;k
eR)asGs;TaMgCMgWeraKa nigCraBikar kgBYkbNaCn[)anCa .
karkMNt;
37
kareR)as[Capl;mknUvPBVvasna edIm,IpSaydMNwgldl;GkEdlminTan;)an
TTYlesckIsegaH . muneBlEdlmnusSmak; GacTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHdMNwgl)an TI1
eyIgRtvEtQHnUvkarRbgRbytrbs;BYkeK . enAkgelakiydEsnQWcukcab; nigkar
)ak;TwkcitenH kareR)as[CaputBITukPy BIkarRbgRbytrbs;mnusSmak; nig)an
seRmcy:agqab;rhstamkarkMNt;nRBHbnlRBH .
kareFVIkarGsarCaesckIrs;eLIgvijCabnbnab;
karRbCuMBIkarpSaydMNwglelIkTI1 bnab;BIesckIrs;eLIgvij )ancab;epIm
edaymankareR)as[Ca . karGsarnkareR)as[Cadl;mnusSBikarenATVarlMG )an
ebIkTVarsRmab;mnusS5Bak;nak; )anTTYlesckIsegaH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 38-11 Ecgfa Kat;ksHQreLIgedIreTAmk ehIycUleTA
kgRBHviharCamYynwgGkTaMg2enaH TaMgedIr TaMgelat TaMgsresIrdl;RBHpg
bNaCnTaMgGs;KakeXIjKat;edIr TaMgsresIrRBHdUecaH ehIyeKsal;Kat; faCaGk
EdlEtgEtGgysUmTaneKenARtg;mat;TVarlMGrbs;RBHvihar enaHeKkmaneBjCa
esckIGsar ehIymmigmmaMgBIkarEdlekItmkenaH dUecH kMBugEdlKat;cab;etag
Xat;eBRts nigy:Uhan enaHbNaCnTaMgGs;krt;mUlmkeK enARtg;)aMgsac Edl
ehAfa)aMgsacsaLm:Un ehIyeKmanesckIGsarkgcitNas; .
RBHKm<Irkickar 44 Ecgfa bu:En BYkGkEdlBRBHbnl enaHmanKaCaeRcIn
)aneCO ehIyBYkEdleCOk)anekIneLIg manRbsRbEhlCa5Ban;nak; .
cUrRkeLkemIleTAskmPaBrbs;elaksavkeBRtg nigy:Uhan
BYkeKkMBugeFVIskmPaBFmta - karGsar)anekIteLIgenAxageRkA
BYkCMnuM
BYkeK)ancab;yknUvkarkMNt;smal;rbs;mnusS nig)anniyayeTAkan;
Kat; . BYkeK)ancab;yknUvkarcab;epImKMnit edIm,Ipl;[nUvkareR)as
[Ca .
BYkeKmin)anykCaKMrU edaykarcab;epImRtvkarluykak; .
BYkeK)anpl;[nUvGVIEdlBYkeKman - KWCaRBHbnl nigGMNacecsa
kgRBHmanRBHeysUv .
BYkeK)anniyayedaymansiTiGMNac .
rUbmnEdlminGacpas;br)an
rUbmnnkareQagcab;BiPBelakTaMgmUl minGacpas;br)aneLIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkiceday
karbeRgn
42
karGFib,ay
kareR)as[Ca
BYk12nak;Rtv)anbBanecjeTA edIm,I
pSaydMNwgl
eR)asGkQW[Ca
lagsmat
eR)asGksab;[rs;eLIgvij
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
BYk70nak;Rtv)anbBanecjeTA edIm,I
eR)asGkCmW[Ca
R)ab;BYkeK {BInKrsansYKEdlRtvmk}
eyIgRtv)anbBaa[ecjebskkm edIm,I
ecjeTApSaydMNwgl
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
niyayPasafI
GFisandak;delIGkCmW
kareR)as[Ca minEmnmanlTPaBRtwmEtGs;GkEdleCOenaHeT KW
RBHeysUvcg;[eyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca dl;BYkGkEdlminTan;)anTTYlesckI
segaHpgEdr edIm,I[BYkeK)ansal;RBHbnl KWCaesckIBit ehIyeKnwgRtv)an
segaH
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- etIkarsMxan;GVIxHEdleyIg)aneron BIkarGsarTaMg2dMbUgrbs;RBHeysUv?
2- etImhaRBHraCbBaaGVIxH EdlRtv)anRbTanmktamdMNwglrbs;elakm:akus? sUmTenj[caMmat;
3- etIKMrUnkarbeRgnrbs;RBHeysUvdUcemcxH cMeBaHelakiy? etIeyIgRtvmanKMrUdUcemcxH? ehtuGVI?
43
emeronTI4
RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigGMNacecsarbs;RTg;
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
enaHRBHviBaaNnRBHeyhUv:anwgmksNitelIGk bNalCaxaMg GknwgTay
CamYynwgeKEdr ehIyGknwg)anERbeTACamnusSfIvij 1saMyUEGl 106 .
BitR)akdehIy eyIRtvkarGMNacecsarbs;RBH dUcKaEdlmanEdr etICaGVI?
GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenAkgCIvitrbs;RBHeysUv
karebIksEmgnUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT )ancab;epImnUvRBHraCkic
rbs;RBHeysUvy:agqab;rhs bnab;BIRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anyagmksNitelIRTg;
KWenAeBlEdlRTg;)anTTYlBiFIRCmuCTwk enATenyrdan; .
GMNacecsaEdlKg;enAkgGgRBHeysUvRKIs KWRtv)anbBancUleTAkgrUb
kayrbs;Gs;GkEdlRtvkarkareR)as[Ca enAeBlEdlBYkeK)anb:HBal;dl;RTg;
edayesckICMenO benAeBlEdlRTg;)anb:HBal;dl;BYkeK . erOgr:avrbs;sIEdlrgTuk
edaysarkarFak;QamcMnYn12qaMmkehIy enaHKWCaKMrUnGMNacecsaenHg .
etIGkNab:H
RBHKm<Irm:akus 525-34 Ecgfa enaHmansImak;QWFak;Qam Gs;12qaM
mkehIy nag)anQWsnwk enAdRKeBTCaeRcIn ehIy)ancMNayRTBsm,tiTaMg
b:unan Etmin)anRKan;ebIesaH CMgWenaHkan;EtxaMgeLIgvij nag)anBniyayBIRBH
eysUv kcUlmkkghVgmnusSBIeRkay eTABal;RBHBsRTg; edayKitfa ebIRKan;Et
Bal;RBHBsRTg;b:ueNaH enaHnwg)anCaehIy CMgWFak;Qam k)at;kgxN1rMeBcenaH
ehIynag)andwgkgxnfa nagrYcBIesckIevTnaenaHehIy enaHRsab;EtRBHeysUvRCab
kgRBHGgRTg;fa manRBHecsaecjBIRTg; kgakEbrRBHGgkghVgmnusSsYrfa Gk
NaBal;Gav BYksisSTUlfa RTg;eXIjfahVgmnusSRbeRCtRTg;Edr emceLIykman
bnlfa GkNaBal;RTg;dUecH RTg;gakTtTICuMvij nwgrkGkNaEdl)aneFVIkarenaH
sIenaHnagdwgkarEdlekItmkkgxnehIy kmkTaMgPyjr TMlak;xnRkabcuHenA
cMeBaHRTg; TUltamRtg;TaMgGs; RTg;manbnleTAnagfa kUnRsIeGIy esckICMenOnag
)anCYysegaHnagehIy cUreTA[)anRbkbedayesckIsuxcuH ehIy[nag)anrYcBI
esckIevTnarbs;nageTA .
GMNacecsaEdl)anpSayecjBIRBHeysUvmk KWCakarBit ehIyCak;Esg
EdlbNal[RTg;Qb; ehIysYrfa {GkNab:HCayRBHBsrbs;?}
GMNacecsaDIyUNamis
44
eyIgkRtvEteronsURT edIm,IeFVIclnakgkarcak;eRbgtaMgPampgEdr .
eyIgkRtvEt)anTTYlkarGnuBaatedayRBHviBaaNnRBH dUcCaRBHeysUvEdr .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 619 Ecgfa kaleK)anEcveTARbEhlCa5b6KILEm:t
ehIy enaHRsab;EteKeXIjRBHeysUv RTg;yagelIsmuRTmkCitTUk ehIyeKman
esckIPyxac .
GMeNayTanTaMgGs;sRmab;GkeCORKb;rUb
GMNacecsaDIyUNamis
BakCaPasaRkik DIyUNamis kRtv)aneKeRbIsRmab;GMNacecsa enAeBl
Edlelaksavkb:ul)ansresrGMBIkarebIksEmgnRBHviBaaN RBmTaMgGMNacecsa
EdlmanenAkgRBHraCkicrbs;RTg; .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 24 Ecgfa BaksMdI nigevaharGFib,ayrbs; kmin
EmnedayBak]tg]tm EdlBUEkbBaHbBalenaHEdr KWedaykarsMEdgecjCa
RBHviBaaN nigRBHecsavijeTetI.
elaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkickaredaynUvGMNacecsa dUcCaRBHeyUvEdr -KW
CaGMNacecsaDIyUNamis -KWCaGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
eyIg)anrkeXIjKMrUCaeRcInenAkgRBHKm<Irkickar KWCakarebIksEmgnGMNac
ecsaDIyUNamis enAkgkargarrbs;elaksavkb:ul enAeBlEdlKat;GFisandak;d
elIGk ehIysUm,IEtkarbBajnUvGMNacecsaenHtamryCayRkm:a nigkEnSgdrbs;
Kat;kBYkeK)anCaEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1911/12 Ecgfa ehIyRBHRTg;eFVIkarbTi)armIy:agEbk
edaysardb:ul dl;em:H)anCaeKRKan;EtykkEnSgbRkma BIxnKat; eTAdak;elImnusS
manCMgW enaHeKk)anCa ehIymanGarkSGesacecjBImnusSEdr .
KMrUrbs;eyIg
eyIgGaceronsURtnUvKMrUCaeRcIn BIKMrUenH .
GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWBitR)akd nigCak;EsgNas;
vaGacRtv)anbeBajeTAtamrysMelokbMBak;k)anEdr .
KMrUnkargareR)as[CaenH KWelaksavkb:ul)anykeTAeRbI enAeBl
EdlKat;minGacecjeTAGkCmW)an bkBYkeKminGacnaMKat;ecjeTA
)an .
sMelokbMBak;KWCacMNucmYynkarTak;Tg edIm,IbeBajnUvesckICMenO.
vaman\TiBldUcKa RbsinebIelaksavkb:ul)anmkedayxnKat; ehIy
GFisandak;delIBYkeK .
46
47
BYksasn_dT
BYksasn_enARkgessara KWCaelIkTImYyehIy EdlBYkeK)anTTYlnUvGMNec
ecsaenH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1044-46 Ecgfa kaleBRtskMBugEtGFib,ayenAeLIy
enaHRBHviBaaNbrisuTkyagcuHmk sNitelIGs;GkEdlkMBugEtsab;RBHbnl BYk
GkeCO kgBYkkat;Es,kTaMgb:unan EdlmkCamYynwgeBRts eKkmanesckIGsar
CaxaMg BIdMeNIrEdlGMeNayTanCaRBHviBaaNbrisuT )ancak;mkelIBYksasn_dT
dUecHEdr d,iteKBGkTaMgenaHniyayPasadT ehIysresIrdMekIgdl;RBH .
bnab;mk BYkGkeCOenATIRkgeGePsUr )anTTYlnUvGMNacecsaenH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 192-6 Ecgfa cab;taMgBIGkral;KaeCOmk etI)anTTYlRBH
viBaaNbrisuTehIybenA eKeqIyfa eyIgmin)anTaMgBniyayBIRBHviBaaNbrisuTpg
Kat;sYreKeTotfa dUecH etIGkral;Ka)anTTYlbuNRCmuCTwkedaynUvGVIeKeqIyfa KW
edaynUvbuNRCmuCrbs;elakyU:haneT rYcb:ulniyayfa elaky:Uhan)aneFVIbuN
RCmuCTwk BIdMeNIrkarERbcit TaMgR)ab;BYkCn[eCOdl;RBHGg EdlyagmkeRkay
elakvij KWdl;RBHeysUvRKIs kal)anBdUecaHehIy enaHeKkTTYlbuNRCmuCTwk
edaynUvRBHnamRBHGmas;eysUvvij rYcb:uldak;delIeK ehIyRBHviBaaNbrisuT)an
mksNitelIeK enaHeKcab;taMgniyayPasadT ehIyGFib,aypg .
karbMeBjkargaredayGMNacecsa
PaCnEdleFVIBIdI
eyIgKWCaPaCndBitR)akd fUEdleFVIBIdI EdlmaneBjedaykMNb;nRBH
viBaaNbrisuT . kareR)as[CaEdlRbkbedaykarGsar minEmnmkedayGMNac
rbs;eyIgenaHeT KW)anmkedayGMNacecsarbs;RBH EdlmanenAkgeyIgvij .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 47 Ecgfa eyIgmanRTBsm,tienHenAkgPaCndI
edIm,I[\TbTidelIslb;)anmkBIRBH minEmnBIeyIgeT .
RBHKm<IrmIka 38k Ecgfa EtcMENk maneBjCaRBHecsa edaysarRBH
viBaaNnRBHeyhUv:a>>>.
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRbTanGMNac
eyIgRtvEt)anTTYlnUvkarGnuBaat nigkarRbTanGMNac edayRBHviBaaN
brisuT edIm,I[)anbMeBjnUvkargarCaGMeNayTannkareR)as[CaenaH . edayBwg
eTAelIkmaMgrbs;eyIgPal; enaHeyIgnwgRtvFak;cuH .
50
sI)anbeBajskmPaBesckICMenOrbs;nag ehIy)anBal;CayRBHBsrbs;
RTg; .
karb:HBal;KWCacMNucnkarTak;Tg .
vaCakarbeBajesckICMenOrbs;nag edIm,I[nag)anTTYl .
va)aneFVIkareR)as[CaedayGaRsyeTAelIkarhUrcUleTAkgrUbkay
rbs;nag .
esckICMenOKWEtgEtRtv)anTMnak;TMng
edayskmPaBnkareBjedayesckICMenO . elaksavky:akub)ansresrfa
> > esckICMenOEdl\tmankarRbRBwttam enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy
y:akub 220x .
enAeBlEdlBaker:m:a)anebIksEmg EdlbNal[manesckICMenOelatcUl
eTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg enaHRKb;y:agEdleyIgmanesckIsgwm nwg)anmkdl;eBl
{\LvenH} Caminxan . eyIgcab;epImniyayedayGg;Gac BIesckICMenOrbs;eyIg
enAeBlEdleyIgeFVIclnabeBajskmPaBGVImYy .
esckICMenOKWCakugtak; TaMgkarTTYlnigkarbeBajnUvDIyUNamis KWCaGMNac
ecsaDINam:f_nkareR)as[Carbs;RBH)anhUrmk . edaykarebIkesckICMenO enaH
eyIgGacbeBajGMNacecsaDINam:f_ EdlmanenAkkgeyIg[hUrcUleTAkgrUbkay
rbs;Gs;GkNaEdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[CaenH .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrsresrnUvkarBiPakSaTaMgbIvK EdlmanBakGMNacecsaDIyUNamisenAkgRBHeysUv enAkgelaksavkb:ul nigelak
Gkpal; .
2-
3-
etIesckIBitenHGac)ancUlmkkgCIvitrbs;elakGkedayrebobNa?
56
emeronTI5
kareR)as[CatamrykarGFisandak;delI
manmeFa)ayCaeRcInedIm,IbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca eTaHCay:agNakeday kkar
GFisandak;delI KWCaKMrUEdleK)anykmkeRbICajwkjab; enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaafI . enAeBl
EdleyIg)ansab;RBHviBaaNbrisuT enaHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvrebobEdleyIgRtvbMeBjkargar
EdlRTg;)anRbTaneBlevla[ .
enAeBlEdleyIg)anGFisandak;delIGkCmW enaHeyIgkMBugEtpl;[nUvcMNucTMnak;
TMng tamryGMNacecsarbs;RBH EdlGacbgrecjBIeyIgeTAdl;GkdTeTot . vahak;dUcCa
kardak;ExSePIgEdlmankemABIrrYmKa edIm,I[GMNacePIgeGLikRTicGacbgrecj)an . kar
GFisandak;delI KWdUcCakarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg edayeRbIkEnSgd bksMelokbMBak;epSg
eTot EckcayeTAdl;cMNucTMnak;TMng EdlGacbeBajnUvesckICMenO)an .
enAkgemeronbnab;enH eyIgnwgsikSaBIBakesckICMenO EdleyIgRtvEtniyayenA
eBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca . muneBlEdleyIgGFisandak;delIGkCmW enaHeyIg
RtvEtcMNayeBlbeBaj nUvesckICMenOrbs;Kat; bnag edaykarEckcaynUvxKm<IrEdlniyay
BIkareR)as[Ca bedaykarerobrab;BITIbnal;rbs;GkdTeTot Edl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca
Rbhak;RbEhlKaenHEdr .
RKwHnRBHKm<IrKWsRmab;karGFisandak;delI
karGFisandak;delIKWmanbsKl;enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaacas; .
vaCakarsMxan;sRmab;eyIgedIm,Iyl;fa manesckIBit nigkarsMxan;dBit tam
rykarGFisandak;delIenHg .
KMrUBIRBHKm<IrsBaacas;
GMeBI)abRtv)anbBaneTA[dl;stVBEB
R)aCJakRtv)anbBan
enAkgRBHKm<IrelvIviny GMeBI)abKWRtv)anbBaneTa[dl;stVBEB .
RBHKm<IrelvIviny 1621/22 Ecgfa rYcdak;dTaMg2enAelIk,alBEBenaH
ln;tYBIGs;TaMgesckITucrit nigGs;TaMgesckIrMlgrbs;BYkkUnecAGRsaEGl BIelIBEB
enaH KWGMeBI)abrbs;eKTaMgGs; Rtvdak;TaMgGs;elIk,alBEBenaH rYcRbKl;dl;mnusS
mak; EdlRbgCaeRscedIm,IdwkvaeTATIrehasan BEBenaH RtvpkGs;TaMgesckI
Tucritrbs;eK elIxnecjeTATIdMbn;sUnsat; rYcGkenaHRtvElgvaenATIrehasan
enaH .
tamrykaGFisandak;delIedayelakm:Ues enaHviBaaNnR)aCJa Rtv)an
bBaneTA[elaky:UesV .
57
59
cMNaM kgkarEckcaynUvkarGnuvtn_rUbmnkargareR)asGkCmW[\CaCabnbnab;enH
eyIgminRtvniyaybEgVgdaneRkABIKMrUEdleyIgRtvniyayeLIy beyIgRtvEtniyayeTAtamkar
EdleyIgRtveRbIRtg;Etmg . eTaHCay:agNakeday KMrUTaMgenaHKWCakarpl;[nUvCyCmH
sRmab;eyIg nigsRmab;mnusSrab;Ban;dTeTotenACuMvijBiPB elak .
manrebobkgkarENnaMnUvkarGnuvtn_sMxan; sRmab;pas;brnUvkarGFisan
dak;delIGkCmWrbs;eyIg . mUldanTaMgBIrenH KWsMedAelIRBHbnlnRBH nigtam
rynkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInqaMmkehIy .
kEngEdleyIgQr
cab;taMgBIeyIg)aneRbIGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH EdlmanenAkg
rUbkayrbs;eyIgmk enaHeyIgRtvEtQrenAcMeBaHmuxGkCmW edIm,I[manlTPaBGac
edjCmWenaH)an . kareFVIy:agenH enaHkGacbgak;nUvkareRCtERCk nigpg;citeTAelI
GVIEdleyIgniyay nigeFVI . eyIgGaceRbIdmYy bdTaMg2 eBlEdlelakGk)an
TTYlGMNacnRBHviBaaNbrisuT [GFisandak;delI .
rkeXIjnUvesckIRtvkar
cUrsUmdl;mnusSmak;nUvGVIEdleKRtvkareR)as[Ca [eK)aneCOdl;RBH .
]TahrN_ mnusSBikarmak;kMBugEtsitenAelIekAGI Edlmankg;vil ehIyeyIgkMNt;fa
BYkeKEdlenAkgtMbn;enaH cg;TTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca b:uEntamBit BYkeKkMBugEtxVl;
edaymanCmWQWk,al ehIycg;[eyIgGFisan[eKeTAvij .
elakGkmanXafa mnusSRtvkarkareR)as[Ca enaHRtvEtTTYlxusRtv
cMeBaHsankarN_Bit sRmab;esckICMenOrbs;eK .
kuMGnuBaat[mnusSmak; pl;[GknUvkarraykarN_CaGviCmanEvgeBk . tam
kareFVIrebobenH BYkeKc,as;Caniyayfa {sPaBkar\Lv KWvaepSgKa . enHKWCa
bMNgdlM)ak;sRmab;RBH edIm,IeR)aseK[Ca}.
karEfgCaGviCmandUecH naM[mankarraMgsH . cUrsUmmgehIymgeTotfa
{etIGVIEdlelakGkkMBugEteCORBH enaHelakGkenAEteCOrhUtmkdl;\LvenHbeT?}
cUr[dwgfa GVIEdlCaviCmanenaH kuMGnuBaat[karniyayCaGviCmanGacbneTA
eTot)aneLIy . esckICMenOEdlcMraj;ecjmkenH enaHGacnwgeFVI[BYkeKTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca)an .
KanbBaaGVIeT EdlBYkeKR)ab;elakGk enaHKWEtgEteqIytbedaykarniyay
y:agdUecHfa {enaHKWCakargayRsYlsRmab;RBH} KWCaBitCaGBawgEmnehIy . cUrrkSa
KMnitrbs;elakGkcMeBaHrebobnkareRbIGMNacecsarbs;RBH ehIyeFVIrebobenaH[
)aneRcIndgcuH RTg;sBVRBHhbTyeR)as[BYkeK)anCa
61
karbgat;beRgndl;mnusSmak; ehIymnusSTaMgGs;EtgEtebIkEPksmwg
emIlmk . manmnusS)anEjkdrbs;eK GMBIkarecjmkbnicmg dUecHKankarrwt
Rtdusrvagdrbs;eKeLIy . cMeBaHdrbs;elakGk Edl)anlatcMeBaHmux cUr[d
rbs;eK)ansRmakenAelIdrbs;elakGk dak;delIdeK.
karbeBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH KWCakarbBaaedayGg;GaceTAelIqwgxg
qwgsabRbecov sac;duM nigsrsBYrEpkxagxg edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[Ca ehIycUlmk
kgkartRmg;[)anesI . cUrsmwgemIlkarEktRmg;[)ansmrm bnab;BIkarEktRmg;
ehIy sYreTAeKfa etIEpkxagxgrbs;eK )anRsYlbYlehIybenA . cUrsYredaykahan
fa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIteLIgcMeBaHkarQWcab;enH?} rMeBcenaH cUrfVaysirIldl;
RBH .
enAeBlEdleyIgcab;epImsresIrtemIgRBH sRmab;GVIEdlRTg;)aneFVI enaH
esckICMenOnwglUtlas;rwgmaM . kareR)as[CaEdlGacman KWRKan;Etcab;epIm[)an
RtwmRtvPamEtb:ueNaH . karsresIrtemIg KWCaEpksMxan;mYynkareR)as[Ca .
kareR)as[CaEpkxgxageRkam
enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargarcMeBaHmnusSmak; EdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[
Ca enAEpkxgxageRkamEdlmancMeBaHBYkeK KW[eKGgyenAkgekAGI edayqwg
RteKokeTAdl;Epkxg . bBarmnusSenaH[Rtg; [eKncab;cugeCIgrbs;eK . cUr
cMNaMfa karBt;[Rtg;TaMgqwgkeCIg TaMgEkgeCIg KWRtvBak;Es,keCIg[eK .
karbeBajGMNacecsarbs;RBH KWCakarbBaaqwgxg qwgsabRbecov sac;duM
nigsrsBYr edIm,I[)aneR)as[Ca nigedIm,I[)antRmg;erobesIeLIgvij . enAeBl
Edl)aneFVIkarEkExcb;sBVRKb;Gs;ehIy cUr[BYkeKQr[)anRtg;xn beFVInUvGVIEdleK
minGaceFVI)anBImunmk . m:ageTot cUrsYredayGg;Gacfa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIt
eLIgcMeBaHkarQWcab;enH?} m:agvijeTot cUr[BYkeKfVaysirIldl;RBH .
kareR)as[CaEpkRteKok
qwgRteKokEdlPat EtgEtbNalmkBIkartRmg;eCIgxus bBaaCamYynwg
esrIragenAEpktMbn;qwgRteKok CmWslIy:U bkkarQWcukcab;EpksrsRbsaTBI
RteKokdl;cugeCIg . bBareK[Rtg;tamEpknimYy dak;drbs;elakGkEpkxagelI
qwgRteKokrbs;eK enAxageRkamKUfrbs;eK tamcMehog . RbsinebImnusSmak;Edl
manePTpyKa cUrdak;drbs;elakGkenAEpkxagelI bksemkbMBak;rbs;eK . cUr
beBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH[hUrecjeTA edayesckICMenO .
CaerOyrUbkayrbs;BYkeK nwgcab;epImRtLb;BImYycMehogeTAmYycMehog
eTot tamelakGkbBaanUvqwgRteKokenaH qwgkMeb:HKUfKWCaqwgsMEb:tFM Cabsnqwg
64
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbgminRtvbBab;eLIy . vaRtvEt)anseRmceday
skmPaBnesckICMenO KWCakarbeBajnUvGMNacRBHecsarbs;RBH [hUrecjeTA .
kareR)as[CatamrysMelokbMBak; nigkEnSgd
karbBanecjeTA
kareRbInUvsMelokbMBak;Edl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbg KWRtv)anebIksEmgEtmg
Kt;enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaafI .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1911/12 Ecgfa ehIyRBHRTg;eFVIkarbTi)armIy:agEbk
edaysardb:ul dl;em:H)anCaeKRKan;EtykkEnSgbRkma BIxnKat; eTAdak;elImnusS
manCMgW enaHeKk)anCa ehIymanGarkSGesacecjBImnusSEdr .
GMNacecsankareR)as[CanRBHviBaaNbrisuT KWRtv)anbBanecjBIrUb
kayrbs;elaksavkb:ul tamrykEnSgd bsMBt; . PaBmanCmWRtv)anTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca ehIyviBaaNrbs;GarkSRtv)anbeNjecj .
etIkarenaHmanrhUtmkdl;sBVfenHbeT?
etIsMelokEdlmankarcak;eRbgtaMg manrhUtmkdl;smysBVfenH
beT?
RBHRTg;nwgeRbIrUbmnepSgKaCaeRcIn edIm,InaMmk[mnusStamesckICMenO .
eyIgminRtvdak;kRmitelIRTg;eLIy GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWCakar
Bit Cak;EsgbMput EdlGacbBanecjeTA tamrysMelokbMBak;)an .
GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenH KWRtv)anbeBaj y:agehacNas;tamry
mnusSmak; EdlcUlrYmedaymanesckICMenOeBjelj ehIyedaymanGMNacecsa
rbs;RBH edIm,IeR)as[Ca . enAeBlmnusSmak; naMyksMelokbMBak;rbs;eKeTA[
mnusSmak;epSgeTot ehIysUm[sMelokbMBak;)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg mnusSBIr
nak; beRcInnak;eTot Edl)ankMBugGFisanedaymancitRBmeRBg edIm,I[)anTTYlnUv
kareR)as[Ca . bnab;mk edayeKenAEtmanesckICMenO enaHeKGacyksMelok
bMBak;eTA dak;elIGkQWdTeTot[)anCaEdr .
bnab;mk sMelokbMBak;Edl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMgenaH )anRtLb;eTACa
rbs;pknUvGMNac ehIyedaymanesckICMenO enaHeKGacnUvEtbeBajmgehIymg
eTot nUvGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH edIm,I[enAEtmanskmPaBeR)as[Ca
eTAeTot)an . vaCaskmPaBedayesckICMenO EdlRBHRTg;)anRbTanmk .
etIBYkeKRtveRbIR)asedayrebobNa
etIsMelokEdl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg enaHRtv)aneKeRbIrhUtmk
dl;smysBVfenHbeT?
66
manGkeCOxHEdl)anTTYlnUvkarRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN EdleCOnUvGMNac
ecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT GacGFisandak;delIsMelokbMBak;
ehIybBannUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH cUleTAkgsMelokbMBak;enaHedayesckICMenO
)an .
va)anRtveKmansMNUmBrfa sMelokbMBak;CasMBt;kMNat; EdlRtv)aneKeRbI
R)as; karsegaHedayRkdas; bkedayvtbMNgdTeTotenaHeT .
rUbmnenHkGacRtv)aneKeRbIR)as; enAeBlEdlBBYkviBaaNGaRkk; bkBBYk
viBaaNBikarPaBEdl)ancUlmk .
maneBlCaeRcInEdlmnusSmak;)anTTYlnUvCmW ehIyeK)anmkGkeCOEdl
eBjedayRBHviBaaN . kareRbIR)as;nUvsMelokbMBak;EdlTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg KWCa
meFa)aymYyedIm,IbMeBjkargar enAeBlEdlvaKanlTPaBedIm,IenACamYynwgmnusS
EdlmanGMNacenaH .
kareR)as[Catamrykarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg nigsMelokbMBak;Edlman
karcak;eRbgtaMg KWEdlmanenAkgRBHKm<Ir ehIymanrhUtmkdl;smysBVfenH .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- ehtuGVI)anCakarb:HBal; KWCakarsMxan; enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargarnUvkareR)asGkCmW[Ca?
2-
3-
4-
67
emeronTI6
RBHbnlEdleyIgsEmgecj
esckICMenOKWRtv)ankMNt; bsEmgecjedayRBHbnlEdleyIg)ansEmg .
enAkgemeronTIbYn eyIg)ansikSamkfa esckICMenOKWCakugtak; EdlGnuBaat[eyIg
nUvGMNacnkareR)as[CaEpkDIyUNamIs edayRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anbgrmk . eyIg
k)ansikSapgEdr nUvesckICMenOEdlsEmgecjedayBaksmI Edl)anseRmceday
esckICMenO . eyIg)aneXIjKMrUGMBIsImak;EdlFak;Qam KWCaBakEdlnag)anniyay
edayesckICMenOfa {nwg)anCaehIy} .
manBaksmIEdl)anseRmcedayesckICMenOTaMg4Epk EdleyIgRtvEt
niyayedaykarbEnmnUvkarrg;caMEdlsgwmCaviCman nUvesckICMenOrbs;eyIg .
GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWRtv)anbeBajeday
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv
karbeNjBBYkviBaaNBikarPaB
karniyayBIkarbegItnUvkarGsar
nigkarniyayedaynUvRBHbnlRBH
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv
etImankarsMxan;viessNamYy kgkarniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUvbeT?
etImanGMNacecsadBitR)akd enAkgkarniyayedaynUvRBHnamenaHbeT?
GtnynRBHnam{RBHeysUv} KWCakarBittamkarGFisanfa {RBHRTg;segaH
eyIg} bCakarsEmgfa {RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaesckIsegaH}. manGMNacdeRCAenAkg
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv .
siTiGMNacenAkgRBHnam
etIsiTiGMNacGVIEdlmanenAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv?
RKb;TaMgsiTiGMNacmanenAsansYK nigEpndI .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2818 Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;yagmkmanbnlnwgeKfa
RKb;TaMgGMNac)anRbKl;mkenAelIsansYK ehIyelIEpndIpg .
CaRBHnamelIGs;TaMgnampg
RBHnamRBHeysUv KWCanamx<s;elIsGs;TaMgnampg .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 25-11 Ecgfa RtvEtmanKMnitKitdUcCaRBHRKIseysUvvij
EdleTaHebIRTg;manrUbGgCaRBHkeday Kg;Etmin)anrab;esckIEdlesInwgRBHenaH Tuk
68
mankarKRmamkMEhgedaysarkareRbIRBHnam
elaksavkeBRtsmancitkahaneqIynwgsMNYrrbs;BYkeK GMBIkareR)as[Ca
edaysarRBHnamenaHfa
enaHsUm[elakral;KaRCabdUecH ehIy[sasn_GRsaEGlTaMgGs;dwgpg
faEdlmnusSenH)anCaRsLH ehIyQrenAmuxelakral;KadUecH KWedaysarRBHnam
nRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsukNasaEr:t Edlelakral;Ka)anqagRTg; EtRBH)aneR)as[
manRBHCnrs;BIsab;eLIgvij kickar 410 .
TIsmal; nigkarGsar enAkgRBHnamRTg;
eFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)anedaysarRBHnamRTg;
eCOelIRBHnamRTg;
BYkeKnwgniyayPasafI
BYkeKnwgcab;kan;Bs;)an
ebIBYkeKnwgpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI[GnrayeT
BYkeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCapg
eyIgmansiTiGMNacnRBHnamRBHeysUv KWCanamx<s;elIsGs;TaMgnampg .
BYkCMnuMdMbUg)anniyayfa kareR)as[CaedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv KWedaysaresckI
CMenO . eTaHCamankarKRmamkMEhgdl;sab;keday kelaksavkeBRtsenAEtGH
Gagfa kareR)as[CaenaHKWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvEdr .
karbeNjBBYkviBaaNBikarPaB
RBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv
RBHraCkiceR)as[Carbs;RBHeysUvPaKeRcIn KWEtgEt)anseRmcedaysar
beNjBBYkviBaaNecj . enAsmysBVfenH manCmW nigmaneraKaCaeRcInRtv)anrk
eXIj edaysarmanGkeCOEdl)ancab;yksiTiGMNacelIBBYkviBaaNTaMgenaH Edl
)anRtvTTYlkarEbgEckedayxaMgsRtv Edl)anmklYc smab; nigbMpajenaH .
enAkgRBHKm<IrlUka eyIg)anGanBIsImak;EdlRtv)anGarkSXuM edayviBaaN
BikarPaBmYy .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1311-13/16 Ecgfa enaHeXIjmansImak; EdlGarkS
eFVI[BikarGs;18qaMmkehIy manxgekag egIbRtg;BuM)anesaH luHRTg;)aneXIjKat;
kmanbnlehAKat;mk R)ab;fa nageGIy nag)anrYcBICraBikarehIy rYcRTg;dak;RBH
hselIKat; enaHKat;kegIbRtg;eLIgCa1rMeBc ehIyeBalBNnasresIrdl;RBH>>> .
RBHeysUvRTg;)ansEmgy:agc,as;fa viBaaNnCmWenH KWCacMNgrbs;
sataMgenaHg .
sIenH CaBUCelakGR)ahaM EdlGarkSsataMg)ancgKat;18qaMmkehIy
dUecH etImin KYrnwgRsay[rYcBIcMNgenH enAfQb;sMrakEdreTbGI .
Bakfa {BikarPaB} mannyfa PaBmanCmW bkPaBTn;exSay . viBaaN
BikarPaBCaFmta KWCaviBaaNnPaBmanCmW bkPaBTn;exSay . vaGacCaRbePTn
CmWNamYy .
CmWEdlemIlminCa
cMeBaHRBH KanCmWNaEdlfaemIlminCaeLIy . esIrEtRKb;CmWTaMgGs;
EdlRKeBT)ancat;Tukfa CaRbePTCmWEdlminGacemIlCa enaHKWbNalmkBIviBaaN
sataMg . kgkarbMeBjkargareR)asCmWTaMgenH enaHeyIgGacniyayeTAkan;viBaaN
71
72
CmWqtRCk
CmWxVak; nigK
CmWsnak;qwgekagxg
karcg nigkarRsay
kgkarcat;karnwgviBaaNBikarPaB eyIgmansiTiGMNacBIry:ag ehIymankar
beRgny:agmanRbsiTiPaBenAkgebskkm .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1619 Ecgfa enaHBYksisSmkRBHeysUvedayELk TUl
sYrfa ehtuGVI)anCaeyIg edjGarkSenaHmin)an .
karcg
karRsay
karniyayeTAkan;RKwHnCmWeraKa
CaeRcIndgeRcInsar EdlEpknrUbkayRtv)an)at;bg;eTA edaykareRKaHfak;
sWeKIrI kMeNItminRKb;Twk bkmanCmWxUcGVImYyEdleFVI[kan;EtFn;FreLIgCaedIm .
eyIgGacbMeBjParkicnUvkareFVIkarGsar tamryRBHbnlEdlEcgfa {karniyay
eTAkan;PM[erIecj)an} edayeRbIBakbBaadl;CmW[ecjeTA edaynUvGMNacecsan
RBHbnlrbs;RBH .
74
eBlEdleyIg)anGannUvcMnYnnkareR)as[Ca EdlmanenAkgRBHKm<IrsBaa
fI enaHeyIgEtgEtGanedayRbkasy:agdUecH
kalRTg;manbnldUecHehIy kbnWvacafa LasareGIy cUrecjmk y:Uhan
1143.
>>>edaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsuk NasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,IgedIr
eTAcuH kickar 36x.
elaksavkb:ul)aneFVIkardl;mnusSBikarenATIRkglIsa .
RBHKm<Irkickar 149/10 Ecgfa GkenaH)anBb:ulGFib,ay ehIyb:ulk
sMLwgemIleTAKat; eXIjfa Kat;manesckICMenOlmedIm,I[)anCa enaHkbnWCasMeLg
xaMgfa cUreRkakQr[Rtg;eLIg rYcGkenaHksHeLIgedIr .
eyIgmanKMrU nigmanesckIkahan kgkarniyaynUvBakeR)as[Ca . Rbsin
ebIkarenHepSgKaBITmab;cas;rbs;eyIg cUreyIgeFVItamRBHbnlnRBHcuH .
karniyayedaynUvRBHbnlRBH
GVIEdleyIgniyay KWCaerOgsMxan;bMput Cac,ab;EdlnaMmknUvkareR)asmnusS
rbs;RBH[Ca . Bakrbs;eyIgGacnaMmknUvCIvit besckIsab; CmW bsuxPaB . vaCa
RBHbnlRBHEdleyIgRtvEtniyay . RBHbnlRBHnaMmknUvkareR)as[Ca .
TaMgCIvit TaMgesckIsab;
esckIsaLm:Un)aneFVI[kan;Etc,as;las;eLIgnUvCIvit nigesckIsab; eday
sarGMNacnGNat .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 1821 Ecgfa eTaHTaMgesckIsab; ehIynigCIvit kenA
kgGMNacnGNatEdr GkNaEdlcUlciteRbI enaHnwgsIuplnGNatenaHg .
manmnusSCaeRcIn)ansab; edayxneK bedayGkdT eRBaHEtBaksmIrbs;
eK . erOgdTeTot KWEdl)aneronedIm,Irs;enAedaykarniyayBIRBHbnl edayesckI
CMenO .
segaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab;
edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab; .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 108-10 Ecgfa EtesckIsucritenaH etIfadUcemc enaHfa
RBHbnlenACitg kenAkgmat; ehIykgcitgpg enaHKWCaRBHbnln
esckICMenO EdleyIgxJMkMBugEtRbkasR)ab;fa ebImat;GknwgTTYlEfgR)ab;BIRBH
Gmas;eysUv ehIyGkeCOkgcitfa RBH)aneR)as[RTg;rs;BIsab;eLIgvij enaHGk
nwg)ansegaHBit d,iteyIg)ansucrit edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;
TTYlEfgR)ab; .
77
3-
79
emeronTI7
kareR)as[CatamryskmPaBGFisan
Bak .
cMENkrbs;RBH nigcMENkrbs;eyIg
kar[Gtny
elakNUeG)aneFVITUkrYcCaeRsc - RBHRTg;)anBnicEpndI
elakm:UeselIdMbgeLIg - RBHRTg;)anEjkTwkecj
elaky:UesVedIrCuMvijRkgeyrIxUr - RBHRTg;)aneFVI[RkgrlM
eharaeGlIy:ae)aHRkmacUlkgTwk - RBHRTg;eFVI[BUefAGENteLIg
cMENkrbs;RBH
kareFVIkareR)asGjnkQW[Ca KWCaskmPaBEdleyIgKYKb,IeFVI ehIykCa
skmPaBEdlRBHRTg;)aneFVIEdr . vaCakarsMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkaryl;dwgnUvesckI
seRmcTaMgBIrmuxenH . enAeBlEdleyIg)aneCOnUvRBHbnlRBHeysUv ehIy)an
bMeBjskmPaBCamUldanRKwHelIesckICMenOenaH RBHRTg;nwgbMeBjnUvcMENkrbs;RTg;
ehIynaMmknUvkarebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[CaenHdl;eyIg .
RTg;manlTPaBRKb;karTaMgGs;
CakargayRsYlNas;cMeBaHRBHeysUv {KanGVIEdlRBHRTg;eFVIminekIteLIy}.
RBHKm<IrlUka 1827 Ecgfa RTg;manbnlfa karEdlmnusSeFVIminekIt
enaHRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1027 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;TteTAeK manbnlfa kar
enaHmnusSelakeFVIBMuekIteT EtRBHRTg;eFVIekIt d,itRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs;)an.
vaBitCaBi)akyl;RBmCamYyRBHeysUv enAeBlEdlRTg;manbnlfa {Gk
NaEdleCO KankarGVIEdleKeFVIminekItenaHeLIy}.
RBHKm<Irm:akus 923 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa ebIGacnwgeCO
)an enaHkarTaMgGs;nwgsMerc)an dl;GkNaEdleCO .
cMeBaHxagEpkrUbniym vahak;dUcCaKanlTPaBesaHeLIy EtcMeBaHRBH Edl
RTg;manbnlehIy enaHKWRtvEtmanlTPaB BIeRBaHvaminEmnCaGMNacecsapal;xn
rbs;eyIgenaHeLIy KWCaGMNacecsarbs;RBHvij . RBHRTg;minEdlR)ab;eyIg[eFVInUv
erOgr:av EdleyIgminGaceFVI)abenaHeLIy .
80
begItGkb,kiriyaEdl{GaceFVI)an}
karykQHelIkarPyxac
RBHeysUv)anbgab;[eyIgdak;delIGkCmW . eyIgminRtvGnuBaat[man
GarmN_PyxaccUlmkeFVI[eyIgminsab;tambgab;enHeLIy .
RBHKm<Ir1saMyUEGl 1522 Ecgfa saMyUEGlTUleqIyfa etIRBHeyhUv:a
RTg;sBVRBHhbTynwgdgVaydut ehIynwgyBabUCa [esInwgkarsab;tamRTg;bGI
emIl Edlsab;bgab; enaHviesselIsCagyBabUCa ehIyEdlepgRtecok enaHk
viessCagxaj;necomeQaleTAeTot .
RbsinebIeyIgmanbTBiesaFn_ nUvkarGsarnkareR)as[CaenAkgCIvitrbs;
eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtsab;bgab;tamkarbeRgn nigtamRBHraCbBaanRBHbnlRBH .
eyIgRtvEtsab;bgab; ehIyeFVIkarPamtamRBHraCbBaa EdlRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;
)anbeRgn[eyIgeFVI KanbBaaGVIeLIyEdleyIgKitfaeFVImin)anenaH .
eyIgGaceFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)an tamGVIEdlRBH)anbgab;[eyIgeFVI RbsinebI
eyIgeFVI[CMenOeyIg)anlUtlas; -eyIgRtvEtbBab;nUvBakniyayfa {minGac
eFVIekIteT} ehIycab;epImyl;RsbCamYyRBH edayniyayfa {GaceFVI)an} vij .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 413 Ecgfa GacnwgeFVIRKb;TaMgGs;)an edaysarRBHRKIs
EdlRTg;cMerInkMLaMgdl; .
karPyxacmin)anTTYleCaKCy bPaBxas;eGonepSg enaHKWminEmnmkBI
RBHeLIy . vanwgraraMgeyIgRKb;pvmin[eFVIkarGVI EdlRBHbgab;[eFVIsRmab;karrs;enA
rbs;eyIgenaH)an . karPyxacxusRbRktI KWCaviBaaNPyxacEdlsataMgbBanmk
edIm,Ibgak;eyIgkgkarsab;bgab;RBH .
RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 17 Ecgfa d,itRBHRTg;min)anRbTan[eyIgmanviBaaN
EdlEtgEtxaceLIy KW[manviBaaNdmanGMNac esckIRsLaj; nigR)aCJanwgFwg
vij .
edIm,IeFVIskmPaBtamRBHbnlRBH eyIgRtvEtykQHelIkarxacmin)aneCaK
Cy ehIykuM[xacfa eyIgnwg)at;bg;kitisB RbsinebIKankarGsarNaekIteLIgenaH
81
{cUreTAlagsmat}
BYksavkeFVItamKMrU
elaksavkeBRts nigy:Uhan )aneFVItamKMrUnkareR)as[Ca EdlRBHeysUv
)anRbTanmk . BYkKat;bgab;dl;bursBikarmak;[eRkakeLIg ehIyedIreTA .
RBHKm<Irkickar 36/7 Ecgfa EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas
KaneT Etrbs;Edlman enaHnwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BI
RsukNasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,IgedIreTAcuH rYckcab;dsaMelIkKat;eT,Ig Rsab;Et
RbGb;eCIg nigEPkeKarbs;Kat; mankMLaMgeLIgPam .
esckICMenObUknwgkarRbRBwt
RBHKm<Iry:akub)ansEmgR)ab;eyIgfa esckICMenOEdlKankarRbRBwt enaH
eQaHfasab;ehIy .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 214/17/18/20 Ecgfa bgbneGIy ebIGkNafaxnman
esckICMenOEtminRbRBwttam enaHetImanRbeyaCn_GVI etIesckICMenOGacnwgCYy
segaHGkenaH)anEdrb>>> esckICMenOkEbbdUecaHEdr ebIKankarRbRBwttameT
enaHksab;enAEtg EtGkxHnwgniyayfa GkmanesckICMenO ehIymankarRbRBwt
dUecH cUrGkbgajesckICMenOrbs;Gk eRkABIkarEdlGkRbRBwt[eXIjpg enaH
nwgbgajesckICMenO edaysarkarEdlRbRBwtEdr>>> mnusSkMeLAeGIy Gkcg;dwg
BitbeTfa esckICMenOEdl\tmankarRbRBwttam enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy .
BYkeyIgRtvEtmanskmPaB RbRBwttamRBHbnlRBH BIeRBaHesckICMenOEdl
KankarRbRBwt enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy . eBlEdlesckICMenOrbs;eyIgmankarRbRBwt
84
eyIg)aneFVI[kareR)as[Carbs;RBHmanskmPaB . eBlEdlRBHecsanRBHbgr
cUleTAkgkarRbRBwt enaHCmWTaMgLaynwgcakecjPam .
CMenOEdlmankarRbRBwt KWmansarsMxan;bMputkgebskkmnkareR)as[
Ca. maneBlxHvanwg)anedaysarkargareR)as[Ca . m:ageTot karRbRBwtnwg)an
RtvedaykarTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca tamkarsab;bgab;nUvesckIbeRgnrbs;RBH .
karTUnansRmab;karRbRBwt
xNeBlEdlelakGkbMeBjkargareR)as[Cadl;GkNamak; cUrR)ab;BYk
eK[eFVIGVIxH EdlBYkeKminEdleFVIBImunmk . ]TahrN_dUcCa
{cUrlatdeTA} - {bnn;xn Bt;xn} - {RttBinitemIl}
ehIysYredayGg;Gacfa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIteLIg cMeBaHkarQwcab;
enaH?}
cUrGkeCOfa RBHbnlRBHKWBitR)akd ehIyeFVIva cUrRbRBwttamRBHbnl
RBH cUreFVItamkMritnesckICMenOrbs;Gk .
esckICMenOrYmnwgkarRbRBwt .
RBHecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH )anrMedaHBYkeK .
kareR)as[Camkdl;ehIy
karRBman
eyIgminRtvR)ab;[mnusSmak;enaHevorecjBIkarRbyt bQb;eRbIfaMelbenaH
eT eTaHCamankarCMBak;CMBinkeday. eyIgmindwgfa mnusSenaHmanCMenO bman]bsK
GVIxHenAkgCIvitrs;enArbs;eK EdleFVI[BYkeKecjqayBIkarTTYlyknUvkarsEmg
BIkareR)as[Carbs;BYkeKeLIy .
eyIgRtvEtniyayedayR)akdRbCa ehIyeFVI[esckICMenO)anekIteLIgkg
BYkeK . RbsinebIBYkeKmanesckICMenO ehIydkkarRbgRbytecj enaHKWCakardKYr
[cab;GarmN_ .
cMNaM elakGkGacRtv)anTTYlnUvkarCMnuMCRmH RtwmRtveTAtamc,ab;Pam
bkenAeBlGnaKt nUvlTplCaGviCmantamlTplEdlxn)anRbRBwt
BIeRBaHesckIbeRgnEdlelakGk)anpl;mk enaHKWeTAtameraKvinicyEdl
RKeBT)anbeRgnmk .
karyl;dwgBIkarGFisan nigkareR)as[Ca
karPan;RcLM
mankarPan;RcLMxHcMeBaHkarGFisan ehIyvaCacMENkmYyenAkgkargar
eR)as[CaBICmWeraKa . GkxHKitfa eyIgRtvEtGFisan ehIysYreK bkTUlGgVrdl;
85
minGacmankarxitxMRbwgERbgGFisanedayesckICMenO)aneLIy RbsinebI
KankarGt;eTasenAkgkarrs;enArbs;eyIg . karminGt;eTas KWCakarraraMgrvageyIg
nwgRBH. eyIgminGaccab;yknUvkarminGt;eTas ehIyGnuvtedayesckICMenOenAeBl
EtmYy)aneLIy .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1125 Ecgfa ehIykalNaGkQrGFisan ebIGkman
ehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I[RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka EdlKg;
enAsansYK )anGt;eTasRKb;TaMgesckIkMhusrbs;Gkral;KaEdr .
karKanCMenO
88
karsgSkCaerOgEdlpyBIesckICMenOEdr . karGFisanedayesckICMenO
minGacRtv)anRbTan[sRmab;kareR)as[CaenaHeT RbsinebIelakGkenAsgSfa
minEmnCabMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH EdlnwgeR)as[CaenaH . esckIbeRgnEdlCa
]bsKcMeBaHRBHbnlRBH KWnaMmknUvkarmineCO nigkarsgS . karminGt;eTas kar
mineCO nigkarsgS KWmanenAkgKMnit .
RbsinebIvaCabMNgRBHhbTynRBHsRmab;eyIg[manCmW enaHetIvaminEmn
CaesckIkMhuscMeBaHkrGFisanedayesckICMenOsRmab;kareR)as[CaeTbGI? ehIy
etIvaminEmnCaesckIkMhusedIm,IEsVgrkCMnYyBIRbePTepSg BIGkCMnajxagfaMeBT b
kTTYlkarelbfaMeBTeTbGI?
RbsinebIRBHcg;[eyIg)anTTYlnUvCmW KWCakardak;TNkm bkbeRgneyIg
nUverOgGVImYy bkedIm,InaMmknUvsirIlsRmab;RTg; enaHetIeyIgminKYrnwgTTYlnUvCmWenaH
ehIyminRtveFVIGVIedIm,I[CaTMnas;dl;bMNgRBHhbTynRBHeTbGI?
sUmsresIrdl;RBH RTg;minEdlmanbnlfa [eyIgTTYlrgnUvPaBmanCmW
sRmab;RTg;eLIy EtKWRTg;eT EdlTTYlrgPaBmanCmW karQWcab; RBmTaMgkarekItTuk
sRmab;eyIgvij .
cg;)anlTplPam?
etIGkeCOTaMgGs;suTEt)anTTYllTplCak;EsgPamEdrbeT?
RbsinebIeyIgminmankarBiesaFn_nUvlTplPam enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan
nUvkarGFisanedaymanesckICMenO enaHeyIgenAEteCOfa eyIg)anTTYlRBHBrenaH .
RBHbnlRBHQrelIesckIBit . vaminEmnsRmab;eyIg edIm,IeFVI[manesckICMenO nig
manesckIsgSpgenaHeT KWRtvEtTukciteTAelIRTg;[)aneBjelj ehIybeNaj
GakarCmWTaMgGs;enaHy:agm:t;ct; . maneBlCaeRcIn EdleyIgmanbTBiesaFn_
cMeBaHkarebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Ca eTAelIryeBlenaH edaybeBajnUvkareFVIkar
GsarPamEtmg .
89
ykRBHbnlRBHeTACamYyelakGk dUcCaelakGkcUleTArkRTg;kgkar
GFisanEdr .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 617 Ecgfa cUrykesckIsegaHTukCamYkswk nigdav
rbs;RBHviBaaNEdr KWCaRBHbnl .
davnRBHviBaaNKWCaRBHbnlnRBH . cUrykGavuFEdlRBHRTg;)anRbTan[
eyIg ehIyeFVI[sataMgbraCycuH enAeBlEdleyIgGFisantamRBHbnl enaHeyIg
GaceCOCak;fa eyIgkMBugEtGFisanedaymankarRBmeRBgCamYynwgRBH .
karGFisanEdlxab;xn
90
karGFisanEdlxab;xntamRBHbnlRBHedayesckICMenO ehIymankarRBm
eRBg enaHKWCaEpkmYydsMxan; enAkgkareFVIkargarrbs;RBHeysUv nigeFVIkargareR)as
GkCmW[Ca .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 135 Ecgfa kalenAggwtminTan;PWRsagenAeLIy enaHRTg;
etIneLIgyagecjeTATIsat; ehIyGFisanenATIenaH .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 516 Ecgfa dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTasnwgKa ehIy
GFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,I[)anCacuH d,itesckITUlGgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusS
sucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
GFisantamkarbeRgn
eyIgnwgGFisankan;Etxab;xneLIg edayesckIGFisansRmab;eyIgral;Ka
nigGkdTeTot RbsinebI dMbUgeyIgcMNayeBlTUlsUmeTARBH sRmab;esckI
beRgnBiessrbs;RTg; nUvrebobEdleyIgKYrKb,IGFisan bkeFVIkargareR)as[Ca .
eyIgmanKMrUnesckIGFisanenH enAeBlEdlelaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkargarenAekaH
emlIt .
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b:ulkcUleTAGFisan dak;delIKat;[)anCa .
ehtuGVI)anCaRBHKm<IrEcgc,as;fa elaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca
dl;bursenH eRkayeBlEdlKat;)ankarbBab;karGFisanrbs;RBH? va)anbgajfa
karGFisanrbs;Kat; RtvEt)anBmkBIRBH . edIm,ITTYlesckIbeRgnBiessenH nUv
rebobbMeBjkargary:agxab;xn . edaykarsab;bgab; enaHelaksavkb:ul)andak;d
rbs;Kat;elIbursenaH[)anCa .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBiBNnanUvEpknkareR)asGkCmW[Carbs;eyIg nigEpknkareR)asGkCmW[Carbs;RBH .
2- cUrBnl;nUvrebobEdlelakGkRtvEtcUlrYmCamYynwgRBHbnlRBH tamesckIGFisan .
3- cUr[niymnynUvesckIGFisanedayRBmeRBg nigesckIGFisanedayCMenO ehIyR)ab;BIrebobGFisandsmrm Edl
GacnaMelakGk [rwtEtxitxMbMeBjkargareR)asGkCmW[Ca .
91
emeronTI8
kareR)as[CaBIxagkg
RBHbnlRBHebIksEmgnUvesckIBit suxPaB nigkareR)asrUbkayeyIg[Ca.
KWBwgEpkeTAelIsuxPaB nigkareR)asRBlwgrbs;eyIg[Ca . karsikSaedayCMnaj
EpksuxPaB)anbBab;esckIfa KWCakarminGt;eTas karGt;cit PaBlVIgCUrCt; nig
esckIsmb; GacekIteLIgedayCmW dUcCaCmWsnak;deCIg eraKsnak;qwg nigeraK
mharIk .
karbiTTVar
Tmab;CaGviCmanTaMgkgKMnit TaMgkgGarmN_ GaceFVI[eyIgebIkTVar bRbKl;
siTieTA[GarkS edIm,I[mkTas;TTwgnUvEpknragkayrbs;eyIg .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 426/27 Ecgfa cUrxwgcuH EtkuM[eFVI)abeLIy kuM[esckI
kMhwgrbs;GkenAdrabdl;fliceLIy kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH .
CanickalCmWxagesrIrag KWCarUbsBaankarQWcab; EdlmanenAEpkxagkg
rbs;eyIg KWenAkgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . tamkarGt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl)anbdiesF
mYlbgac; beFVI[eyIgmanrbYs enaHRBlwgeyIg)anbnsarCafI edaynUvRBHbnln
RBH ehIyRBlwgrbs;eyIgRtv)anEkCafIeLIgvij edayGMNacecsankareR)as[Ca
rbs;RBH enaHeyIgGacbiTTVarTaMgenH ehIyyksiTiBIsataMg enaHeyIgGacbiTTVarTaMg
enH ehIydkyksiTiecjBIsataMg Edlva)anRbqaMgnwgrUbkayrbs;eyIg .
karminGt;eTas nigTmab;CaGviCmandTeTot KWCa]bsKcMeBaHmnusSmak;
EdlmanlTPaBnwgTTYlkarebIksEmg nUvkareR)asrUbkayrbs;BYkeK[Ca. sUm,IEt
Gs;GkNaEdl)anTTYlkareR)as[CaEpkrUbkay enaHkGac)at;bg;nUvkareR)as[
Carbs;eK)an RbsinebIeKbdiesFcMeBaHkarGt;eTas dl;Gs;GkNaEdl)aneFVI[
BYkeK)anQWcukcab;enaH .
m:ageTot mnusSmak;)ansab;bgab;RBH ehIy)anGt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl
eFVI[eK)anQWcukcab; BYkeKk)anrkeXIjnUvkarQWcab;enaH )anRtLb;mkCagay
RsYl edIm,ITTYl ehIykarBarnUvkareR)as[Carbs;eK)an . eyIgehAkarenHfa Ca
kareR)as[CaBIxagkg .
elaksavky:Uhan)ansresrfa
GksnPaeGIy R)afacg;[Gk)ancMerIneLIgRKb;CMBUk ehIy[)ansux
sb,ayxagrUbsac; dUcCaRBlwgGk)ancMerIneLIgEdr 3y:Uhan 2 .
karyl;dwgnUvEpkRBlwg
92
karTTYlGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH. qnrbs;eyIgRtvEt)ancuHcUlcMeBaH
RBHGmas;eysUvEdr .
elaksavkeBRtsehAkarbegItsisSenHfa kareFVIedayesckICMenO KWCakar
segaHRBlwgrbs;eyIg .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 19 Ecgfa eday)anTTYlcugbMputnesckICMenOrbs;
Gkral;Ka KWCaesckIsegaHdl;RBlwg .
vaCakarseRmcxagKMnitR)aCJa EdlmankarBiesaFn_ KWCakareRCIserIsyk
cMENknRBH EdlnaMmknUvRBlwg nigrUbkayrbs;eyIg ehIybMeBjbEnmeTARKb;Epk
TaMgGs;nviBaaNrb;seyIg .
RBHKm<Ir1EfsSaLnic 523 Ecgfa sUm[RBHnesckIsuxsan EjkGk
ral;KaecjCabrisuTsBVRKb; ehIy[TaMgRBlwgnigviBaaN ehIyrUbkayTaMgmUl )an
bMrugTuk\tesAhg drabdl;RBHeysUvRKIs CaRBHGmas;neyIgRTg;yagmk .
karxitxMRbwgERbgxagRBlwg
RbPBnbBaa
manRbPBnkarQWcab;CaeRcInEdlRbyuTRbqaMgnwgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . eday
sarEtBukmay bgbnRbsRsI bkRkmRKsarjatisnanrbs;eyIg EdlminmanPaB
RKb;lkN_ enaHeyIgTaMgGs;KakmanKMnit manGarmN_min)anl TaMgxagrUbkay bk
sUm,IEtPaBGasGaPas kkan;EtmanPaBrIkceRmIneLIgEdr . karQWcukcab;dTeTot
CaeRcIn )anmktamrykarbdiesFn_ bkmanGarmN_faRtveKbdiesFCaedIm . man
GkxH)anFak;cuHeTAkgPaBKankIRsLaj; bkmankarBiesaFn_nUvkarmYlbgac; eday
RkmRKsar bmitPk .
escdavID)ansresrfa
mnusSsucritEtgekItmanesckIlM)akCaeRcIn EtRBHeyhUv:aRTg;CYy[rYc
BIesckITaMgenaH TMnukdMekIg 3419 .
etImanBYkGkral;KaNa ekItTuklM)akbeTRtv[GkenaHGFisan etImanGk
NaGrsb,aybeT Rtv[eKeRcgsresIrdl;RBHcuH y:akub 513 .
karGb;rMedayGakb,kiriyaKMeraHKMerIy
Gakb,kiriyaKMeraHKMerIyrbs;matibita GacbNal[maneRKaHfak;cMeBaH
RBlwg ehIybegItbBaadl;kUnPam nigeTAGnaKt; .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 64 Ecgfa Bukral;KaeGIy kuM[cak;rukkUnrbs;xneLIy
cUrbeRgonvaeTAtamdMbUnan nigesckIdas;etOnrbs;RBHGmas;vij .
karxVHsIlFm
94
GMeBI)abedaykarRbRBwt
RTg;EkRBlwgeLIgvij
eyIg)anTTYlkarbeRgnGMBIkareR)as[CanUvEpkrUbkay b:uEn etImankar
eR)as[CasRmab;RBlwgeyIgbeT?
karGFisanrbs;escdavID
escdavID)anGFisansRmab;kareR)asRBlwgrbs;RTg;[Ca .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 414 Ecgfa )anTUlfa RBHeyhUv:aeGIy sUmGaNit
emtadl;TUlbgMpg sUmeR)asRBlwgTUlbgM[)anCa d,itTUlbgM)aneFVI)abnwgRTg;
ehIy .
cMNaM RBlwgrbs;escdavIDRtv)aneFVI[xUc edaysarEtGMeBI)abrbs;RTg;
pal; .
95
munEdleyIg)anTTYlesckIsegaH enaHviBaaNrbs;eyIg)ansab;ehIy .
RBlwgnigrUbkayrbs;eyIg )anRKb;RKgelICIvitrbs;eyIgvij . enAeBleyIg)anekIt
CafI enaHeyIg)anekItxagviBaaN. eyIg)anekItCafI - )anRtLb;CamanRBlwgrs; .
rhUtRBlwgrbs;eyIg)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca ehIyqnrbs;eyIgk)an
RtLb;mkCacuHcUldl;RBHeysUv dCaRBHGmas;CIvitrbs;eyIg kenAEtmansgamEpk
xagkgbneTotEdr .
RBHRTg;CaviBaaN ehIypvEtmYyKt;EdleyIgGacTak;TgnwgRTg;)an KWeyIg
RtvenArs; ehIyedIredayviBaaN .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 424 Ecgfa RBHRTg;CaviBaaN ehIyGkNaEdlfVaybgM
RTg; enaHRtvEtfVaybgM edayviBaaN nigesckIBitEdr .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 35/6 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleqIyfa R)akdEmn
R)ab;GkCaR)akdfa ebImin)anekItGMBITwk ehIyGMBIRBHviBaaN enaHKanGkNaGacnwg
cUleTAkgnKrRBH)aneT rbs;GVIEdlekItBIsac; enaHCasac;eT ehIyEdlekItBIRBH
viBaaN enaHCaviBaaNvij .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 517 Ecgfa )anCaebIGkNaenAkgRBHRKIs enaHeQaH
fa )anekItCafIehIy Gs;TaMgesckIcas;)ankng)at;eTA emIl RKb;TaMgGs;)anRtLb;
CafIvij .
Epkxagsac;Qam
eTaHbICaeyIg)anekItCafI ehIy\LvenHeyIgmanCIvitxagviBaaNkeday
keyIgrkeXIjfa eyIgmanrUbkay RBlwgCasac;QamdEdl KWeyIgenAEtcg;RKb;RKg
CIvitrbs;eyIg . eyIgRtvEteRCIserIsedIm,Irs;enA nigedIredayviBaaN .
RBHKm<IrkaLaTI 516/17/24/25 Ecgfa EtR)ab;fa cUredIrkgRBHviBaaN
enaHGkral;KanwgminbMeBjesckIb:gR)afaxagsac;QameT d,itsac;QamEtgEtb:g
R)afaTas;nwgRBHviBaaN RBHviBaaN RTg;kTas;nwgsac;QamEdr esckITaMg2enH
RbqaMgnwgKa dl;em:H)anCaGkral;KarkeFVIkar Edlcg;eFVIeTAminekIt>>> ehIyGs;Gk
EdlCarbs;pgRBHRKIs enaH)anqagsac;QamehIy RBmTaMgesckIrMCYl nigesckI
b:gR)afa TaMgbu:nanpg ebIsinCaeyIgrs;edaynUvRBHviBaaN enaHRtvedIreday
RBHviBaaNEdr .
enAeBlEdleyIgcuHcUlnwgbMNgcitrbs;eyIg cMeBaHPaBCaRBHGmas;rbs;
RBHeysUvRKIs enaHeyIgnwgRtvcab;epImBayameFVI)abehIy . edIm,I[)anRbsiTiPaB
enaHeyIgRtvEtqagxagEpksac;Qam Edlmankarb:gR)afa nigkarseRmccitCaedIm
edIm,I[eyIgGacrs;enA nigedIredayviBaaN)an .
97
EpkbBaacit
bBaacit KWCaEpkxagRBlwg rbs;Gs;GkEdlminRtv)anTTYlkarpas;ERb
edaykarEkERbcitKMnitCafI EdlminGacyl;nUverOgr:avxagviBaaN)an . BYkeKnwg
mankarqtlIla ehIymanKMnitCasac;Qamvij .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 213/14 Ecgfa ehIyeyIgkniyayBIesckITaMgenaH
g minEmnedayBaksMdI EdlR)aCJamnusS)anbeRgneT KWedayBaksMdI EdlRBH
viBaaNbeRgnvij RBmTaMgpwmBnl;esckIxagviBaaN edaysaresckIxagviBaaN
pg bu:En mnusSxagsac;Qam eKminTTYlesckIxagRBHviBaaNnRBHeT BIeRBaHCa
esckIlg;elI dl;eKkrksal;min)anEdr d,itRtg;esckITaMgenaH RtvBicarNayl;
xagviBaaNvij .
kickarxagviBaaNKWCaEpkxagviBaaN minEmnCaEpkxagKMnitxYrk,al Edl
emIleXIjedayEPkenaHeLIy .
karpas;ERb nigkarEkCafIeLIgvij
edIm,ItRmveTAtamRbFanbTcMeBaHviBaaNrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtmankar
pas;ERbKMnit .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 121/2 Ecgfa dUecH bgbneGIy xJMTUnanGkral;Kaeday
esckIemtakruNanRBH [)anfVayrUbkayTukCayBabUCars; ehIybrisuT EdlKab;
RBHhbTydl;RBH CakareKarBnGkral;Ka EdlmanTMng kMu[Rtab;tamsmyenH
eLIy cUr[Gkral;Ka)anpas;ERbvij edayKMnit)anEkCafIeLIg edIm,InwgGaclemIl
[)ansal;bMNgRBHhbTynRBH Edll RsYlTTYl ehIyRKb;lkN_pg .
edayELkBIkarpas;ERbnUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuTvij enaHxagEpk
citviCa nigxagEpkkarRbedATUnan nwgEtgEtmankarFak;cuHeTAkgkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;
BYkeK edIm,I[)anEkKMnitCafIeLIgvij . KMnitrbs;eyIgminGacRtv)anEkCafIeLIgvij
edaykarxwtxMRbwgERbgpal;xnrbs;eyIg cMeBaHkarTak;TgeTAnwgkarQWcab;BIGtIt
kal tamryehtuplrbs;mnusS)aneLIy . karEkERbKMniteLIgvij GaceFVI)anRtwm
EtCakarbegIykargaredayGFiFCati edaykarpas;ERbBIRBHviBaaNbrisuTb:ueNaH .
KMnitrbs;eyIgRtwmEt)anEkCafIeLIgvij edayRBHbnlRBHb:ueNaH
edaykarGan karsikSa nigkarRtiHriHBicarNaeTARBHbnlRBH
RbcaMf .
edaykarsab;B BIRKbeRgnEdl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg Edl
maneBjedayRBHbnlrbs;RBH nigGs;GkEdlbeRgneday
GMNacecsa nigkarebIksEmgrbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT .
98
edaykarRtiHriHBicarNaeTAelIRBHbnl rhUtdl;RBHbnl)an
bEnmmkelIeyIgy:agc,as;las; CaCagbBaaEdlmanenAcMeBaH
eyIg .
]TahrN_ RbsinebIeyIgxac enaHeyIgGacnwkeXIjdl;RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 17
EdlbBaak;bgajy:agc,as;cMeBaHeyIg min[mankarPyxaceLIy .
enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;ebIksEmgKMnitrbs;RTg;cMeBaHeyIg enaHesckICMenO
RCabcUleTAkgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . esckICMenOenHebIksEmgedaynUvGMNacecsarbs;
RBH edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[Ca nigeFVIkarEkRBlwgrbs;eyIgCafIeLIgvij .
esckICMenOniyaytammeFa)ayenH
{nwgminenAeRkameTaskMhus nigkarpnaeTasyUrGEgVgeLIy . eday
nUvRBHeysUv enaHesckIsucritrbs;RBHenAkg}
{Kansgwmfanwg)anTTYlkareR)as[CaenAeBlGnaKt;eLIy . RBH
bnlRBHEcgfa edaynUvviBaaNrbs;RTg; enaH)aneRtnrYcCaeRsc
edIm,ITTYlkareR)as[Ca. eCOnUvkareR)as[CaTaMgGs; nwg)anTTYl
nUvkarebIksEmgenAeBl\LvenH} .
{rUbkay nigRBlwg KWTTYlnUvExSCIvitedaymanRBHbnlnRBH bMNg
RBHhbTynRBH KWEdlnwgRtvEt)anTTYlnUvesckIsuxeRkmkSan
enAkgRKb;erOgr:avTaMgGs; ehIy)anTTYlnUvsuxPaBdl;RBlwg}.
sRmab;kargarcMeBaHxng bcMeBaHGkdT [manRbsiTiPaB enaHRtvEt)an
bMeBjedayesckICMenO tamryGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
karGt;eTasrbs;RBHnaMmknUvkareR)as[Ca
kgkarsegaH
99
tamrykarGt;eTas[GkdT
mankarsamBabIRbkarnPaBminGt;eTas
100
GkdT
xneyIgpal;
RBH
RBHKm<Irm:afay 614/15 Ecgfa d,itebIGkral;KaGt;eTascMeBaHkarrMlg
c,ab; EdlmnusSelakRbRBwteFVI enaHRBHvrbitanGk EdlKg;enAsansYK RTg;nwgGt;
eTas[Gkral;KaEdr EtebIGkral;KaminGt;eTas cMeBaHkarrMlgc,ab;[eKeT enaH
RBHvrbitanGk RTg;kminGt;eTas cMeBaHkarrMlgc,ab; EdlGkral;KaRbRBwteFVIEdr .
eyIgrkeXIjkareR)asRBlwg[Ca enAeBlEdleyIgGt;eTas[GjnkdT
eTot . karGt;eTasKWCameFa)aymYy EdlnaMeTAdl;TIbMputnsPaBkarN_ .
Canickal eyIgEtgEtBmnusSniyayfa {BYkeKminKYrnwg)anTTYlnUvkarGt;
eTaseLIy} bk {BYkeKminEdl)anTTYlsal;nUvGMeBI)abrbs;eKeLIy} dUecHvij .
rIRBHRTg;minEdleFVIkarenH KWGVIEdlRtvkarCamun muneBlEdleyIg)anGt;eTas
)abenaHeT . BYkeKGacmin)anFab;Kitfa BYkeK)aneFVIxusenaHeLIy . BYkeKkmincg;
Gt;eTas)abenaHEdr . RKb;karTaMgGs;enH KYrKb,IEtekItman minEmnCaerOgcEmk
cMeBaHeyIgenaHeT .
eyIgskismnwgTTYlesrIPaB
eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcIn)ancUlrYmkeday kminGacskinwgTTYlnUvkar
Gt;eTas rIeyIgvij eyIgskismnwgTTYlnUvesrIPaB GMBIkarQWcab;enaH ehIyman
EtmeFa)aymYyenHeT EdlmanesrIPaBkgkarGt;eTas .
]TahrN_ RbsinebIelakGkRtv)anTTYlnUvkare)akbMPan; kalenABIekg rI
Gke)asR)asenaH minEdl)anTTYlsal;nUvkMhusenaHeLIy . kuMKaMRTcMeBaHkar
seRmccit EdlnaM[BYkeKTTYlnUvTaruNkm beFVI[BYkeKTTYlkarQWxgenaHeLIy .
kuMsUm,IEtKaMRTcMeBaHesckIsucritrbs;elakGk EdlmanGarmN_QWcab;enaHEdr .
RbsinebIeyIgminGt;eTas enaHeyIgGnuBaat[mnusSeFVI[eyIgQWcab; rwtEt
eRcIneLIg BImYyqaMeTAmYyqaM edaymanKMnitcgcaM EdlbnaceyIgCarhUttehIy .
eyIgkMBugEtKaMRTnUvcMNgedayxneyIg [mankarQWcab;enAeBlEdleyIgcab;epIm
QWcab;BIdMbUgmk .
eyIgmansiTiy:agFM eyIgskismnwgTTYlesrIPaBrYcBIehtuplnkar
beBaatenaH .
dUecHeyIgGt;eTasdl;BYkeK fVayRKb;karTaMgGs;dl;RBH bnab;mkeyIg
nwgmantm enAkgCIvitdeBareBj .
vaKWCakarsab;bgab;
101
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbgab;[eyIgecHGt;eTas[GkdT .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1821/22 Ecgfa xNenaH eBRtskmkRTg;TUlfa RBH
Gmas;eGIy ebIbgbbneFVI)abnwg enaHRtv[Gt;eTas[eKdl;bu:nandg etIdl;7dg
bGI RBHeysUvRTg;manbnltbfa minfa[GkGt;eTasRtwmEt7dgeT KWdl;7
citsibdgeTAeTot .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 432 Ecgfa cUrmancitsb,rsnwgKaeTAvijeTAmk RBm
TaMgmancitTn;senas ehIyGt;eTasKa dUcCaRBHRTg;)anGt;eTas[Gkral;Ka eday
RBHRKIsEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1125 Ecgfa ehIykalNaGkQrGFisan ebIGkman
ehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I[RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka EdlKg;
enAsansYK )anGt;eTasRKb;TaMgesckIkMhusrbs;Gkral;KaEdr .
edIm,IeFVItambgab;RBHeysUv eyIgRtvEtGt;eTas[GkdT . eyIgGacGt;
eTas)an BIeRBaHRBHeysUvEdlKg;kgeyIg\LvenH RTg;)anGt;eTas[eyIgehIy .
karGt;eTas minEmnCaGVIEdleyIgrg;caMdl;manGarmN_eTIbeFVIenaHeLIy . karGt;
eTasKWCaCeRmIs mYy . vaCaskmPaBEdleyIgcaM)ac;RtvEteFVI kgkarsab;bgab;dl;
RBH .
tamrykarbMePc
eyIgGacrkeXIjkarBa)alsRmab;RBlwgrbs;eyIg edaykarminKaMRTnUv
karRcENn .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 426/27 Ecgfa cUrxwgcuH EtkuM[eFVI)abeLIy kuM[esckI
kMhwgrbs;GkenAdrabdl;fliceLIy kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 313 Ecgfa bgbneGIy minrab;faxncab;)anehIyenaH
eT EtmanesckIenH1 KWfa ePcesckITaMgb:unanEdlkngeTAehIy kxMmmuleQag
eTAesckIxagmuxeTot .
eBlEdleyIgRbkan;ykkarminGt;eTas nigkMhwg enaHeyIgpl;nUvkEng b
ebIkTVar[GarkScUlmkRbyuTCamYynwgeyIg enAkgrUbkay KMnit nigGarmN_rbs;
eyIgehIy .
bnab;BIkarGt;eTasehIy enaHeyIgGacTTYlnUvGMNacecsankareR)as[
Carbs;RBHeysUv cUleTAkgebHdUgdexcxaMrbs;eyIgehIy . RBlwgEdlCab;eday
karekobsgt;rbs;eyIg GacRtv)anedaH[manesrIvij .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaHRTg;)an
cak;eRbgtaMg [pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,InwgeR)as
102
103
104
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBiBNnaGMBIEpkbIy:agnRBlwg .
2- cUrBiBNnaGMBIsgamrvagRBlwg nigviBaaN edayBakrbs;elakGkpal; .
3- cUrBiBNnafa eFVIdUcemceTIbGacTTYl)ankarBa)alxagEpkRBlwg .
105
emeronTI9
RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigGMeNayTanrbs;RTg;
karebIsEmgnRBHviBaaNbrisuT
GMeNayTan1bNaGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNTaMg9 Edl)ankt;TukenAkg
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs CMBUk12 KWCaGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca . GMeNayTanTaMgenaH
EdlRtv)anpl;mk KWCaBak{BhuvCn} BIeRBaHmanGMeNayTanCaeRcInbgrmk nig
GnuvtrYmKa KWCakargareR)as[Ca .
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca KWRtv)anebIksEmg CakargarnRBHviBaaN
brisuT GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RTg; KWtamryBYkGkeCOEdleBjedayRBH
viBaaNbrisuT . GMeNayTanTaMgenaHKWCarbs;pgRTg; minEmnCarbs;eyIgeLIy .
eyIgKWCaPaCnEdlRTg;eRbIR)as; edIm,IbeBajnUvGMeNayTandl;Gs;GkEdlRtv
kar .
enAeBlEdleyIg)anbBalnUvPaBTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRBHviBaaNbrisuT Ca
lkNbuKlkan;EteRCAeTA enaHGMeNayTanTaMgenHnwgGnuvttamryeyIg enAeBl
xusKatamesckIRtvkar .
tYGgbuKlrbs;RBH
RBHKWCamYyGgEdlKg;enAxagkg EdlmanPaBCabIGg ehIyman
lkNCatYGgbuKleRcIn . tYGgbuKlnimYyrbs;RBH KWmanPaKman
cMENkesIKaTaMgGs; . tYGgnimYy KW)anebIksEmgEdlecjCa
PaK ehIy)aneFVIeTAtammuxgarnimYy .
sUm,IEtCaRBHvrbita nigRBHraCbuRta RBHviBaaNbrisuT k)aneFVIkarseRmccit
eFVIkarrYmKa CamYynwgGkeCOmak;Edr .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 1314 Ecgfa sUm[Gkral;Ka )anRbkbedayRBHKuN
nRBHGmas;eysUvRKIs nigesckIRsLaj;rbs;RBH ehIynigesckIrYbrYmKanwg
RBHviBaaNbrisuT . GaEm:n .
rIelaksavkb:ulkRtv)anbBaneday {karrYbrYmnRBHviBaaNbrisuT} Edr .
karrYbrYm KWCaBakecjBIPasaRkikfa {kUNUna (Koinonia)} ehIymannyfa PaB
cUlrYm bkarcUlrYm . eyIgRtvEtmanPaBcUlrYmCamYynwgRBHviBaaNbrisuT eyIgk
RtvEtcUlrYm nigRbkbCamYynwgRTg; .
GkCYysegaH b GkkmSancit
106
enAkgkarpSaydMNwglrbs;elaksavky:Uhan RBHviBaaNbrisuTRtv)an
bBanmk[eFVICaCMnYy dl;karpSayRBHbnlTaMg4cMENk tamRBHKm<IrXIgecm eRbI
RBHnamrbs;RTg;fa CaRBHdCYykmSancit . tamBakCaPasaRkikedIm KW{):arak;eltUs (Parakletos)} Edlmannyfa ehAmk[)anCacMENkrbs;GkNamak; . vaCa
sMNUmBrEdlGacpas;br)an edIm,Ipl;bEnm[)anCaGkTUlGgVrCMnYs bCaGk
RbwkSa.
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRtvehAmk [enACacMENkrbs;eyIg KWCaGkCYy
rbs;eyIg edIrCamYyeyIg TMnak;TMngCamYyeyIgenAkgkarRbkbepSg. RTg;)anTUl
GgVrCMnYy kmSancit niglYgelamcitdl;eyIg .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI[BYksisSRTg;PJak;epIl enAeBlEdlRTg;)anmanbnl
fa EdlRTg;yageTA enaHmanRbeyaCn_dl;eKral;Kavij . tamkarsEmgenH RTg;)an
eFVI[kan;Etc,as;fa eyIgRtvEtmantmxaghirBavt nigxagkarelIktemIgnUvvtman
nkarTUlGgVrCMnYsrbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCacMENkrbs;eyIg EdleRcInCageTAeTot
RbsinebIRBHeysUvEdlRTg;)anedIrCamYyeyIg enAkgsac;Qam .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 167 Ecgfa R)ab;tamRtg;fa EdleTA enaHman
RbeyaCn_dl;Gkral;Kavij d,itebImineTAeT enaHRBHdCaCMnYykminmkGkral;Ka
Edr EtebIeTA enaHnwgcat;RTg;[mk .
tamRBHbnlrbs;RBHeysUvenAkgRBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1415/26 nig1526
enaHRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)aneFVICaTIbnal;dl;GgRTg; [beRgneyIgRKb;karTaMgGs;
naMmknUvRKb;karTaMgGs; cMeBaHkarcgcaMrbs;eyIg ehIyRTg;k)anKg;enACamYyeyIg
CaerogrhUtteTA .
karTTYlsal;RTg;
sUm,IEtenAeBlEdleyIg)ansnSMTuk enAeBlevlaRbkbCamYynwgRBHvrbita
nigRBHraCbuRta kgkarTUlGgVrCMnYseyIgnUvkarfVaybgM nigkarGFisan enaHeyIgKYr
Kb,IsnSMTuk nigelIktemIgnUvRBHvtmannRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdlmanCabn enAeBl
EdlRTg;CacMENkrbs;eyIg Edl)anRtLb;mkCaGkCMnYy GkkmSancit GkRbwkSa
GkbeRgn nigGknaMpvrbs;eyIg .
GMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCakarpusecj karKYr[ekatxac nigCa
xatrgVas;cugeRkay . eTaHCay:agNakeday RTg;suPaB RTg;EfrkSa CabuKlPaBCaTI
RsLaj; EdlGacRtv)anTTYlkarTukRBy bkRtv)anBnt;edaykarRBegIykeNIy
karminsab;bgab; nigkareFVI)ab .
RTg;Kg;CamYyeyIgral;Ka
107
edaysarRBHeysUvRKIs)anbMeBjRBHraCkicenAelIEpndIenHCamnusS enaH
RTg;GacKg;enAEtmYykEngkgeBlEtmYyb:ueNaH. etIkarsMxan;eRcInb:uNaHh+ sRmab;
eyIgenAsmysBVfenH EdlRBHviBaaNbrisuT nigRBHeysUv)anKg;enAkgCIviteyIg
mak; CabneTAeTot)an .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1416/17 Ecgfa enaHnwgTUlsUmdl;RBHvrbita ehIy
RTg;nwgRbTanRBHdCaCMnYy1GgeTot mkGkral;Ka[)anKg;enACamYy enAGs;kl,
erogeTA KWCaRBHviBaaNnesckIBit EdlelakiyTTYlBMu)an eRBaHmineXIj ehIy
minsal;RTg;esaH EtGkral;Kasal;RTg; d,itRTg;Kg;CamYy knwgsNitenAkgGk
ral;KaEdr .
RTg;beRgneyIg
karRbTanGMNacecsa
RbTancitkahan
RbTankarnaMpv
RBHviBaaNbrisuTKWCaRKbeRgnrbs;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 213k Ecgfa ehIyeyIgkniyayBIesckITaMgenaHg
minEmnedayBaksMdI EdlR)aCJamnusS)anbeRgneT KWedayBaksMdI EdlRBH
viBaaNbeRgnvij>>> .
RBHviBaaNbrisuTnwgRbTanBaksmIdl;Gk enAeBlEdlGkCYbnwgbBaa .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1211/12 Ecgfa kalNaeKbeNIrGkral;KaeTAenAmuxBYk
CMnMueK bcMeBaHecARkm bBYknamuWn enaHkMu[)armRBYy BIEbby:agNa bBIBakGVI Edl
nwgRtveqIyedaHsa bniyayenaHeLIy d,itKWRBHviBaaNbrisuT RTg;nwgbeRgnesckI
EdlGkral;KaRtvniyay enAevlaenaHg .
GMNacecsaEdleyIgRtvEtGnuvt KWCaGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
RBHKm<Irkickar 18k Ecgfa bu:EnkalNaRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anmksNit
elIGkral;Ka enaHGkral;Kanwg)anRBHecsa>>> .
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRbTancitkahandl;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<Irkickar 431k Ecgfa ehIyeK)aneBjCaRBHviBaaNbrisuTTaMg
Gs;Ka rYckpSayRBHbnledaycitkahan >>> .
RTg;RbTannUvkarnaMpvdl;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<IrlUka 226k Ecgfa RBHviBaaNbrisuT)ansMEdg[Kat;dwgfa Kat;
minsab;eLIy>>> .
108
RBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCaRBH1GgEdlbegItnUvesckIRsLaj;Bitrbs;RBHdl;
eyIg .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 55 Ecgfa esckIsgwmkminEdlnaM[manesckIxas;eLIy
BIeRBaHesckIRsLaj;rbs;RBH)anpSaymksBVkgciteyIgral;Ka
edaysarRBH
viBaaNbrisuT EdlRBH)anRbTanmkeyIgehIy .
GMNr .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 1417 Ecgfa d,itnKrRBHminsMercnwgkarsuI bpwkenaHeT KW
eRscnwgesckIsucrit esckIemRtI nigesckIGMNr edaynUvRBHviBaaNbrisuTvijeTetI.
TIbBaaMnkareR)aselaH
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;CaTIbBaaMcit BIdMeNIrekrGakrrbs;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 113/14 Ecgfa Gkral;Ka k)anBRBHbnlnesckI
Bit KWCadMNwglBIesckIsegaHrbs;Gkral;Ka edaysarRTg;Edr ehIykalGkral;Ka
)aneCOehIy enaHRTg;kedAcMNaMedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT Edl)ansna RBHviBaaNenaH
RTg;CaTIbBaaMcit BIdMeNIrekrGakrrbs;eyIgral;Ka Tal;Et)anelaHrbs;kMNan;
EdlRTg;)anTijTuk[eyIgenaH sMrab;CaesckIsresIrdl;sirIlnRTg; .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 430 Ecgfa kuMeFVI[RBHviBaaNbrisuTnRBH)anRByRBH
hbTy EdlRTg;edAcMNaMGkral;KaTuksMrab;dl;feR)aselaHenaHeLIy .
GMeNayTannkarsEmg
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRbTan[eyIg nUvGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT
TaMg9epSgKa . cMnYnGMeNayTanmYybNacMnYnGMeNayTanTaMgenH KWsMedAcMeBaH
eTAelIGMeNayTannkareR)asGkCmW[Ca . eyIgTaMgGs;KaGaceronsURt edIm,I
bMeBjkargarenAkgGMeNayTanTaMgenH dUecHeyIgnwgbMeBjkargaredaymanRbsiTi
PaB .
109
viBaaNrbs;mnusS
sataMg bkBBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
viBaaNBikarPaB
CaerOy BBYkviBaaNBikarPaB EdlRtvEtTTYlkarxusRtv cMeBaHCmW nigCmW
eraKarbs;mnusS . ]TahrN_ manBBYkviBaaNneraKmharIk eraKsnak;deCIg kar
Gak;Gn;cit nigPaBlVIgCUrct; . edaynUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN KWRBH
viBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgebIksEmg bkdak;cgldrbs;RTg; eTAelIRbPBnbBaadBit
R)akd edIm,I[eyIgGacRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)aselaH nigkareR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1120 Ecgfa b:uEnebIedjGarkS edaysarGglIRBHhs
nRBHvij enaHc,as;CanKrRBH)anmkdl;Gkral;KaehIy .
rebobnkarGnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTan
enAeBlEdlmnusSmak;Rtv)anTTYlkarGnuBaat edayRBHviBaaNnRBH .
enaHkarebIksEmgnUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN nwgmkedaykarcab;
GarmN_ bedayKMnitEdlsEmgCaPaBdUcKa bCaeQaHnviBaaN EdlCaRbPBn
bBaa .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 932/33 Ecgfa kMBugEdlGkTaMg2ecjeTA enaHmaneK
naMmnusSK EdlmanGarkScUl mkRTg; rYckal)anedjGarkSecjehIy enaHmnusSK
)anniyayeLIg)an bNamnusSTaMgb:unan eKmanesckIGsarfa minEdleXIjman
y:agdUecH enAkgRsukGRsaEGlesaHeLIy .
cMeBaHkarGnuvtn_eTAtamlMdab;lMedayEpknviBaaN ehIyRbyuTeday
sgamxagviBaaN y:agmanRbsiTiPaB enaHeyIgRtvkaryl;dwg nigeFVI[)anpl
RbeyaCn_edayxng edIm,IGnuvtnUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN . tamry
GMeNayTanenH RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgbeBajGMNacecsarbs;RTg;dl;eyIg .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;
niymny
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat; KWCakarebIksEmgedayGFiFmCati tamry
RBHviBaaNbrisuTenAeBlbcb,n bkCaGtitkal GMBImnusS bsankarN_ EdlminRtv
)aneronsURttamryKMnitxagrUbniym . GMeNayTanenHpl;BtmanBIRBH[eyIg min
EmnmkBIkarecHdwgxagrUbniymeT .
RBHeysUv nigsIsasn_sam:arI
111
enAkgerOgrbs;sIsasn_sam:arImak; RBHeysUvRTg;RCab;edayBaksmIn
cMeNHecHsat; BIerOgEdlnagmanbI5rYcmkehIy nigBIGtitkalrbs;nagfa minEmn
CabIEdlnag)anerobkarCamYyeLIy .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 418 Ecgfa d,itnag)anmanbI5mkehIy GkEdlenA
CamYysBVfenH minEmnCabInageT BakenaHnagniyayRtvR)akd .
RBHeysUvEdlRTg;)anyl;dwgGMBIsIenH minEmnEdlRTg;CaRBHraCbuRtaenaH
eT KWedaysarRTg;)anGnuvt EdlRTg;CakUnmnusS tamryGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaN .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
CaerOyenAkgkargareR)as[Ca RBHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvBaksmIncMeNH
ecHsat; GMBICmWBiess . CYnkalGMeNayTanenaHsRmab;mnusSBiessmak; CYnkal
sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn .
vaGac)anRtveFVI)andUcKa edayeQaHCmWeraKa edaykEngQW bedayeQaH
rbs;EpknrUbkay EdlRBHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Carbs;RTg; tamry
eBlevlaenaH .
rebobEdlkarenH)anmk
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;mktammeFa)ayepSgKa xNeBleFVIkargar
eR)as[Ca .
edayGarmN_EdlKankarkmSancit EdlEtgEtmansMBaFsgt; bkCa
evTnarmN_
CYnkalRtv)anTTYlGarmN_fa mankarQWcab;bnicbnc .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;GacmkedayBaksmI tamrykarBiBNnaBICmW
eraKa nigkarQWcab;TaMgenaH .
eQaHnCmWeraKa
eQaHnEpkrUbkayEdlman\TiBlelIrUbkay
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat; kGacmktamrykarebIksEmgncMENkmYyenA
kgrUbkayEdlRtvkarkareR)as[Ca .
GkCmWRtv)anebIksEmg
CYnkalRBHnwgebIksEmgnUvEpkCaTUeTArbs;mnusS bksUm,IEtmnusSEdl
RtvTTYlkareR)as[Ca nwgRtv)anTTYlkarebIksEmgEdr . CYnkal kareR)as[Ca
enH KWRtv)anBNna dUcCakarrujEdkqk;eTAkan;kEngbnb;enaH eTAkan;RckdBiess
mYy bkeTAkan;EpkdBitR)akdNamYyrbs;mnusS .
112
enAeBlEdlRBHviBaaNbrisuT RTg;)anebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Cadviess
mYy ehIyEdlmnusS)anTTYlsal;Pam faCaKat; bknag Camak;EdlkMBugEtRtv
)anBNnaenaH esckICMenOnwgRtv)anebIksEmg ehIykareR)as[CaknwgRtv)anebIk
sEmgEdr .
RbgRbytcMeBaHkarvayRbharBIviBaaNEdlTMnak;TMngKa
mnusSEdlkMBugGnuvtnUvGMeNayenH RtvEt)anTTYlnUvkarRbgRbyt Edl
Kat;bnag BitR)akdCa)anTTYlnUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat;Emn ehIykminEmnCakar
sab;nUvviBaaNEdlmankarTMnak;TMngenaHeT . meFa)ayFmtamYy edIm,IsmwgemIl
nUvvtmannBBYkviBaaNEdlTMnak;TMng KWRtvEtXaMemIlGkEdlRtv)anTTYlnUvkar
fVaysirIl .
etIGkEdlkMBugEtbMeBjkargar KUsbBaak;cMeBaHxneKpal; bkcMeBaH
smtPaBrbs;eK?
etImnusS)anRtLb;mkCaGkTsSna manesckIGMNrkgkar {sEmg} b
eT?
etIkarGnuvtn_nUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; KWCakarnaMmknUvkarsab; Edl
mankMritnesckICMenOelIRBHkan;Etx<s;eLIg bkCaGkmanesckICMenO
eCOelIkarbMeBjkargarrbs;mnusS?
RBHviBaaNbrisuTnwgminEdlnaMmknUvsirIleTAkan;buKlNamak;eLIy KWeTA
kan;EtRBHmYyGgb:ueNaH .
karmaneKalbMNgCaCMhan
enAeBlEdlmnusSmak;eronbMeBjkargar nUvEpkBaksmIncMeNHecHsat;
edIm,ITTYlnUvkarebIksEmgdBiessmYyBIRBH enaHeKKYrKb,IQanCaCMhanedayesckI
CMenO nigniyaynUvBaksmIenaH .
eyIgnwgmankarqtlIla RbsinebIeyIg)aneFVIxus .
eyIgminKYrKb,IRtv)anTb;xg edaykarPyxacnUvkarFak;cuHeLIy .
113
eyIgKYrKb,Ieron[)andwgyl;nUvRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
eyIgKYrKb,Isab;bgab;RBH QanCMhanedayesckICMenO ehIyfVaysirIl
dl;RBHkgkareR)as[Ca .
BaksmInR)aCJa
niymny
BaksmInR)aCJa KWCakarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCati Edl)anRbTan[dl;
GkeCO . vaCaR)aCJarbs;RBHedIm,IseRmc nUvkarRbNaMgCamUldaneTAelIFmCati bk
cMeNHdwgCaGFiFmCati . vaebIksEmjtgnUvEpnkar nigbMNgRBHhbTynRBHKW
sRmab;CIvit nigkargarrbs;eyIg
edIm,IseRmc[)anPam bseRmcnUveBlGnaKt
elIrebob EdleyIgRtvEtbMeBjkargar edIm,IesckIRtvkardBitR)akd.
BaksmInR)aCJamkenAedayTRmg;CaeRcIn dUcCa karbeBajsemgEpkxag
kg edaykarCak;EsgenAeBlPak;eLIg edaykaryl;sbienAeBledklk; edaykar
Gnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTannkarbeBajsemg .
edaykareR)as[Ca
BaksmInR)aCJa KWGnuvty:agCitsiTCamYynwgGMeNayTannkarsegtxag
viBaaN nigBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; . vaCakarebIksEmgnUvrebobnkarbMeBjkar
gar cMeBaHesckIRtvkarBiessenaH .
BaksmInR)aCJa KWRBHRTg;)anRbTansRmab;karkarBar nigkarbeRgn ehIy
CanickalkebIksEmgmkdl;eyIg nUvrebobGnuvtcMeNHdwg Edl)anebIksEmg tam
ryBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; nigkarvagvnviBaaN . vaGacpl;[eyIgyl;dwg
edIm,IeFVIkargartammeFa)aydBitR)akd .
BaksmInR)aCJa )anbeRgneyIg[
dak;delImnusSmak;
niyayecjCaBaksmI
sEmgBIkarGsar
beNjviBaaNGaRkk;
BaksmInR)aCJapl;[eyIgnUvR)aCJa edIm,I[eyIg)anxitxMeFVIkargarenAkg
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca . vabegIt[manesckICMenOkgkareFVIkargar edayman
esckIkahan.
GMeNayTannesckICMenO
114
niymny
GMeNayTannesckICMenO KWCaesckICMenOxagGFiFmCati sRmab;eBl
evla nigeKalbMNgBiess. vaCaGMeNayTannGMNacecsa edIm,IbegIynUvkargar
dBitR)akd enAkgsankarN_GVINamYykeday EdleyIgenAkgeBldBiessenaH .
EpkGFiFmCati
GMeNayTannesckICMenOmkedayGFiFmCati nigedayKankarxMRbwgNa
mYy Edlmin)anseRmckargarenaHeLIy .
vaminEmnCakarkMNt;rgVas;nesckICMenO Edl)anRtvpl;mkGkeCO
RKb;rUbenaHeT .
vaminEmnCaesckICMenOEdlmk edaykarsikSaRBHbnlRBHenaHeT .
vamkCaGFiFmCati edayRBHviBaaNbrisuT enAeBlEdleyIgmanesckI
Rtvkar nUvkarGsarBiessNamYy .
edaykareFVIkarGsar
CYnkalGMeNayTannesckICMenO Rtv)anRbTanmkenAeBlEdlkarGsar
)anekItmk KWRtv)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg . kgmYyrMeBc EdlkarbMeBjkargarmYy
nwgRtveXIjedayviBaaN Epk)at;bg;nrUbkay enaHRtv)anTTYlkarEkCafIeIgvij .
enHKWCakarGnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTanxagviBaaN KWCaBaksmInR)aCJa .
CaKMrU
elaksavkeBRts )anelceLIgedIm,ITTYlnUvGMeNayTannesckICMenO enA
eBlEdlKat;)anniyayedayGg;Gac eTAkan;mnusSBikarmak;enaHfa
EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas KaneT Etrbs;Edlman enaH
nwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsukNasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,Ig
edIreTAcuH kickar 36.
kargarnkareFVIkarGsar
niymny
kareFVIkarGsarKWCakareFVIGnraKmn_EpkGFiFCati kgxNeBlFmta
nFmCati . vaCakarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCatinGMNacecsarbs;RBH tamEdlc,ab;
FCati EdlRtv)anpas;br Rtv)anbBab;beNaHGasn nigRtv)anRKb;RKgCaedIm .
enAeBlEdleKFab;)annaMmkkarEkCafIeLIgvij enAkgTRmg;nkarGsar
EdlRtvbegItmkcMeBaHkarBa)alxagEpkrUbkay vaGnuvtnUvGMeNayTanmYybNa
GMeNayTanTaMgLaynkareR)as[Ca .
115
karbegItkarGsar
maneBlCaeRcIn EdlcMENknrUbkayrbs;mnusS mankar)at;bg;Edlmin
GaceFVIclna)an minGaclUtlas; kMeNItminRKb;Ex bkCaCmWeraKaEdleFVI[mankar
xUcxatCaedIm . CYnkal esckICMenOrbs;eyIgKankarlUtlas; enAkEngEdleyIg
manlTPaBnwgeCOelIRBH sRmab;[kareFVIkarGsar EdlbegIteLIg enaHmin)anzit
efrenACaedIm .
esckICMenOEdleyIgRtvkar enaHRtvEt)anCaRKwHmaMcMeBaHcMeNHdwgeTAelI
RBHbnlRBH .
karebIksEmgnUvRBHbnl
eyIgRtvEt)anGan )ansikSa nig)anRtiHriHBicarNaeTAelIGVIEd;lRBHbnlRBH
)anbBaak;GMBIkareFVIkarGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg . eyIgRtvEtdwgfa RBHRTg;Gacnwg
eFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)an .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1926 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;TteTAeK edaybnlfa kar
enaHmnusSelakeFVIminekIteT EtRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs; .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkic nUvkarGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 33/5x Ecgfa RTg;manbnleTAmnusSsiVtdfa cUrGk
eRkakeLIg QrenAkNalnu+HeTA>>> kmanbnleTAmnusSenaHfa cUrGklatdeTA Gk
enaHklat ehIydKat;)anCadUcmag .
eyIgdwgfa RBHeysUvRTg;)anmanbnlfa eyIgGacnwgeFVIkardUcCaRTg;)aneFVI
Edr . eyIgdwgnUvesckIsnarbs;RBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 923 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa ebIGacnwgeCO
)an enaHkarTaMgGs;nwgsMerc)an dl;GkNaEdleCO .
BaksmInR)aCJa - GMeNayTannesckICMenO
BaksmInR)aCJaenAkgTRmg;nkarpit bkkarCak;Esg EdlGacpusecj
eLIg cUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIgkgeBlmYyrMeBc . eyIgeXIjnUvkargarnkareFVIkar
GsarEdl)anbegIteLIgedayxneyIg cMeBaHmnusSenaH edaymeFa)aydBit
R)akd . edaynUvRBHviBaaN enaHeyIgeXIjkarGsarEdlniyayeTA Gacpas;brnUv
sPaBkarN_muneBlEdl)anekIteLIg enAkgEpknrUbkay .
KankartsUBuHBarcMeBaHesckICMenO)anyUrGEgVgeLIy . rIGMeNayTann
esckICMenO)ancUlmkkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg . esckICMenOrbs;eyIgRtv)anbg;fdx<g;
x<s; edaymankarRbwkSadGg;Gac EdlkareFVIkarGsar)anekItmaneLIg .
kargarnkareFVIkarGsar
116
eyIgcab;epImeFVIkary:agqab;rhsnUvGVIEdleyIg)aneRtmxneFVI edaynUvRBH
viBaaN . enHKWCakargarnkareFVIkarGsar .
eyIgcab;epImniyayedayGg;Gac nigbBaanUvskmPaBfI kMeNItfI bkrUb
kayfI EdlRtv)anTTYlnUvkarEkERbehIy . eyIgbegItedaymanesckIsgwmn
esckICMenOrbs;eyIgCavCman rhUtdl;mankarebIksEmgnkareFVIkarGsar Edl
)anbegIteLIg enaH)aneBjelj .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVIkarCamYyeyIg
eyIgdwgfa RBHeysUvRTg;mankargardsucritCamYyeyIg dUcCaRTg;)anKg;enA
CamYyBYkGkeCOdMbUg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1620 Ecgfa BYksisS eKecjeTARbkasR)ab;enAsBV
RKb;GenI edaymanRBHGmas;eFVIkarCamYy TaMgbBaak;RBHbnl edayTIsMKal;Edl
ekItmktameRkaypg . GaEm:n .
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
niymny
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca KWCakarRBmEck[BIGMNacecsankar
eR)as[Carbs;RBHCaGFiFmCaticUleTAkgmnusS EdlRtvkarkar
eR)as[Ca . GMeNayTaMgenHRtv)anBNnaCa BakBhuvcn
BIeRBaHBakenHCacMnYneRcIn EdlhUrmk nigGnuvtrYmKa CaGMeNayTan
nkareR)as[Ca . mnusSEdl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca KWRtv)an
TTYlnUvGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca .
CaGFiFmCati
GMeNayTannkareR)as[CaxagviBaaN minEmndUcKanwgkarBa)altam
faMeBTviTasasenaHeT . elakRKeBTlUka )ansresrnUvRBHKm<IrlUka nigkickar
KWCaKMrUdlmYy . karsresreTAkan;BYkRkgkUl:us elaksavkb:ul)anBNnaGMBIelak
lUkafa Kat;CaRKeBTmak; .
RBHKm<IrkUl:us 414 Ecgfa elaklUka CaRKeBTsnPa nigGkedm:as
kCMrabsYrmkGkral;KaEdr .
elaklUka )anrs;enAelIekaHmIeltCamYynwgelaksavkb:ul b:uEnKankar
snidanfa CmWnwgekItmandl;Kat;eT . bnab;BIelaksavkb:ul)anBa)alelakBUBas
enaHmnusSTaMgLayk)annaMGkQWmkKat; ehIysUm[Kat;)aneR)asBYkeK[Ca .
117
eKalbMNgrbs;GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
maneKalbMNgbIsRmab;GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
edIm,IedaHElgCmW
edIm,IbMpajkargarrbs;viBaaNGaRkk;EdlenAkgxnmnusS
edIm,IbBaak;BIRBHraCsarnesckIsegaH tamryTIsmal; nigkar
Gsar .
eBlEdleyIg)anQancUleTAkarRbkb
[kan;EtCitsiTCamYynwgRBH
viBaaNbrisuT enaHGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca nigGMeNayTandTeTotnRBH
viBaaNbrisuTnwgbgr RBmTaMgGnuvttamryeyIg .
edaynUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; enaHeyIgGacTTYlnUvcMeNHecHsat;Ca
GFiFmCati EdlebIksEmgfa RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTynwgeR)asmnusSQW nigCmWeraKa
[)anCadBitR)akd . GMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN GacebIksEmgnUvRbPB
viBaaNGaRkk;nCmWeraKa EdlRtvkarbeNjBYkvaecj .
tamryBaksmInR)aCJa enaHeyIgTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCati eTA
elIrebobbMeBjkargar edaymanRbsiTiPaBcMeBaHmnusSenaH . eyIgeXIjnUvTegVIenH
edayxngpal; . eyIgeXIjnUvkareR)as[Ca bkareFVIkarGsar)anekIteLIg . kar
118
enHbeBajnUvGMeNayTannesckICMenO nig[eyIgcab;epImbMeBjkargaredayGg;
Gac nUvkargarnkareFVIkarGsarenH .
enAeBlEdleyIgsikSaGMBIkarbMeBjkargar cMeBaHGMeNayTanTaMgGs;n
RBHviBaaNbrisuT ehIymanesckIedayTTYlnUvGMeNayTanTaMgenaH [hUrmk nig
GnuvtenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg . enaHeyIgnwgrkeXIjfa vaKWCakargayRsYledIm,IeFVInUv
karGsar Edl)anpl;nUvkarsEmgRBHbnlCaPasadT bk)anGnuvtedaynUv
GMeNayTandTeTotnRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
kMNt;cMNaM esovePAemeron karrs;enARbkbedayGFiFmCati tam
ryGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT edayelakeG>EGl nig cy
hIl KWnwgRtv)ansikSaCabneTAeTot enAkgemeron GMeNayTann
RBHviBaaNbrisuT .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBNnafa etIGkNaCaRBHviBaaNbrisuT ehIyetIRTg;)aneFVIGVIenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg .
2- etIkarsegtxagviBaaN CYyeyIgedayrebobNaxH enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan[BYkGkCmW?
3- cUrBnl;nUvkarGnuvtn_nUvBaksmInR)aCJa nigGMeNayTannesckICMenO enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca nigeFVI
karGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg .
119
emeronTI10
karTTYlnigkarEfrkSanUvGMeNayTannkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk
enAkgemeronenH eyIgnwgsikSaGMBIkarbgak;nUvkareR)as[Ca nigrebobEf
rkSanUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIg . maneBlCaeRcIncMeBaHerogr:avEdlnwgeFVI[eyIg)an
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bNal[mnusSmak; )at;bg;nUvkareR)as[Carbs;eKehIy .
EpkTImYynemeronenH KWCakarrMBkeLIgvij nUverogr:avEdleyIg)aneronrYc
mkehIy . vaCaeBlevlaEdlEdleyIgnaMmk nUvesckIBitTaMgenH cUeTAkgCIvitpal;
rbs;eyIg .
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enAeBlEdlmnusSmak; min)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgnkareR)as[Carbs;
Kat; brbs;nag enaHKWmanehtuplmYy . mnusSenaHKYrKb,IcMNayeBlCamYynwgRBH
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rgTNkm enAeBlrykalEdleKeFVIkarEsVgrkenaHeT . RBHRTg;mindak;TNkmdl;
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rMBkdl;eyIg tamrUbPaBnRBHraCbuRtarbs;RTg; .
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elakGkmin)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg kgkareR)as[CaenaH . cUreFVIskmPaBPam
eTAelIGVINamYy EdlRBHRTg;ebIksEmgdl;elakGk enAeBlEdlelakGkbnkar
sikSatamryemeronenH .
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etI)anGt;eTasdl;mnusSRKb;rUb Edl)aneFVI[TTYlkarQWcab;beT?
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ehIybenA?
enAkgkarbMeBjkargardl;mnusSCaeRcInqaMmkehIy nigenAkgkarniyay
CamYynwgBYkGkbMeBjkargardTeTot enaHeyIg)anrkeXIjnUvkarminGt;eTas KWCa
mUlehtudMbUgrbs;mnusSEdlmin)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[CaenaH .
vaCagayRsYlcMeBaHkarGt;eTasdl;GkdT CaCagkarGt;eTas[xng .
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dUecHbGI . ehtuGVI)anCabeNay[xng)anTTYlnUvPaBlg;exAdUecH?} etIRtvEt
121
suMeTasdl;GkdTeTotCajwkjab; nigTTYlkarRKb;lkN_sRmab;xng)aneday
rebobNa .
cUrGt;eTasdl;xnGkpal;
enAeBlEdlmanerOgr:avRcbUkRcbl;ekIteLIg enaHmnusSEtgEtbenasdl;
RBH . {ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;GnuBaat[karenHekIteLIgdl;? RTg;KWCaRBH RTg;Gac
bBab;nUverOgenH)aneTetI}
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rbs;elakGk ehIysUm[RBHsBVRBHhbTyRbNIdl;elakGkvij . RTg;RCab;Rsab;
ehIy nUvrebobEdlelakGkmanGarmN_ . cUrniyaydUecHfa
122
etIenAEtGnuBaat[esckIsgwmEkgkay karPan;RcLMEdlmanenAkg
eBlGnaKtfa nwgRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca edIm,Icab;yknUv
esckICMenOb?
manesckIsgwmBitmYy EdlCaesckIQanmux . vaCakareCOEdleyIgnwg
TTYlnUvkarebIksEmg BIGVIEdleyIgeFVIkarseRmccitenAeBlGnaKt .
enAeBlEdleyIgB bkGanRBHbnlRBH enaHeyIgnwgRtverIecjBIkarGs;
sgwm edIm,I[mansgwmvij . eTaHCay:agnakeday RbsinebIeyIgminerIecjBIesckI
sgwm[eTAdl;esckICMenOeT enaHvaGacRtLb;mkCaesckIsgwmEkgkayehIy .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 111 Ecgfa rIesckICMenO enaHKWCacitEdldwgCak;fanwg
)andUcsgwm CasMKal;BIkarEdlemIlmineXIj .
enAeBlEdleyIgmansgwmsRmab;kareR)as[Ca enaHmannyfa eyIgmin
Tan;)anTTYlnUvesckICMenO sRmab;kareR)as[CaenaHeT b:uEnEdleyIgsgwmfa)an
TTYl enaHCYnkalnwg)anenAeBlGnaKt .
CYnkalmnusSmak;eCOfa Kat;bnag nwg)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[CaenARBwti
karN_GnaKt bkeBlEdlmkdl;Pam . CaerOyBYkeKEtgEtdak;nUvesckIsgwm
minBitR)akdedayxng ehIybnab;mk k)ancUleTAkgkarpnaeTasedayxng .
esckIsgwmEkgkayEdlmineFVI[cUleTAkgesckICMenO KWCakarPan;RcLM
ehIy . vaCa]bsKmYycMeBaHkareR)as[Ca EdlsataMgcg;[elakGk)anTTYl nig
bdiesFva .
123
esckIbeRgnxusqg
karsgS nigkarmineCO
karTukcitnUvkaryl;dwgxagFmCati
etIRKab;BUCnesckIbeRgnxusqgEdl)anTTYlBIGtitkal Edl
manenAkg EdleFVI[)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca etIenAEtmanenAkg
beT?
esckIbeRgnenaH KWCakarCMTas;nwgRBHbnlRBH bCakarxVHxatnUvesckI
beRgnl Edl)anGnuBaat[sataMglYcecjBIBYkRKIsan nUvGVIEdlCaesckIsucritd
eBareBjrbs;eyIg . esckIbeRgnxusqgKWEcgmkdUecH
CmWeraKa KWCabMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH
karQWcab;nwgbeRgn[elakGkecHGt;Ft;
CmWeraKanwgnaM[elakGkenAkan;EtCitRBH
karrgTuklM)aknwgnaMmknUvkarfVaysirIldl;RBH
cUrykesckIbeRgnxusqgNamYy EdlelakGk)anTTYl ehIyniyayfa
{GjbdiesF>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>enAfenH . GjbBaanUvRKb;TaMgKMnit Edl
CMTas;nwgRBHbnlRBH [vinasxat;xay nigcakecjBIKMnitGjeTA} .
etIkMBugEtTukkarmineCOenAkgcitrbs;b?
karmineCOGacekIteLIgmkBIkarbeRgnBIGtitkal ecjmkBIkarmkEkERb
nUvGMeBI)ab EdlmanenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg bksUm,IEteBlevlaEdleyIgmin)an
BayamedIm,IeCOelIRBH sRmab;kareR)as[Carbs;eyIgBIGtitkal . karmineCO KW
pynwgesckICMenO .
RbsinebIeyIgkMBugEtRbyuTRbqaMgCamYynwgkarmineCO
enaHeyIgGac
GFisanfa {sUmCYycMeBaHesckINaEdlxMJmineCOpg} ehIybnab;mkBicarNaeTAelI
GVIEdlRBHbnlRBH)anEcgmk GMBIkareR)as[CaenaH .
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TwkEPkfa xMJeCOehIyelakmas;eGIy sUmCYycMeBaHesckINaEdlxMJmineCOpg .
etIkMBugEtTukcitcMeBaHkaryl;dwgxagFmCatirbs;
CMnYs[kar
GnuBaat[viBaaNrbs;Edl)aneCOTukcitelIRBHbnlRBHb?
CamYynwgkaryl;dwgxagEpkFmCatirbs;eyIg enaHeyIgeCOnUvGVIEdleyIg
GacemIleXIj sab;B b:HBal; hitkin bkPk;rsCatiEtb:ueNaH . eyIgRtvEtdwgBit
124
kareR)as[Caedaydak;delI sRmab;smrPUmiRbyuT
karsal;lkNrbs;sRtv
viBaaNGaRkk;KWCaecarbn; nigecarlYc . vaKWCasRtvnkareR)as[Carbs;
eyIg .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1010 Ecgfa ecar vamkRbeyaCn_EtnwglYc sMLab;
ehIybMpajb:ueNaH Etvij )anmk edIm,I[varal;KamanCIvit ehIy[manCIvitenaH
eBjbribUrpg .
viBaaNGaRkk;mkedayRKhwmdUcCaeta edIm,IbMpajeyIg .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 58/9 Ecgfa cUr[dwgxn ehIycaMyamcuH eRBaHGarkS
EdlCaxaMgsRtvrbs;Gkral;Ka vaEtgedIrRkEvl TaMgRKhwmdUcCasig edIm,InwgrkGk
125
karbdiesFn_BYkva
enAeBlEdleyIgQr)anht;ct;cMeBaH])ayklrbs;sataMg enaHeyIgGackarBarnUv
suxPaBrbs;eyIg)anehIy .
eRkakQrcMeBaHBHnCIvit
enAkgkareRbbeFobBIGksabeRBaH eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkarRBmanfa bnab;
BIeyIgTTYlRKab;BUCnRBHbnlenAkgcitrbs;eyIgmk enaHsataMg)aneFVICastVsab
mkkan;TIval mYyrMeBcenaH va)anmklYccwkykRKab;BUCenaHeTA .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 43/4/14-17 Ecgfa cUrsab;cuH emIl manGkeRBaHBUC
mak;ecjeTAeRBaH kMBugEdleRBaH manxHFak;cuHtampv ehIystVehIrelIGakaskmk
cwksuI .
enAkgBnl;BIkareRbbeFobenH RBHeysUvRTg;)anmanbnlfa
GkeRBaHBUC KWeRBaHRBHbnl BYkGktampv KWCakEngEdl)aneRBaHRBH
bnlcuH kaleKB enaHGarkSsataMgkmklYcqk;ykRBHbnl EdleRBaHkgciteKeTA
Pam BYkGkEdlTTYlBUCkgkEngfkdUcKaEdr kalNaeKBRBHbnl enaHeKTTYl
PamedayGMNr EtKancak;bsenAkgxnesaH ehIykenACab;EtbniceT ebIkalNa
ekItmanesckITuklM)ak besckIebotebon edayeRBaHRBHbnl enaHeKrvatcitecj
Pam .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anTUnanfa eyIg)anTTYlnUvesckIBitmgrYceTAehIy GMBIRBH
bnlrbs;RTg;mk enaHsataMgvanwgmky:agRbjab;Rbjal; edIm,IlYcnUvesckIBitenaH
eTA . RBHeysUvRTg;k)anbBaak;c,as;fa ])ayklrbs;sataMg vamkRbeyaCn_Etnwg
bn;ykBIeyIg edaykareRbIR)asnUvkarTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebonCaedIm .
karTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebon
etIGVIeTACakarTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebon?
tamvcnanuRkmrbs;elakvwbesIr )aneRbIR)as;BakrebobenH KWCakareFVI[QW
cab; karTukRBy PaBkMst;TuKt karsgt;sgin karRBy)arm karrgTukcukcab; nigkar
l,glEdleFVI[mankarTukRByxagpvcitCaedIm . manesckIEcgmkfa karebot
ebon KWCakarTb;sat; karminRbgytedayminTTYlbdisNakic kardak;eTascMeBaH
karQWcab; kareFVITaruNkm bkCaesckIsab; CaBiesscMeBaHehtuplnsasna .
sataMgdwgfa RbsinebIGkNamak;)ancgcaMRBHbnlRBHRbcaMCIvitrbs;eK
enaHeKnwgminRtvmanGkNaeFVI[braCy)aneLIy . dUecHeKnwgBayameFVIerOgNa
mYy edIm,IeFVI[BYkeKEdlkarsgSenaH )anRtLb;mkRBHbnlRBH .
RbsinebImnusSmak;)anTTYlnUvkarykcitTukdak;nUvkareR)as[Ca tamRBH
bnlRBH nig)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgnkareR)as[Ca dl;rUbkayrbs;Kat;brbs;
128
karseRmccitrbs;eyIg
enAeBlPamEdlmanGNatePIgnkarebotebon nigkarrgTukxagpvcitmk
dl; enaHeyIgRtvEteFVIkarseRmccitPamy:agdUecH
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvTMenomTmab;cas;rbs;eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvGakareraKrbs;eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvBakEdlmankarsgSnmitPkirbs;
eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvkarerobrab;rbs;RKeBT?
eyIgRtvEtseRmccitedayxng edIm,IQrenAcMeBaHRBHbnlRBH minman
bBaaGVIeTcMeBaHkarniyayrbs;RKeBT mitPki bkGakareraK . eyIgminGacQrelI
esckICMenO karbeRgn bkTIbnal;dTeTotkgeBlPamenHeT . eyIgRtvEtQr
CamYynwgesckICMenOpal;rbs;eyIg edaytaMgmUldanRKwHelIRBHbnlRBH .
karxVl;xVaynelakiyenH
RBHeysUvRTg;k)anTUnanfa elakiyEdleyIg)anTTYlGacRtv)aneFVI[Qk;
ecjBICIvitrbs;eyIg RbsinebIeyIgGnuBaat[karxVl;xVaynelakiyenH enaHKMnit nig
Gakb,kiriyaxagelakiy nwgcUlmkkgKMnitrbs;eyIgCaminxan .
130
RBHeysUv
RBHviBaaNbrisuT
RBHbnlRBH
esckICMenO
eyIgRtvEtKaMRTy:agGg;GacnUvesckICMenO KWEdleyIgRtvEt)anTTYlsal;
CasaFarN.
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 414 Ecgfa dUecH EdlmansMedcsgy:agFM1Gg Edl
RTg;)anyagkat;Gs;TaMgCan;sansYK KWRBHeysUvCaRBHraCbuRtanRBH enaHRtvEt[
eyIgmancitdac;RsLHnwgeCOtamcuH .
RBHKm<IrrU:m 106-10 Ecgfa EtesckIsucritEdlmkedayesckICMenO
enaHfadUecHvij KWkuM[Kitkgcitfa etIGkNanwgeLIgeTAsansYK KWedIm,InwgnaM
RBHRKIscuHmk b etIGkNanwgcuHeTAkgCgHkFM KWedIm,InwgnaMRBHRKIsBIBYksab;
eLIgmkenaHeLIy EtesckIsucritenaH etIfadUcEmc enaHfa RBHbnlenACitg
kenAkgmat; ehIykgcitgpg enaHKWCaRBHbnlnesckICMenO EdleyIgxJMkMBugEt
RbkasR)ab;fa ebImat;GknwgTTYlEfgR)ab;BIRBHGmas;eysUv ehIyGkeCOkgcitfa
RBH)aneR)as[RTg;rs;BIsab;eLIgvij enaHGknwg)ansegaHBit d,iteyIg)ansucrit
edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab; .
eyIgRtvEtRbgRbyt kuM[mat;eyIgkMcat;kMcaynUvTIbnal;rbs;eyIg KWeday
mankarRbgRbytnUvBaksmICanic . eyIgRtvEtTb;Tl;y:agqab;rhs edayesckI
CMenO nigedaysarRBHbnlRBH KWRtvEtsEmgBIGVIEdlRBHRTg;manbnlb:ueNaH .
niyayRBHbnlRBH
kareFVsRbEhsBIGakareraKcMeBaH]bsRK enaHcUrrkSanUvkareCO nigkar
niyayRBHbnlRBH .
RBHKm<Iry:UEGl 310x Ecgfa >>>Rtv[GkexSayeBalfa xMJmankMLaMg
Edr .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 413 Ecgfa ehIyEdlmanciteCOdUcKa RtvnwgesckI
EdlEcgTukmkfa )aneCO )anCaniyay enaHeyIgkeCOEdr )anCaeyIg
niyay .
CadMbUgvahak;dUcCaerOgcEmk ehIyvahak;dUcCalM)ak b:uEnRbsinebIeyIg
dak;Binyedayxng edIm,IniyaynUvRBHbnl RBmTaMgkuMmankarsgS enaHeyIgnwg
rs;enAkgCIvitEdlmanCyCmH )anCarbs;eyIgenAkgRBHRKIs .
viesselIsCagGkEdlmanCyCmH
eyIgRtvEtdwgfa eyIgviesselIsGkEdlmanCyCmHeTAeTot .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 837-39 Ecgfa eT KWkgesckITaMgenaH eyIgxJMviesselIs
CagGkEdlmanCyCMnHeTAeTot edaysarRBHGgEdlRTg;RsLaj;eyIg d,itxJMeCO
Cak;fa eTaHsab;brs; BYkeTvta bGMNacGVIkarGVIenACan;enH beTAmux b\TibTiGVI TIman
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134
emeronenAkgclnaenH
eday A.L. and Joyce Gill
karTTYl nigkarbeRmIedayGMNacnkareR)as[Carbs;RBH
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